IMAGE  EVALUATION 
TEST  TARGET  (MT-S) 


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t^iotDgraphic 

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illustrent  la  mSthode. 


1 

2 

3 

1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

THE 


BUTTERFLIES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA 


BV 


WILLIAM   H.  EDWARDS 


REFERENCE 


THIRD  SERIES 


BOSTON  AND  NEW  YORK 
HOUGHTON,  MIFFLIN  AND  COMPANY 

€\tt  Bttotreitr  JPrree,  Cambritjie 
1897 


PROVINCiA'- 


.iBRARY/ 


■VtC.T''-'P'»A,  B    '  - 


V 


REFERENCE 


"  When  Jupiter  and  Juno's  wedding  was  solemnized  of  o!d,  the  gods  were  all  invited  to  the  feast, 
and  many  noble-men  besides :  Amongst  the  rest  came  Crysalus  a  Persian  prince,  bravely  attended, 
rich  in  golden  attires,  in  gay  robes,  with  a  majesticall  presence,  but  otherwise  an  asse.  The  gods 
seeing  him  come  in  such  pompe  and  state,  rose  up  to  give  him  place,  ex  habitu  hominem  metientes ; 
but  Jupiter  perceiving  wliat  he  was,  a  light,  phantastick,  idle  fellow,  turned  him  and  his  proud 
followers  into  butter-flies :  and  so  they  continue  still  (for  ought  I  know  to  the  contrarie)  roving  about 
in  pied  coats,  and  are  called  Chrysalides  by  the  wiser  sort  of  men :  that  is,  golden  outsides,  drones, 
flies,  &  things  of  no  worth." 

Democbitdb  Jdnior,  The  Anatomy  of  Afelancholg.    6th  ed.  1638. 


PREFACE. 


Of  the  fifty  and  one  Plates  in  the  present  volume,  two  —  Parnassius  and 
Chionobae  XIII. — were  drawn  on  the  stone  by  Mrs.  Peart ;  the  rest,  save  one,  by 
Mr.  Edward  A.  Ketterer.  The  figures  of  the  early  stages  of  the  species  treated 
of  are  all  after  the  original  drawings  by  Mrs.  Peart.  As  in  the  preceding  Vol- 
ume, I  have  received  aid  in  obtaining  eggs  or  larvae  from  many  correspondents, 
whose  names  are  mentioned,  but  have  been  especially  indebted  to  Mr.  W.  G. 
Wright  and  Mr.  David  Bruce,  who  have  sent  rare  species,  obtained  at  much 
expense,  severe  labor,  and  often  real  hardship. 

Nearly  half  of  the  Plates  are  devoted  to  the  sub-family  of  the  Satyrinae,  and 
most  of  these  to  the  genera  which  have  naked  pupae ;  nearly  all  alpine  or  sub- 
arctic. Indeed,  every  authenticated  North  American  species  of  Chionobas,  ex- 
cept the  Labrador  and  Alaska  Taygeie,  is  figured.  Until  these  Plates  appeared, 
no  Erebia,  and  no  Chionobas,  except  Semidea,  either  in  Europe  or  America,  was 
known  in  its  preparatory  stages;  now  the  stages  of  twelve,  and  one  stage  of  a  thir- 
teenth Chionobas  are  figured,  besides  Erebia  and  Neominois. 

From  the  National  Academy  of  Science  an  unsolicited  grant  of  five  hundred 
dollars  was  generously  made  towards  the  publication  of  this  volume ;  and  two 
grants,  in  all  amounting  to  three  hundred  and  fifty  dollars,  from  the  Elizabeth 
Thompson  Science  Fund. 

It  is  nearly  twenty-nine  years  since  the  First  Part  of  Volume  One  was  issued, 
as  an  experiment.  What  might  follow  no  one  concerned  could  conjecture  ; 
certainly  no  one  looked  beyond  a  possible  single  volume.  At  first  there  was 
difficulty  in  finding  an  artist  who  could  faithfully  portray  the  butterfly  on  stone, 
and  two  were  tried,  who  were  far  from  satisfactory.  With  Part  Two  (Argynnis 
VI.)  came  in  Miss  Mary  Peart,  who  has  supported  the  work  to  this  day.  I  was 
fortunate  from  the  start  also  in  securing  the  cooperation  of  two  such  accom- 


38752 


PREFACE. 


plished  colorists  as  Mrs.  Bowen  and  Mrs.  Leslie,  who  had  served  their  appren- 
ticeship with  Audubon,  —  both  of  them  now  gone. 


"  And  now  wo  are  ariiicd  nt  the  last 
In  wished  harbour  where  we  mcane  to  rest ; 
And  make  an  end  of  this  our  iourney  past : 
Here  then  in  quiet  roade  I  think  it  best 
We  strike  our  naiics  and  stedfnst  Anchor  cast, 
For  now  the  Sunne  low  setteth  in  the  West." 


WILLIAM  H.  EDWARDS. 


CoALDUROii.  W.  Va.,  Ut  January,  1897, 


ALPHABETICAL  INDEX. 


Plate. 

i'liBc. 

I'Intc.     I'lici'. 

AnthochariH  Genutia     .     . 

.       5 

57 

Chionobas  Gigas       ....     48     309 

« 

Lanceoluta     . 

5 

03 

a                   a 

49     384 

« 

Pima    .     .     . 

U 

09 

"         Id  una 

49     .381 

(C 

Rosa     .     .     . 

6 

05 

"         Jutta  .     . 

42     307 

Apaturn 

Flora     .... 

24 

175 

"         Macounii 

47     301 

Argynnis  Adiante    .     .     . 

17 

127 

"         Nigra 

46     350 

(( 

Alberta     .     .     . 

16 

119 

"         Nornn 

45    347 

« 

Alcestis     .     .     . 

15 

109 

"         (Eno   .     . 

.     44     333 

a 

Aphrodite  (stages  c 

f)14 

105 

11           ti 

50     395 

a 

Astarte     .     .     . 

10 

115 

"         Peartia>   . 

.     51     407 

li 

Atossa .... 

17 

125 

"         Seinidea  . 

46     349 

(( 

Callippe    .     .     . 

— 

100 

•'         Subhyalina 

.     45     .341 

<( 

Coronis     .     .     . 

18 

97 

Uhleri      . 

40     293 

a 

Carpenterii    .     . 

20 

137 

"         Vanma    . 

41     303 

a 

Cybele  (stages  of) 

20 

138 

((              <( 

.     50     389 

a 

Eglcis  .... 

18 

129 

Coenonynipha  Californica 

.     29     219 

a 

Halcyone .     .     . 

14 

103 

Eryngii 

.     29     220 

a 

Lais      .... 

11 

93 

"            Galactinus 

29     219 

a 

Liliana      .     .     . 

12 

95 

"           Haydeni 

i 

.     34     251 

a 

Nausicaa  .     .     . 

19 

1.S5 

Colias  Amorphoe .     . 

7       71 

(S 

Nitocris     .     .     . 

10 

91 

"     Autumnalis 

—       83 

Chionobas  Alberta    .     .     . 

51 

403 

"     Barbara    . 

8       7S 

ii 

Assiniilis       .     . 

44 

.334 

"     Bernardino 

7       71 

<( 

Briicei     .     .     . 

43 

325 

•*     Chrysomelas 

9       87 

a 

Calais           .     . 

39 

291 

"     Eriphyle    . 

—       83 

a 

Californica  .     . 

49 

385 

"     Eurydice  . 

7      71 

<( 

Chryxus  .     .     . 

38 

277 

"     Harford  ii  . 

8      77 

« 

<( 

39 

291 

Debis  Portlandia 

25     185 

i( 

Cranibis  .     .     . 

43 

321 

Erebia  Brucei 

36    261 

it 

" 

— 

329 

"       Discoidalis 

35    255 

ALPHABETICAL   INDEX. 


Erebia  Epipsodea     .     .     . 
"       Fasciata  .... 

riate. 

m 

35 

I'age. 
257 

253 

"       Magdalena    .     .     . 
Geirocheilus  Tritonia    .     . 

34 

33 

247 

245 

Grapta  Comma  ^stages  of) 

"      Interrogatioiiis 
Melitcea  Baroni   .... 

23 
23 
21 

1G7 
153 
145 

"       Riibicunda       .     . 

22 

149 

Neominois  Ridingsii      .     . 

Neonympha  Areolatus .     . 

"           Gemma     .     . 

37 

28 
27 

2G7 
213 
205 

"           Henshawi 

27 

210 

IMali'. 

Page. 

23 

3 

7 

— 

15 

1 

1 

2 

3 

3 

9 

Papilio  Ajax 

Papilio  Americu-s      ....       3 
"      Brucei     .... 

"      Nitra 

"      Pilumnus      .     .     . 
"      Zolicaon  (stnge.s  of) 

Satyrodes  Canthus   .     .     . 

SatyrusAlope 30     229 

"      Charon 32    237 

"      Meadii 31     231 

"      Pegala 30    225 

"      Silvestria     ....     32     243 


26     193 


Note.  —  The  Plates  and  Pages  of  tlie  boimd  Volume  may  be  numbered  in 
pencil  according  to  this  Alphabetical  Index. 


SYSTEMATIC  INDEX. 


Heading  of  PUtrs. 


Nunierical 

OrdiTof 

the  I'lales. 

1 


Papilio  I 

Papilio  II 2 

Papilio  III a 


Parnassius  I.    . 
Anthocharis  I. 
Anthocharis  II. 
Colias  I.      .     . 
Colias  II.     .     . 


6 

7 

8 

Colias  IV 9 

10 

11 

12 

13 

14 

15 

16 


is  I 

is  II 

is  III 

IV 

V 

is  VI 

VII 

is  VIII 17 

is  IX 18 

isX 19 

XI 20 

Melitaea  1 21 

Melitaea  II 22 

Graptal 23 

Apatura  1 24 

DebisI 25 

Satyrodes  1 26 


Argynn: 
Argynn 
Argynn 
Argynn 
Argynn 
Argynn 
Argynn 
Argynn 
Argynn 
Argynn 
Argynn 


Niimcriial 
lIoBding  of  I'lalea.  (>rder  of 

the  rialc*. 

Neonympha  1 27 

Neonympha  II 28 

Ca-nonymplia  1 2!) 

Satyrus  1 30 

Satyrus  II 81 

Satyrus  III 32 

Geirocheilus  1 33 

Erebial 34 

Erebiall 35 

Erebia  III.  .     .     . ' 36 

Noominris  1 37 

Chionobas  1 38 

Chionobasll 39 

Chionobas  III 40 

Chionobas  IV 41 

Chionobas  V.  ....'...  42 

ChionobasiVI 43 

Chionobas  VII 44 

Chionobas  VIII 45 

Chionobas  IX 46 

Chionobas  X 47 

Chionobas  XI 48 

Chionobas  XII 49 

Chionobas  XIII 50 

Chionobas  XIV 51 


Note.  —  This  Index  will  enable  the  Binder  to  arrange  the  Platef 


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LAIS    12  0-349 


tv>'!'lt 


COLIAS  I. 


COLIAS  EURYDICE,  1-4. 

Colias  Eurydice  (Eu-ryd'-i-ce),  Boisduval,  Ann.  Soc.  Ent.  France,  1852.    Edwards,  But.  N.  A.,  Vol.  I.,  pi.  16, 
p.  53.     Form.  AmorpH£,  H.  Edwards,  Proc.  Cal.  Acad.  Nnt.  Sui.,  1876. 

What  I  supposed  was  the  typical  form  of  Eurydice  was  figured  in  Volume  I. 
Boisduval  says :  "  The  yellow  (of  Ccesonia)  is  replaced  by  a  vivid  orange,  and  the 
fore  wings  have  a  violet  reflection."  It  is  impossible  to  represent  in  colors 
the  peculiar  reflection.  It  is  also  variable,  some  examples  having  scarcely  any 
violet,  others  an  excess,  and  my  figure  was  made  from  one  of  the  last.  Mr. 
Henry  Edwards  called  attention,  in  the  paper  above  referred  to,  to  the  difference 
between  the  spring  and  autumn  generations  of  this  species,  and  regarded  the 
former  as  the  type.  "  The  butterflies  of  spring  make  their  appearance  in  April 
and  May ;  the  secondaries  of  the  male  are  wholly  bright  orange,  without  any 
spots  or  marks  on  the  margin,  except  some  brown  dots  to  note  the  termination 
of  the  nervules,  while  the  female  is  immaculate.  The  autumn  brood,  however, 
appearing  in  July  and  August,  have  the  secondaries  of  the  male  with  a  black 
marginal  border,  and  the  females  have  the  margins  distinctly  marked  with  brown- 
ish patches,  and  rarely  with  a  black  sub-median  band,  composed  of  clouded 
patches,  crossing  the  wing."  (Fig.  4.)  To  the  autumnal  form  Mr.  Edwards 
gave  the  name  Amorph.«!.  In  same  paper,  mention  is  made  of  an  example 
of  Eurydice  from  Mendocino  County,  in  which  the  "  dog's  head "  is  suffused 
with  the  richest  purple. 

From  Mr.  W.  G.  Wright,  at  San  Bernardino,  I  have  received  many  examples 
of  the  butterfly,  and  they  are  characterized  by  small  size,  and  absence  of  any  de- 
cided violet  reflection.  Often  there  is  no  reflection  at  all,  and  the  color  of  the 
dog's  head  varies  from  a  pale  to  a  deep  or  Indian  yellow.  From  the  same  lot  of 
eggs  I  have  bred  the  larvae  to  imago,  and  obtained  these  varieties.  It  is  this 
small  form,  with  yellow  primaries,  that  I  call  var.  Bernardino.  The  females  have 
a  large,  deep  brown  or  brown-black,  discal  spot  on  primaries,  and  often  there  are 


COLIAS  I. 


traces  of  sub-marginal  spots  on  same  wings ;  on  the  under  side  the  sub-marginal 
clusters  of  scales  on  both  wings  are  usually  conspicuous.  (Figs.  1-3.)  The  pre- 
paratory stages  of  Eurydice  are  thus  described  :  — 

Egg.  —  Fusiform,  thick  in  middle,  tapering  to  a  small  rounded  summit ;  the 
base  flat ;  ribbed  longitudinally,  the  number  of  ribs  about  eighteen,  four  or  five 
of  which  end  at  nearly  three  quarters  the  distance  from  base  to  summit ;  they 
are  low,  narrow,  of  even  height  and  width  throughout,  the  spaces  between  flat 
and  crossed  by  many  fine  horizontal  ridges;  the  micropyle  (Fig.  a*)  in  centre  of 
a  rosette  of  five  hexagons,  outside  of  which  is  a  ring  of  cells  of  same  shape  but 
irregular;  color  yellow-green.     (Fig.  a.)     Duration  of  this  stage  about  five  days. 

Young  Larva.  —  Length  .1  inch ;  cylindrical,  thickest  on  2  and  3,  tapering 
slightly  to  12 ;  each  segment  several  times  creased,  and  on  the  ridges  so  made 
are  many  black  points,  each  giving  a  short  black  hair ;  scattered  among  these 
points  are  black  tubercles,  some  with  long  black  hairs,  but  most  with  white 
clubbed  appendages  (Figs.  6',  6*) ;  on  front  of  2  is  a  cross  row  of  the  hairs,  five 
on  either  side,  running  from  dorsum  to  base ;  on  3  and  4  are  four  each,  also  in 
front,  but  from  5  to  12  there  are  three  of  the  white  appendages  on  the  side  of 
each  segment,  a  subdorsal  one  on  the  front  ridge,  an  upper  lateral  on  fourth 
ridge,  a  lower  lateral  on  second  ridge,  or  between  second  and  third ;  these  form 
three  longitudinal  rows,  and  the  subdorsal  extends  over  4 ;  13  has  three  hairs  in 
triangle  on  either  side,  and  from  4  to  12,  below  spiracles,  are  two  hairs  each,  the 
front  one  always  a  little  below  the  other ;  color  dull  yellow-green ;  feet  and  legs 
same ;  head  rounded,  a  little  depressed  at  top ;  on  either  side  of  face  are  seven 
rounded  tubercles,  and  two  in  the  triangle,  in  all  sixteen,  each  with  long  de- 
pressed black  hair;  color  of  head  pale  yellow-brown.  (Pigs.  6,  h^.)  Duration  of 
this  stage  about  four  days. 

After  first  moult:  length  .14  inch;  rather  more  tapering,  the  ridges  thickly 
set  with  black  points,  each  with  black  hair ;  among  these  are  small  tubercles  of 
same  color,  mostly  on  middle  of  eacl:  ridge  and  nearly  equidistant,  with  longer 
hairs  (Fig.  c^) ;  color  yellow-green ;  head  nearly  as  before,  somewhat  broader  in 
proportion  across  lower  half ;  the  tubercles  and  hairs  much  more  numerous  than 
before ;  color  pale  yellow-green.  (Figs,  c,  &.)  As  this  stage  proceeds  a  yellowish 
basal  stripe  begins  to  show  itself.     To  next  moult  four  to  five  days. 

After  second  moult :  length  .22  inch  :  color  deep  green ;  the  points  and  tuber- 
cles as  in  previous  stage ;  the  basal  white  band  distinct ;  just  over  it,  on  3  and  4, 
on  middle  of  the  segment,  a  black,  vitreous,  round  process,  almost  a  hemisphere ; 
head  yellow-green,  more  thickly  beset  with  tubercles  than  before,  mostly  small, 
but  twelve,  scattered  among  the  others,  are  of  larger  size.  (Figs,  d,  d",  <?.)  To 
next  moult  three  days. 


COLIAS  I. 


After  third  moult :  length  .4 ;  same  color ;  in  addition  to  the  black  processeH 
on  3  and  4  is  often  a  similar  but  much  smaller  one  on  each  of  the  succeeding 
segments,  but  they  are  variable  in  number ;  the  band  has  now  an  ochreous  yellow 
discoloration  at  its  lower  edge,  which  deepens  as  the  stage  proceeds,  becoming 
yolk-of-egg  color ;  head  as  before.    (Figs,  e,  e'.)     To  next  moult  three  days. 

After  fourth  moult :  length  .6  inch ;  orange  now  appears  in  the  band.  To 
maturity  about  three  days. 

Mature  Larva.  —  Length  1.1  inch;  cylindrical,  of  nearly  even  thickness  from 
3  to  11 ;  thickly  covered  with  small  black  tubercles,  each  of  which  gives  a  very 
short,  fine  black  hair ;  along  base  from  2  to  13  a  narrow  white  band,  through  the 
lower  part  of  which  runs  an  orange  .stripe,  often  macular ;  on  3  and  4  each,  over 
the  band,  on  middle  of  the  segment,  is  a  vitrer\s,  hemispherical  process,  black, 
with  purple  reflection  ;  from  the  centre  springs  a  very  small  hair,  and  around 
base  is  a  cluster  of  minute  black  points  (Fig.  y"^) ;  these  processes  an  3  awd  4  are 
constant ;  often  smaller  processes  of  same  character  are  found  on  part  or  all  the 
succeeding  segments  to  9  or  10,  the  posterior  sometimes  greptly  reduced  ;  a 
ring  of  points  similar  to  those  about  the  glassy  processes  surrounds  each  hair  on 
the  mature  larva  (as  the  artist  has  endeavored  to  show  in  the  enlarged  segment. 
Fig.  e  *) ;  color  dull  green ;  under  side  blue-green ;  feet  and  legs  same ;  head 
round,  slightly  depressed  at  top,  much  covered  with  fine  black  points,  each  with  its 
short  black  hair.     (Fig    /,/S/'.)    From  fourth  moult  to  pupation  about  six  days. 

There  is  some  variation  in  the  markings  at  last  two  stages ;  one  larva  had  a 
narrow  black  band  on  middle  of  each  segment,  including  2  and  13  (as  shown  in 
Fig.  h).  Another  had  black  beads  sprinkled  about  as  follows :  on  2,  one  sub- 
dorsal ;  on  3,  three  high  on  side ;  on  4,  two  high  on  side ;  on  5  and  6,  one  sub- 
dorsal ;  on  8  and  10  each  a  short  bar ;  in  this  last  example,  as  occasionally  hap- 
pened with  others,  there  were  black  lunate  spots  beneath  the  band,  such  as  ^is 
commonly  seen  in  Eurytheme  and  Philodice. 

Another  larva  had  spots  from  3  to  11,  most  with  an  oblique  black  dash  on 
lower  side.    (Fig.  g.) 

The  larval  measurements  were  taken  at  or  near  twelve  hours  from  the  egg  and 
several  moults. 

Chrysalis.  —  Length  .8  inch;  breadth  across  mesonotum  .19;  across  abdomen, 
.2  inch;  greatest  depth  .28  inch;  compressed  laterally;  the  thorax  on  ventral 
side  prominent  and  forming  a  narrow  ridge ;  abdomen  tapering,  conical ;  meso- 
notum less  prominent  than  in  Eurytheme  or  Philodice,  low,  rounded,  with  a  slight 
carina,  followed  by  a  small  excavation ;  head  case  produced  to  a  point,  a  little 
curved  upward,  with  a  regular  slope  on  both  dorsal  and  ventral  sides,  angular 
laterally ;  color  apple-green  ;  a  white  stripe  often  marks  the  side  of  abdomen. 
(Fig.  i.)    Duration  of  this  stage  nine  or  ten  days. 


COLIAS   I. 


The  food  plant  of  Eurydice  is  Amorpha  Culifornlca.  (Fig  k.)  I  have  several  of 
these  from  Mr.  Wright,  and  they  are  growing  in  my  garden.  I  also  have  received 
eggs  and  larvae  through  the  mails.  The  first  sent  reached  mo  2d  April,  1883.  The 
larvsB  began  to  pass  first  moult  4th  April ;  the  second,  9th  ;  third,  12th  ;  fourth, 
15th  ;  to  pupate,  23d  ;  and  the  first  imago  appeared  ten  days  later.  Whole 
period  from  laying  of  egg  to  imago  about  33  days. 

On  4th  May,  1884,  1  received  larva)  of  all  ages,  about  seventy.  The  black 
spots  over  the  band  varied  greatly.  All  the  mature  larvie  had  one  each  on  3 
and  4.  Of  37  examples,  23  had  no  other  spots.  One  had  spots  from  3  to  9 ; 
another  3  to  10  ;  but  in  both  cases  none  on  5 ;  four  had  spots  from  3  to  10,  five 
from  3  to  11,  two  from  3  to  12.  These  larvie  were  attacked  by  a  fatal  disease, 
and  I  lost  nearly  all.  A  bi.iok  speck  would  appear  on  middle  segments  and  soon 
extend  over  the  body.  S^  r,  ";,jb  that  were  at  first  apparently  healthy  died  in 
same  manner.  Mr.  Edw;  rd",  in  the  paper  referred  to,  speaks  of  losing  many 
chrysalids  from  a  similar  disoaae.  I  tried  in  vain,  in  1883,  to  make  the  larvae  eat 
white  clover  (which  several  species  of  Colias  will  eat,  though  they  may  refuse  red 
clover),  but,  in  1884,  I  succeeded,  and  on  this  plant  the  larvae  went  to  pupation. 
The  habits,  at  all  stages,  are  similar  to  those  of  Eurytheme  and  Philodice.  When 
first  hatched,  they  eat  furrows  in  the  surface  of  the  leaf  ;  after  first  moult,  they 
eat  the  leaf ;  and  they  lie  extended  on  the  upper  side  along  the  mid-rib. 

When  the  plate  in  Volume  I.  was  published,  1870,  little  was  known  of  the  dis- 
tribution of  Eurydice.  I  quoted  from  Mr.  Edwards,  that  the  insect  was  rare  and 
local ;  that  its  chief  home  was  in  Marion  County,  about  thirty  miles  from  San 
Francisco.  It  is  now  known  to  inhabit  several  counties  of  California  from  north 
to  south.  Mr.  Henry  Edwards  writes  :  "  I  do  not  know  how  far  south  the  spe- 
cies may  fly,  but  certainly  not  as  far  as  San  Diego,  the  many  collections  I  have 
seen  from  the  neighborhood  of  that  city  cont«iining  not  a  single  specimen.  It  is 
however  quite  probable  that  it  may  reach  nearly  as  far.  To  the  north,  it  is 
taken  in  Mendocino  County,  but  not  in  Oregon,  Nevada,  or  British  Columbia. 
The  food  plant,  Amorpha  Californica,  grows  throughout  Oregon,  and,  I  think, 
even  as  far  as  Vancouver's  Island,  and  it  is  somewhat  odd  that  the  range  of  the 
species  should  stop  short,  as  it  apparently  does,  about  half  way  between  San  Fran- 
cisco and  the  Oregon  line.  It  is  most  common  in  the  counties  of  Napa,  Sonoma, 
and  Mendocino,  and  never  more  than  fifty  or  sixty  miles  from  the  coast.  It  fre- 
quents the  lower  ranges  rather  than  the  mountains,  and  I  have  never  seen  it  in 
any  part  of  the  Sierra  Nevada.  I  should  say  that  it-  home  is  limited  to  about 
400  miles  at  the  utmost  from  north  to  south,  and  about  sixty  miles  inland  from 
the  seaboard.  It  must  therefore  be  regarded  as  an  extremely  local  species." 
The  mature  larva  and  chrysalis  described  by  Mr.  H.  Edwards,  in  Proc.  Cal. 


COLIAS   I. 


Acad.  Nat.  Sci.,  June  5,  1876,  were  much  larger  than  any  San  Bernardino  exam- 
ples, the  larva  ineaHuring  1.45  inch,  the  ohryHalis  .1)5  inch. 

The  Heveral  stages  from  egg  to  pupa  are  closely  like  other  Coliades  described 
in  these  Volumes.  There  is  no  generic  diflerence  whatever  observable  in  any  of 
the.w  stages  between  Ewyilice  and  Ph'iloiUce.  So  far  as  1  am  acciuainted  with  the 
butterflies,  there  is  no  case  where  a  natiu'al  genus  does  not  show  its  distinctive 
characters  in  the  preparatory  sUiges,  either  in  all  of  tliem,  or  part,  llenc*;  I  have 
declined  to  accept  the  genus  Megoiu)stoina,  created  by  Reakirt,  in  1803,  to  ac- 
commodate Civsonia  and  Eun/tlice.  There  is  no  more  natural  genus  than  Colias, 
and  it  seems  to  me  quite  enough  tliat  the  dilTerences  in  tlie  imagos,  which  are 
trifling  at  best,  should  be  indicated  by  Groups,  as  I  have  treated  them  in  my  Cata- 
logues. 


1 


I 


1 


2. 


T.rii..-i^irs;oii,iiii,  r-Ki! 


NITOCRI  S    1   2   o"  3  4 


"•p"-'^.. 


ARGYNNIS  I. 


ARGYNNIS   NITOCRIS,  1-4. 

Arrfynnis  Nilocris  (Ni-to'-cris)  Edwards,  ^,  Trana.  Am.  Knt.  Soc,  V.,  p.  I.^,  1874  ;  Mead,  Rep.  Wheeler 
Expedition,  v.,  751,  .875.  9,  Edwards,  Can.  Ent,  XI.,  p.  82,  1883;  9  abcrr.  Nokvmis,  Strocker,  Hep. 
RufTner  Expedition,  p.  1853,  1878. 

Male.  —  Expands  3  inches. 

Allied  to  Nokomis.  Upper  side  bright  fulvous,  much  obscured  from  base  to 
middle  of  disk,  except  upon  a  portion  of  the  cell  of  primaries;  both  winga 
bordered  by  two  parallel  black  l.nes)  which,  on  secondaries,  enclose  a  rather 
broad  clear  fulvous  space,  on  primaries  a  narrow  space  cut  by  the  black  nervules ; 
anterior  to  these  lines,  on  primaries,  a  series  of  black  lanceolate  spots,  the  an- 
terior ones  connected  and  touching  the  inner  line ;  on  secondaries  the  spots  are 
lunular,  separated,  and  do  not  toucii  the  line ;  the  extra-discal  spots  on  primaries 
are  irregular  in  size  and  shape,  rather  sub-quadrate  and  lanceolate,  on  second- 
aries minute  ;  the  markings  to  base  as  in  Nokomis,  heavy  on  primaries,  light  ou 
secondaries,  the  discal  band  on  the  latter  being  broken  into  small,  separate,  sub- 
lunular  spots ;  fringes  fulvous,  on  primaries  black  at  tips  of  the  nervides.     - 

Under  side  of  primaries  red  from  base  to  hind  margin,  and  over  whole  wing 
except  a  small  area  near  apex,  where  it  is  bright  ochre-yellow  ;  a  brown  patch 
on  middle  of  this  area ;  the  black  markings  repeated  ;  the  upper  five  sub- 
marginal  spots  enclo.se  silver,  and  there  are  three  silver  spots  on  the  patch. 

Secondaries  deep  ferruginous-brown  from  base  to  the  outer  edge  of  the  second 
row  of  spots,  between  this  and  outer  row  a  clear  ochre-yellow  space ;  the  hind  mar- 
gin same  color  as  the  disk,  with  an  obscure  appearance  of  fulvous  between  the 
nervules ;  all  the  spots  well  silvered  ;  the  seven  sub-marginal  are  narrow  segments 
of  circles,  and  are  edged  broadly  on  anterior  side  by  ferruginous-brown ;  those 
of  the  second  row  are  rather  small,  mostly  rounded,  the  one  next  inner  margin 
sub-lunate ;  the  third  row  consists  of  three  large  spots,  the  outer  ones  sub-lunate, 
the  other  rounded,  and  edged  on  po.sterior  side  by  black ;  all  the  spots  of  the 
two  rows  edged  heavily  ou  basal  side  by  black ;  in  cell  a  round  spot,  and  below 


ARGYNNIS   I. 

cell,  an  oval,  both  ringed  with  black ;  a  silver  patch  at  base  of  cell,  and  another 
at  base  of  sub-costal  interspace  ;  shoulder  and  inner  margin  lightly  silvered. 

Body  above  fulvouo,  beneath  same  with  many  black  and  gray  hairs  ;  legs 
fulvous ;  palpi  same,  buff  at  the  sides ;  antennoB  fuscous  above,  fulvoun  below ; 
club  black,  the  tip  fulvous  or  ferruginous.     (Figs.  1,  2.) 

Female.  — Expands  3  to  3.25  inches. 

Upper  side  blackish-brown,  darker  than  female  Nokomis,  the  black  markings 
from  base  to  middle  of  disk  nearly  lost  in  the  dark  ground  ;  the  light  spots  as  in 
Nokomis,  and  of  a  pale  yellow  color,  except  the  small  sub-marginal,  which  are 
whitish ;  the  light  spots  of  secondaries  narrower  than  in  most  examples  of  Noko- 
mis, owim,'  to  the  broad  edging  of  brown  upon  each  nervule;  they  are  also  much 
dusted  brown,  particularly  on  the  basal  portion. 

Under  side  of  primaries  deeper  red  than  in  the  male,  the  sub-apical  area 
clearer  yello ./.  Secondaries  of  a  darker  brown,  dusted  ferruginous  next  base,  the 
belt  of  a  brighter  yellow,  divided  into  spots  by  the  broad  edging  of  the  nervules; 
the  silver  spots  generally  as  in  the  male.     (Figs,  5.  6.) 


I  have  not  seen  a  male  other  than  the  one  in  my  collection.  This  was  taken 
in  the  White  Mountains,  northeast  Arizona,  in  1873,  by  Lieut,  Henshaw,  of  the 
exploring  expedition  under  Lieut.  Wheeler. 

Several  females  have  been  taken  in  Arizona,  Colorado,  and  Nevada.  Probably 
the  species  will  be  found  in  abundance  in  some  of  the  valleys  of  southwest  Colo- 
rado, and  south  Utah. 


ARGYNNIS  II. 


ARGYNNIS   LAIS,  1-4. 
Argynnis  Znis (La'-is) Kdwards,  Can.  Ent,,  XV.,  p.  209,  1883. 

Male.  —  Expands  2  inches. 

Upper  side  bright  red-fidvons,  somewhat  obscured  at  base  ;  both  wings  bor- 
dered by  two  parallel  lines,  the  spaces  between  cut  by  the  black  nervules ;  the 
markings  as  in  the  allied  species,  but  all  slight ;  the  common  discal  band  broken 
into  spots,  which,  on  secondaries,  are  very  small ;  fringes  yellow-white,  black  at 
ends  of  nervules. 

Under  side  of  primaries  cinnamon-red,  paler  next  inner  angle,  the  apical  area 
buff  ;  the  upper  sub-marginal  spots  enclose  silver  and  there  are  two  or  three  silver 
spots  on  the  sub-apical  patch. 

Secondaries  from  base  to  outer  side  of  the  second  row  of  spots  dark  brown  mot- 
tling a  yellowish  ground  ;  the  belt  beyond  these  spots  pale  yellow ;  all  the  spots 
small  and  well  silvered,  the  outer  row  sub-crescent,  the  second  row  mostly  oval. 

Body  above  fulvous,  beneath  pale  fulvous  with  many  gray  hairs ;  legs  fulvous  ; 
palpi  same,  with  black  hairs  at  sides  ;  antennsB  black  above,  fulvous  below,  club 
black,  ferruginous  at  tip.     (Figs.  1,  2.) 

Female.  —  Expands  2.2  inches. 

Upper  side  less  bright,  the  base  more  obscured  ;  the  markings  all  heavier  ;  the 
marginal  lines  more  or  less  confluent  on  primaries  ;  the  discal  band,  in  many 
examples,  connected  on  primaries,  but  on  secondaries  as  in  the  male. 

Under  side  as  in  the  male.     (Figs.  3,  4.) 


This  pretty  species  is  found  in  N.  W.  Terr.,  and  was  discovered  by  Captain 
Gamble  Geddes,  in  1883,  at  Edmonton,  early  in  July.  It  was  common  and  asso- 
ciated with  Cyhele.  In  1884,  Captain  Geddes  took  it  at  Calgarry,  in  the  foot-hills, 
flying  with  Atlantis.  Also  at  Morley,  in  Kicking-horse  Pass,  in  July  and  begin- 
ning of  August,  and  at  Laggan,  at  the  summit  of  same  Pass. 


ARGYNNIS  II. 

Mr.  Thomas  E.  Bean,  writing  from  Laggan,  13th  September,  1886,  says :  "  As  to 
Lais,  I  can  only  speak  of  this  region  and  McLean,  600  miles  east  of  this.  Here 
Lah  appears  not  to  fly  at  all.  At  McLean,  it  is  the  single  common  speces  of  the 
larger  Argynnis.  It  appeared  quite  freely  along  the  railroad  and  about  the  sta- 
tion buildings.  But  its  native  haunts  I  found  to  be  among  the  opemngs  of  the 
little  groves  of  poplar  and  willow.  I  have  the  idea  from  the  localities  Captain 
Geddes  .rives  that  he  took  his  specimens  chiefly  on  the  Red  Deer  River,  and  tha 
is  far  to  the  west  and  north  of  McLean.  Abo  he  called  it  rare,  from  ^vhlch  I 
should  consider  that  he  was  collecting  away  from  its  metropolis.  I  thmk  that 
may  be  in  the  region  about  McLean." 


« 


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HARFORDII    1.2  J.   3.4.  j 
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COLIAS  II. 


COLIAS   IIARFORDII,  1-9. 

Co/iot  Ilar/onlii,  Henry  Eilwnrds,  (J,  I'roc.  Ciil.  Acail.  Niu.  Sci.,  Fubrimry  5lh,  1877.    (Vol.  VIII.) 
C.  Barbara,  id.,  9,  1.  e.  VII.,  1877.     \V.  II.  Edwarils,  Papilio,  IV.  2,  18HI. 

Primaries  produced  apically,  the  hind  margins  slightly  concave  or  slightly 
convex. 

1.  Form  Harfordii. 


Male.  —  Expands  1.5  to  1.9  inches. 

Upper  side  lemon-yellow,  often  lemon-chrome,  the  ba.ses  of  wings  not  at  all, 
or  very  little,  blackened;  the  marginal  borders  of  primaries  of  medium  width, 
or  narrow,  black,  dusted  with  yellow  atoms,  cut  by  the  yellow  nervules  nearly 
to  outer  edge,  of  even  width,  extending  but  little  way  on  either  costal  or  inner 
margin,  the  inner  edge  more  or  less  erose  ;  discal  spot  pale  yellow  in  a  sub-oval 
black  ring. 

Secondaries  have  the  borders  varying  in  width  like  the  primaries,  and  ending 
at  lower  median  nervule  ;  disoal  spot  orange,  pale  to  deep ;  fringes  rose-pink, 
yellow  at  inner  angles  of  primaries  and  outer  angles  of  secondaries. 

Under  side  pale  to  deep  yellow ;  the  discal  spot  of  primaries  as  above ;  of 
secondaries,  small,  pearl-white,  in  a  narrow  red-brown  ring;  at  base  a  few  pink 
scales;  no  patch  at  outer  angle  ;  traces  of  sub-marginal  spots,  mere  points,  and 
not  in  complete  series,  often  altogether  wanting ;  the  surface  not  dusted  with 
dark  scales,  but  immaculate  ;  but  some  examples  show  a  slight  dusting,  and 
some  have  a  few  scales  at  outer  angle,  suggestive  of  a  patch. 

Body  above  black,  with  long  gray  hairs,  beneath  yellow,  the  hairs  on  thorax 
tipped  with  roseate  ;  collar  same ;  legs  same  ;  palpi  yellow,  ro.seate  at  tip ;  an- 
tenn89  and  club  brown-red  above,  more  red  below,  the  club  tipped  with  ferrugi- 
nous.    (Figs.  1,  2.) 

Female.  —  Same  size. 


COLIAS   II. 

Color  delicate  lemon-chrotnc ;  the  border  usimlly  narrow,  and  of  Might  texture, 
Hcarcely  wider  at  apex  than  elHcwhero  ;  but  sometimes  it  i&  wider  and  heavier, 
with  loose  scales  and  points  on  the  inner  side,  and  advanced  on  costjil  margin 
about  as  in  the  male  ;  in  all  cases  it  crosses  the  wing  from  margin  to  margin. 

Secondaries  cither  have  no  border,  or  there  are  a  few  black  scales  along  outer 
angle,  or  small  clusters  on  the  anterior  nervules  ;  discal  spot  either  wanting,  or 
orange,  pale  to  deep.     Under  side  as  in  the  male,  slightly  dusted.     (Figs.  3,  4.) 

2.  Form  Bahuaiia. 

Malk.  —  Color  of  form  Harford'd,  varying  like  that,  a  little  block  at  base ; 
the  under  side  much  dusted  ;  the  sub-marginal  markings  varying  from  mere 
points  to  conspicuous  spots,  a  small  patch  at  outer  angle ;  the  discal  spot 
often  large,  usually  in  a  broad  ring,  or  double  ring,  and  sometimes  duplex. 
(Figs.  5,  6.) 

Female.  —  Color  clear,  pale,  yellow  (originally  described  as  canary-yellow), 
the  border  sliglit,  very  narrow,  and  extending  across  the  wing,  but  little  wider 
at  apex  than  elsewhere.  Under  side  thickly  dusted,  the  sub-marginal  spots 
variable  ;  the  patch  and  discal  spot  as  in  male.     (Figs.  7,  8,  9.) 

These  types  run  through  both  sexes  ;  that  is,  the  Harfordii  male,  as  originally 
described,  is  matched  with  a  female  as  immaculate  as  itself,  and  the  Barbara  fe- 
male, as  described,  is  matched  with  a  male  as  much  dusted  and  spotted  as  itself ; 
and  between  the  two  extremes  are  intergrades.  (Figs.  1  and  5  show  the  ex- 
tremes of  color  in  the  males.) 

Egg.  —  Fusiform,  thick  in  middle,  tapering  to  a  small  rounded  summit ;  the 
base  flat ;  ribbed  longitudinally,  the  number  of  ribs  being  about  twenty,  four  or 
five  of  which  ecd  at  three  quarters  and  more  the  distance  from  base  to  summit ; 
they  are  low,  .larrow,  and  the  spaces  between  are  flat,  and  crossed  by  many  fine 
horizontal  striae;  the  micropyle  (Fig.  a*)  is  in  centre  of  a  rosette  of  five  cells, 
hexagons,  outside  of  which  is  a  ring  of  cells,  of  same  shape  but  irregular ;  all 
these  roundly  excavated  ;  color  yellow-green,  in  a  short  time  changing  to  crimson, 
as  do  all  Colias  eggs.     (Fig.  a.)     Duration  of  this  stage  about  four  days. 

Young  Larva.  — Length  .12  inch  ;  cylindrical,  a  little  thickest  on  2  and  3  ; 
each  segment  several  times  creased,  and  on  the  cross-ridges  so  formed  are  many 
black  points,  each  giving  a  short,  black  hair ;  scattered  among  these  are  long. 


COLIAS  II. 

white,  clubbed  appeiidages ;  color  l)rown-green ;  feet  and  logs  green ;  head 
roiiiuled,  a  little  dej)resHed  at  top,  thinly  furnished  with  Itliick  tuberek'H,  ench 
with  black,  huir,  longer  than  the  hairs  on  body  ;  color  yellow-green.  Duration  of 
this  stage  about  four  days. 

After  first  moult :  length  .16  inch  ;  the  ridges  thickly  set  with  black  pointu, 
each  with  its  short,  black  hair  ;  there  are  also  nuiny  white  processes,  which  form 
live  or  six  longitudiiuil  rows  on  either  side,  those  on  dorsum  and  down  to  about 
mid-side,  broad  and  thin  at  top,  paddle-shaped,  o!i  "iniainder  of  side,  and  on  front 
ridge  of  2,  long,  tapering,  club-.shaped  ;  on  2,  longest  and  more  numerous,  and 
directed  forward  ;  head  rounded,  somewhat  depressed  at  top,  with  black  tuber- 
cles and  many  of  the  white  clubbed  processes.  (Figs,  b  b^.)  To  next  moult  about 
four  days. 

After  second  moult:  length  .28  inch  ;  color  dark  green,  very  much  as  at  pre- 
vious stage  ;  along  base  a  yellow-white  stripe  ;  the  white  proceswes  more  numer- 
ous than  before,  less  broad,  rather  club  than  paddle-shaped.  (Figs,  c  c'',  c''.) 
To  next  moult  about  three  days. 

After  third  moult :  length  .4  inch  ;  color  darker  green  ;  the  basal  stripe  wider, 
with  a  yellow  stain  on  middle  of  each  segment ;  later  a  red  streak  appears  on 
part  or  all  the  segments  within  this  stripe  ;  the  white  processes  now  replaced  by 
short  black  hairs  from  conical  tubercles,  and  around  base  of  each  is  a  ring  clus- 
ter of  black  specks.  Head  as  before,  lighter  than  body.  (Figs,  d  d^.)  To  next 
moult  about  three  days. 

After  fourth  moult :  length  .55  inch  ;  color  dark  green  ;  the  band  white,  with 
u  macular  red  stripe.  (Fig.  e,  natural  size,  e^,  e^  magnified.)  In  three  days  from 
the  moult  the  larva  reaches  maturity. 


Mature  Lauva.  Length  1.1  inch  :  cylindrical,  thickest  from  4  to  8;  on  the 
flattened  ridges  of  each  segment  are  many  small,  black,  conical  tubercles,  each 
giving  a  short  fine  hair  (as  d' ;  the  same  form  of  tubercle  prevails  through  the 
last  two  stages,  but  they  are  more  numerous  in  tlie  final  stage);  on  dorsum  these 
hairs  are  gray,  on  sides  and  beneath,  white  ;  color  light  green  ;  feet  and  leg.s 
pale  green  ;  along  base,  from  2  to  13,  a  white  band  through  middle  of  which 
runs  a  red  stripe,  almost  filling  it,  the  ground  below  the  stripe  stained  yellow  ;  in 
one  example,  on  segments  4  to  10  inclusive,  was  a  small  black  patch  to  each 
under  the  band,  but  in  all  others  there  was  no  trace  of  this  ;  Lead  sub-globular, 
a  little  depressed  at  top ;  color  green,  somewhat  lighter  than  the  body,  covered 
with  black  tubercles,  the  same  size  as  on  body,  with  black  hairs.  (Fig.  /,  mag- 
nified.)   From  fourth  moult  to  pupation  about  five  days. 


COLIAS   II. 

CilRYSALis.  — Length  .75  inch;  greatest  breadth  .18  inch,  depth  .2  inch  ;  com- 
pressed laterally,  the  thorax  prominent ;  the  head  case  pointed,  beak-like,  rounded 
on  the  ventral  side,  less  so  on  dorsal ;  mesonotum  rounded,  rising  to  a  low  carina  ; 
color  yellow-green,  the  abdomen  more  yellow,  and  granulated  with  paler,  and 
along  its  side  a  bright  yellow  band,  through  which  runs  a  red  or  an  orange  stripe  ; 
on  ventral  side,  also,  a  row  of  small  ferruginous  spots  ;  head  case  on  ventral  side 
at  extremity  and  for  a  little  way  down  the  lateral  ridges  bright  yellow  ;  on  middle 
of  wing  case  a  blackish  dot,  and  a  series  of  sub-marginal  ones,  one  on  each  inter- 
space. One  example,  instead  of  the  ventral  spots,  had  a  reddish  band  across 
three  segiaents.  (Fig.  y.)  Duration  of  this  stage  nine  to  eleven  days;  of  the 
larval  stages  about  eighteen  days ;  from  Laying  of  egg  to  the  imago  about  thirty- 
one  days. 


C.  Ilarfordii  was  described  by  Mr.  Henry  Edwards,  1877,  from  seven  males, 
no  female  being  mentioned  ;  and  in  same  paper  C.  Barbara  was  described  from 
two  females,  the  male  said  to  be  unknown.  A  year  later,  Mr.  Edwards  siiys  that 
he  is  inclined  to  think  Barbara  is  the  female  of  Ilarfordii.  In  1882  and  1883, 
Mr.  W.  G.  Wright,  at  San  Bernardino,  several  times  took  Harfordii  males  in 
copulation  with  Barbara  females,  as  well  as  with  females  of  their  own  type,  and 
became  satisfied  that  the  two  represented  but  one  species. 

In  July,  1883,  Mr.  Wright  obtained  eggs  by  confining  the  females  over  Astrag- 
alus crotalaria.  As  these  females  were  aftci'wards  sent  me,  I  was  able  to  iden- 
tify them  all  as  Barbara.  The  first  lot  of  eggs,  ten  in  number,  were  six  days  in 
the  mail,  and,  the  heat  not  having  been  extreine.  all  but  two  had  hatched  oh  ar- 
••ival,  13th.  Next  day  came  thirty-one  yot>ng  larvae.  I  fed  these  on  white 
clover,  red  clover  being  refused,  but  many  died  at  every  stage  to  pupation,  either 
from  change  of  food  or  climate,  so  that  I  got  but  two  butterflies,  a  female  on  6th 
August,  a  male  on  8th.  The  female  is  the  one  figured  Nos.  3,  4,  Harfordii  type. 
The  male  was  of  same  type.  From  the  result  of  this  breeding,  and  Mr.  Wright's 
observations  in  the  field,  it  seems  to  me  possible  that  the  species  may  be  sea- 
sonally dimorphic,  Barbara  representing  the  earliest  brood  of  the  butterflies 
from  hibernating  larvae,  Ilarfordii  the  later,  or  midsummer,  but  not  so  defi- 
nitely as  is  the  case  with  many  species  of  butterflies.  I  have  in  vain  endeav- 
ored to  learn  more  about  this  matter  by  breeding,  the  distance  and  the  heat 
in  July  making  it  almost  impossible  to  transmit  any  eggs  which  will  hatch  on 
middle  of  the  journey.  The  larvae  are  pretty  sure  to  die.  Lct°  of  eggs  sent  in 
'84,  '85,  failed  to  give  me  one  larva.  Mr.  Wright  got  twenty  larvae  of  all  sizes 
on  the  food  plant,  as  late  as  24th  December,  1883,  but  of  course  it  would  have 
been  of  no  use  to  transmit  larvae  in  v  niter,  as  I  could  not  feed  them. 


COLIAS   II. 

As  to  the  distribution  of  ihis  species,  it  is  common  in  the  region  about  San 
Bernardino.  Mr.  Henry  Edwards  gives  Santa  Barbara  and  Santa  Clara  counties 
as  localities ;  also  Kern  County. 

Writing  recently,  Mr.  Edwards  says :  "  C  Harford'd  was  taken  by  me  first 
near  San  Francisco,  in  Contra  Costa  County,  which  is  as  far  to  the  north  as  I 
have  ever  heard  of  it.  Its  home  seems  to  be  in  the  southern  part  of  the  State, 
or  rather  f i  om  Santa  Clara  to  San  Bernardino." 

Mr.  Edwards  also  says:  "The  descriptions  of  these  forms  were  read  before  the 
Academy,  February  5th,  1877,  but  were  only  published  in  my  extra  advance 
sheets.  The  Academy  stopped  its  publications  with  the  7th  volume,  and  are 
only  now  about  to  renew  them.  My  paper  on  Colias  cannot  therefore  be  re- 
ferred to  as  being  in  the  Proc.  of  Cal.  Acad.,  though  it  will  appear  within  a  few 
months  in  Vol.  8." 

The  males  of  extreme  Harfordii  type  come  near  the  males  of  C.  Interior,  as 
will  be  seen  by  the  Plate  next  following.  This  is  a  smaller  species,  —  that  is,  no 
Interior  are  as  large  as  the  largest  Harfordii,  —  with  a  much  rounded  apex  to 
fore  wing  and  a  rounded  hind  margin.  The  border  is  wider,  and  extends  far- 
ther along  co«tal  margin  and  it  is  deeply  incurved.  So  that,  while  there  is;  some 
resemblance  m  this  sex  there  is  more  divergence.  But  in  the  females,  the  dif- 
ferences ai'e  emphatic.  In  Interior,  the  border  is  apical,  as  in  the  Pelidne  sub- 
group, broad  at  apex,  gradually  narrowing  on  the  margin,  ending  at  some  dis- 
tance above  the  inner  angle.  It  is  a  triangular  border,  in  fact,  as  distinguished 
from  a  marginal  border,  such  as  Harfordii  presents,  and  which  is  characteristic 
of  other  sub-groups  in  the  genus.  One  species  cannot  be  mistaken  for  the 
other. 

SvT  far  as  relates  to  thf;  ornamentation  of  the  under  side,  Barbara  is  nearest  to 
the  Eurytlieme  sub-group.  So  that  the  species  in  certain  points  resemble.^  spe- 
cies belonging  to  two  distinct  sub-groups,  a  fact  suggestive  of  the  descent  of  all 
from  a  more  or  less  remote  common  ancestor. 


PROV'NC  \      '  •V.r^AHf, 
VICTC   , 


\f. 


// 


T  SincUirJl  Son  hth  PTnU 


CORONIS     1.2    <}    3  4   ? 


'^'i'S"r  ■   "■^^:^  ■■■'■ 


AHGYNNIS  IV. 


ARGYNNIS   CORONIS,  1-4. 

Argynnin  Coronin  (Co-ro'-nis),  Behr,  "  No.  2,"  Proc.  Cal.  Acad.  Nat.  Si'i.,  II.,  173,  18G2;  Kilwards,  Proc. 
Ent.  Soc,  Phil.,  III.,  435,  1864.  Jut/a,  Boisduval,  I.rf'p.  dc  la  Cal.,  60,  1809;  ?  Neradenniii,  Edw.,  But.  N. 
A.,  I.,  pi.  33,  figs.  3,  4,  1871. 

Primaries  long,  narrow,  moderately  arched,  slightly  concave  on  hind  margin. 

Male.  —  Expands  2.15  to  2.3  inches. 

Upper  side  yellow-fulvous,  but  varying,  many  examples  reddish  ;  hind  margins 
bordered  by  two  parallel  lines,  which  enclose  narrow  fulvous  space  between  the 
black  nervules ;  the  sub-marginal  lunules  narrow,  serrate  or  lunulai  ,  the  extra- 
discal  rounded  spots  small ;  the  mesial  band  rather  heavy  on  primaries,  light  on 
secondaries ;  the  other  markings  as  in  the  allied  .species ;  fringes  liiteous,  black 
at  the  ends  of  the  nervules. 

Under  side  of  primaries  pale  buff  with  a  red  or  yellow  tint,  varying,  the  base 
and  the  median  nervules  red-brown,  often  much  diluted  ;  the  sub-apical  patch 
brown,  with  three  silver  spots,  the  upper  four  or  five  spots  within  the  marginal 
lunules  silvered. 

Secondaries  yellow  brown  from  base  to  outer  edge  of  second  row  of  spots, 
mottled  in  shades,  the  band  beyond  clear  and  of  the  lighter  shade ;  the  spots 
large,  well  silvered ;  the  outer  row  sub-serrate,  edged  above  with  red ;  the 
second  row  mostly  sub-ovate,  slightly  edged  above  with  black ;  the  third  row  so 
edged  ;  a  round  spot  in  cell,  sometimes  duplex,  ringed  black  ;  three  tpots  at  base 
in  the  several  interspaces  ;  shoulder  and  inner  margin  well  silvered. 

Body  above  dark  fulvous,  beneath,  the  thorax  gray-fulvous,  the  abdomen 
yellowish  ;  legs  red,  yellowish  on  inner  side ;  palpi  yellow,  ferruginous  at  tip  and 
in  front ;  antennas  black  above,  ferruginous  below  j  club  black,  ferruginous  at 
tip. 


Female.  —  Expands  2.7  to  3  inches. 

Same  color  ;  the  markings  heavier;  the  marginal  lines  confluent  on  primaries; 
the  sub-marginal  lunules  on  same  wings  enclose  paler,  often  nearly  white  spots. 


ARGYNNIS  IV. 


Under  side  red-brown  at  base,  the  upper  outer  part  of  cell  and  extra-discal 
area  to  margin  yellowish  ;  silver  as  in  male. 

Secondaries  buff,  mottled  with  ferruginous-brown,  the  band  narrow,  buff,  the 
spots  large,  well  silvered. 

This  is  the  type  of  Coronis,  Behr,  but  there  is  a  great  variation  in  the  species 
in.  the  coloration  of  underside.  Examples  from  Gilroy,  California,  where  Co- 
ronis seems  to  be  abundant,  are  of  the  type  form.  From  Mt.  Shasta,  the  males 
are  lighter,  rather  cinnamon  color,  the  females  a  pale  brown,  or  often  fawn 
color  over  secondaries  and  apical  area  of  primaries.  Examples  from  Washing- 
ton Territory,  taken  by  Mr.  Morrison,  are  nearly  like  those  from  Shasta ;  sev- 
eral from  Mt.  Judith,  Montana,  are  almost  same ;  so  a  male  from  the  North- 
west Territory,  taken  by  Captain  Gamble  Geddes.  A  male  from  Nevada,  taken 
by  Morrison,  has  the  under  side  decidedly  yellow,  the  mottling  pale  gray,  while 
a  male  from  Utah,  sent  me  by  Mr.  B.  Neumoegen,  has  almost  no  mottling,  but  is 
nearly  clear  yellow  over  secondaries  and  all  of  primaries,  except  just  at  base, 
where  the  red  is  greatly  diluted. 

The  species  has  a  very  extended  distribution,  ranging  from  Kern  County,  Cal- 
ifornia, to  Washington  Territory ;  from  Utah  to  Montana  and  the  Northwest  Ter- 
ritory (Belly  River  and  Crow's  Nest).  I  have  not  seen  it  from  southern  Cali- 
fornia, below  Kern  County,  nor  from  Colorado. 

Dr.  Behr  described  Coronis  in  the  paper  before  referred  to  as  "  No.  2,"  in  a 
series  of  descriptions  of  the  Californian  Argynnides,  not  being  then  (1862)  able 
to  say  whether  or  no  the  species  had  been  described  elsewhere.  He  says  it  is 
very  similar  to  Calllppe  Boisdnval,  "  but  differs  by  the  upper  side  being  colored 
in  the  usual  way  of  the  genus,  and  not  showing  the  pale  lunula?  and  spots  of  the 
disk  like  Calllppe,  which  resembles  in  this  respect  more  an  Euptoieta  than  a  true 
Argynnis ;  "  and  in  his  Latin  description,  he  says  of  the  under  side  of  seconda- 
ries, ''  posticoe  subtus  fuscae  usque  ad  fasciam  macularem  intermediam  partim 
dilutiores."  Dr.  Behr,  about  that  date,  sent  me  a  sheet  of  colored  figures  of 
eight  of  the  species  described  by  him,  and  by  this  I  am  able  to  fix  the  type. 
In  the  paper  in  Proc.  Ent.  Soc,  Phil.,  1864,  referred  to,  I  gave  an  abstract 
of  Dr.  Behr's  paper,  and  by  his  consent  the  name  Coronis  was  applied  to  the 
"  No.  2." 

Dr.  Boi.sduval  described  Juha  in  1869  ;  and  added,  "  This  species  has  so  close 
a  connection  with  Calllppe  that  it  may  be  but  a  local  variety.  The  fore  wings 
above  are  of  a  vivid  fulvous  in  both  sexes,  while  in  the  male  Calllppe  they  are  of 
a  pale  blackish-fulvous.  The  under  side  does  not  offer  notable  differences.  Mr. 
Lorquin,  who  has  taken  a  number  of  examples  of  Juha,  considers  it  a  distinct 
species."     In  Boisduval's  Latin  description  of  Juha,  he  says,  "  posticoe  subtus 


ARGYNNIS   IV. 


flavescentes."  Now  in  his  description  of  CaUippe,  he  says,  "  posticaa  subtus 
cinereo-fusca3."  This  does  not  agree  with  the  color  of  Juba  as  given,  nor  with 
what  Dr.  Behr  says  of  Coronia  ("fusca").  But  I  have  the  type  male  of  Juba, 
sent  me  by  Dr.  Boisduval,  and  named  and  marlced  "  type  "  in  his  own  hand,  and 
this  is  not  "  flavescens,"  but  the  color  of  Behr's  type.  However,  as  I  have  said 
above,  the  species  varies  from  red-brown  to  yellow  on  under  side.  CaUippe  is 
figured  in  Vol.  I.,  But.  N.  A.,  and  the  differences  between  these  species  are  really 
great,  though  they  belong  to  the  same  sub-group,  which  also  includes  Liliana 
and  Semiramis,  both  figured  in  the  present  Volume. 

The  female  figured  in  Vol.  I.,  Plate  33,  as  A.  Nevadensis  is  Coronis  of  a  pale- 
colored  under-side  variety.  When  that  Plate  was  published,  1871, 1  followed  the 
instructions  of  Mr.  Henry  Edwards,  who  had  taken  what  he  supposed  to  be  the 
females  of  Nevadensis,  at  Virginia  City.  Later,  1878,  Messrs.  Mead  and  Mor- 
rison collected  in  Nevada,  and  brought  back  numbers  of  both  Nevadensis  and 
Coronis.  The  female  of  the  former  is  always  green.  I  concluded  from  the  evi- 
dence laid  before  me  at  that  time  that  A.  Meadii,  figured  in  Vol.  H.,  Plate  24, 
must  be  an  extreme  variation  of  Nevadensis,  in  which  the  green  is  dark  and 
lu&trous. 


ARGYNNIS  CALLIPPE. 


Argynnis  CalUppe,  Boisduval  ;  Eilwardu,  But.  N.  A., Vol.  I,,  p.  77,  pi.  25. 

Mr.  W.  G.  Wright,  at  San  Bernardino,  says  of  this  species :  "Its  range,  in  this 
region,  is  from  near  the  sea  level  to  the  altitude  of  2500  feet.  It  is  found  in  the 
low  valleys,  where  the  hills  shut  off  the  winds,  and  the  hot  sunshine  makes  a  torrid 
temperature.  Its  season  is  short,  only  about  five  weeks,  and  I  have  had  no  evi- 
dence of  a  second  brood.  When  the  males  first  appear,  about  20th  May,  the  bottom 
of  the  valley  and  adjoining  hillsides  are  green  with  grass,  and  gay  with  flowers  of 
various  plants.  These  males  are  restless,  alighting  on  the  flowers  but  for  a  mo- 
ment, and  seem  incessantly  occupied  in  searching  for  their  mates.  Almost  always 
I  have  had  to  take  them  on  the  wing.  The  females  appear  about  Ist  June,  and 
should  be  searched  for  among  the  dead  twigs  and  branches  of  the  small  bushes 
which  dot  the  hillsides,  such  being  the  spots  to  which  they  resort  to  lay  their 
eggs.  Under  these  bushes,  a  few  violets  have  grown  in  early  spring,  and  by 
June,  their  dead  leaves  may  be  seen.  The  violets  never  grow  at  the  bottom  of 
the  valley,  and  the  female  never  approaches  green  violets,  some  bunches  of 
which  are  to  be  found,  in  June,  at  a  higher  elevation.  Her  instinct  leads  her  to 
the  dead  plants.  Among  the  twigs  about  these,  and  upon  the  rubbish  at  the 
ground,  she  flutters  and  crawls,  and  having  found  a  satisfactory  place,  pushes  her 
abdomen  down  into  the  rubbish  as  far  as  possible  and  drops  an  egg.  Perhaps 
puts  another  near  the  first,  and  then  flies  to  another  place.  The  young  larvae 
come  from  the  eggs  in  about  twelve  days,  and  must  be  in  lethargic  state  till  the 
beginning  of  the  next  season.  I  have  never  been  able  to  find  the  larvae  in 
spring,  though  I  have  searched  diligently." 

In  the  region  about  San  Bernardino,  there  are  but  three  species  of  Argynnis, 
namely,  Liliana,  Callippc,  and  Semiramis,  and  the  last  two  have  the  same  habits 
in  disposing  of  their  eggs.  According  to  Dr.  Behr,  as  stated  in  Volume  I.,  CalUppe 
is  distributed  throughout  the  State,  and  is  the  most  common  species  about  San 
Francisco,  but  it  is  everywhere  one-brooded. 

In  the  text  concerning  CaUippe,  in  Vol.  I.,  some  doubt  was  expressed  as  to 
what  form  Dr.  Boisduval  applied  that  name,  his  description  not  being  definite. 
But  I  afterwards  received  from  him  the  type  male  (the  CalUppe  of  my  Plate). 


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NEONYMPHA  I. 


NEONYMPHA  GEMMA,  1-4. 

Neonympha  Gemma,  Hiibner,  Zutr.  Exot.  Schmett.,  I.,  figs.  7,  8,  1818;   Boisduval  and   Leconte,  Lepid. 
de  I'Amer.,  pi.  62,  1833;  Edwards,  Can.  Ent.,  XL,  31,  1879;  French.,  But.  of  East.  U.  S.,  p.  235,  1886. 

Malk.  —  Expands  1.25  inch. 

Upper  side  uniform  gray-brown ;  secondaries  have  four  small  black  spots  on 
middle  of  hind  margin,  in  pairs  on  the  interspaces,  often  more  or  less  obsolete ; 
fringes  concolored  with  the  wings. 

Under  side  lighter,  with  a  yellowish  tint,  through  which  the  dark  ground 
shows  in  fine  streaks,  particularly  over  basal  areas ;  primaries  crossed  by  three 
brown  crenated  lines,  two  of  which  limit  the  discal  band,  the  other  midway 
between  this  and  margin,  running  towards  apex ;  these  discal  lines  are  continued 
on  secondaries,  but  are  more  widely  separated,  heavier,  more  irregular,  the  outer 
one  projecting  a  sharp  spur  on  second  sub-costal  nervule,  reddish-brown ;  there 
is  also  a  trace  of  a  sub-marginal  line  next  anal  angle,  the  margin  there  reddish- 
brown  ;  on  middle  of  hind  margin  a  large  sub-ovfil  patch  of  red-brown  thickly 
dusted  with  yellowish  scales,  so  as  almost  to  conceal  the  ground,  and  within  this, 
next  margin,  four  velvet-black  .spots  in  pairs,  each  bearing  an  inverted  T-shaped 
silver  mark ;  the  interspaces  to  outer  angle  each  with  two  dashes  of  silver,  and 
the  second  median  interspace  with  an  interrupted  silver  serration,  the  sub- 
median  with  a  dash. 

Body  above  color  of  wings,  beneath,  the  thorax  gray  and  brown,  abdomen  yel- 
lowish ;  legs  gray-brown ;  palpi  same  with  many  black  hairs ;  antennatj  fuscous 
above,  brown  be'ow,  ringed  with  yellowish ;  club  ferruginous,  black  on  upper 
side. 


Female.  —  Expands  1.3  inch.    Scarcely  differing  in  any  respect  from  the  male. 

Egg.  —  Sub-globular,  as  high  as  broad,  the  base  flattened  ;  surface  under  a 
low  power  smooth,  but  under  a  high  one  seen  to  be  reticulated  throughout  in 


NEONYMPHA  I. 


irregular  hexagons^  the  sides  of  which  have  broad  flanks  that  occupy  nearly  all 
the  interior,  leaving  but  a  light  point  in  centre  of  each ;  color  yellow-green. 
(Fig.  a.)  Duration  of  this  stage  from  three  to  six  days,  according  to  the 
temperature. 

Young  IjARva.  —  Length  .12  inch;  cylindrical,  a  little  thickest  in  middle, 
tapering  very  gradually  to  13,  which  ends  in  two  conical  tails,  from  the  end  of 
each  of  which  proceeds  a  long  bristle,  the  space  between  the  tails  concave ;  color 
yellowish-white ;  the  upper  surface  presents  six  rows  of  low,  conical  tubercles, 
each  giving  out  a  short  process ;  those  on  upper  part  club-shaped,  slightly  thick- 
ened at  extremity ;  low  on  either  side  is  another  row,  of  same  thickness  through- 

/./.i  /  Ji^  ""*■'  ^'^  ^'  ^'  ^'  *^®  upper  processes  are 
fyV^^'"!  nearly  in  cross  line ;  on  4  to  12  they  are 
differently  arranged,  each  three  being  in 
-^!\'W^k,  'X^  triangle,  the  dorsal  one  lying  on  front  of 
T  IJf^iJ  \^  the  segment,  the  sub-dorsal  at  the  rear, 
the  other  a  little  before  the  middle ;  on 
13  there  are  eight,  in  two  rows  of  four,  the  front  consisting  of  the  pair  of  dorsals 
and  pair  of  laterals,  the  hinder  row  of  the  dorsals  and  sub-dorsals,  besides  a  pair 
of  sub-dorsal  long  bristles  in  the  rear,  and  a  pair  of  short  ones  in  the  concavity 
between  the  tails ;  in  the  lower  row,  on  each  segment  from  2  to  13,  are  two 
shorter  processes,  nearly  in  horizontal  line,  the  hinder  one  always  a  little  below 
the  other ;  on  7  to  10  each,  and  on  13,  over  the  pro-l'>gs,  is  a  pair  of  very 
shnr*  hairs,  in  horizontal  line;  head  one  half  broader  than  2,  broad  as  high, 
H  tepe^.  frontally,  a  slight  angular  depression  at  top;  on  each  vertex,  a  coni- 
cal, divergent  horn,  somewhat  curved  forward,  in  three  sections,  each  smaller 
at  the  junction  than  the  top  of  the  next  below  ;  at  the  end  a  bristle,  and  another 
on  the  middle,  on  the  mner  side  ;  a  few  shorter  ones  scattered  over  face ;  color  of 
head  and  horns  black-brown.  In  about  two  days  from  the  egg  the  color  gradually 
changes  to  pale  green,  and  stripes  appear,  a  white  sub-dorsal,  and  two  on  mid-side. 
(Fig.  6,  6''.)     Duration  of  this  stage,  six  days  in  April,  August,  and  October. 

After  first  moult :  Jeiigth  .18  inch ;  nearly  the  same  shape,  somewhat  thicker 
in  middle,  the  dorsum  more  arched  ;  the  tails  longer,  more  slender,  and  brown- 
tipped  ;  each  segment  five  times  creased,  and  on  the  ridges  so  caused  a  row  of 
white  tubercles,  irregular,  conical,  each  with  a  short  white  hair;  color  dark 
green,  marked  longitudinally  by  white ;  on  mid-dorsum  a  clear  green  stripe,  and 
the  ground  on  either  side  of  it  is  whitish,  owing  to  the  numerous  tubercles  there ; 
on  the  verge  of  dorsal  area  a  white  stripe,  another  along  base  of  body,  and 
between  these,  on  side,  are  two  contiguous  white  lines;  urder  side  bluish-green, 


NEONYMPHA  I. 

feet  and  legs  green ;  head  sub-pyriform,  truncated,  higher  and  narrower  in  pro- 
portion than  before,  the  horns  longer,  more  tapering,  less  divergent,  slightly 
curved  forward,  about  as  long  as  the  face ;  the  space  between  them  not  angular, 
but  concave ;  color  of  head  and  horns  brown,  pale  on  front  face,  and  green- 
tinted  ;  from  base  of  each  horn  a  dark  stripe  passes  down  the  side  of  face,  and 
there  is  a  second  such  stripe  in  front.  (Figs,  c,  c'*.)  Duration  of  this  stage,  in 
August  five  days,  in  October  ten,  in  May  seven. 

After  second  moult:  length  .34  inch;  nearly  the  same  shape,  the  tails  longer; 
color  pale  green,  the  rcripes  as  before  ;  head  nearly  as  at  second  stage,  the  horns 
more  divergent ;  color  of  front  face  deep  green,  the  back  of  head  dull  green, 
the  stripes  and  horns  reddi.'fh-brown.  (Figs,  d,  (P.)  Duration  of  this  stage,  in 
August  five  days,  in  May  eight. 

After  third  moult,  in  autumn :  length  .55  inch;  same  shape  ;  color  soiled  white, 
greenish  on  dorsum  next  head ;  the  dorsal  stripe  dark,  the  sub-dorsal  and  basal 
brown. 

At  four  days  from  the  moult :  length  .72  inch ;  color  now  drab  on  dorsum,  the 
median  and  sub-dorsal  stripes  darker ;  sides  red-brown,  the  two  lines  buff ;  basal 
stripe  yellow-buff  ;  under  this,  a  broad  black -brown  stripe  the  length  of  body ; 
tails  drab,  reddened  at  tips. 

Matitke  Larva.  —  Length  .96  inch ;  slender,  the  dorsum  slightly  arched ; 
ending  in  two  long,  lonioal,  sharp-pointed  tails,  which  meet  at  base  ;  the  whole 
surface  finely  and  sharply  tuberciilated,  most  of  the  tubercles  giving  out  a  short 
white  hair;  'or  buff  and  roddish-grny  in  bands  and  stripes;  a  narrow  gray 
mid-dorsal  siriji'  .  then  a  broml  buff  band  to  verfre  nf  dorsal  area,  and  edged  by  a 
reddish  line ;  next  n  bronl  ^^rn\  lateral  baiul.  ith  a  narrow  buff  strip,  below; 
the  basal  stripe  yellow-l>  il  ;  beneath  this  a  partly  obsolete  blackish  band  ;  tjiils 
drab,  red  at  tips;  feet  and  1  gs  brown;  lead  sub-pyriform,  tniiioated,  on  each 
vertex  along,  conical,  pointed  horn,  but  little  divergent,  the  spa  c  between  the 
two  at  base  concave  ;  color  drab,  both  back  f\\,  fan  ;  hurns  drab  behind,  black- 
brown  in  front  and  between  ;  a  brrii  !  blark-brown  stripe  down  the  front  face, 
and  a  narrow  one  on  side  from  basi  <f  horn.  (Figs,  g,  natural  size,  /,  /",  f^, 
magnified.)     In  August,  ten  days  from  third  moult  to  chrysalis. 


Mature  Larva,  in  May,  from  eggs  laid  ■  April:  color  light  yellow-green,  the 
dorsal  stripe  darker,  the  sub-dorsal  ani  v  ral  lines  and  basal  stripe  yellow;  tails 
pink-tipped ;  head  sordid  greenish-white  front  and  back,  the  stripes  brown,  horns 
red-brown.  From  third  moult  to  pupation  five  and  six  days.  All  the  larvae, 
ten  in  number,  of  this  April  and  May  brood  were  green.     (Fig.  e,  magnified.) 


NEONYMPHA  I. 

Chrysalis.  —  Length  .46  to  .52  inch :  greatest  breadth,  at  abdomen,  .14 
inch ;  cylindrical,  abdomen  conical ;  head  case  scarcely  produced  beyond  meso- 
notum,  narrow,  excavated  at  sides,  ending  in  two  sharp,  divergent  projections, 
the  depression  between  angular ;  raesonotum  prominent,  carinated,  angular,  the 
summit  rounded  ;  followed  by  a  shallow  depression ;  wing  cases  flaring  on 
dorsal  side ;  color  of  abdomen  and  dorsum  from  bu£E  larva  sordid  yellow-buff, 
the  wing  and  antennae  cases  and  the  projections  all  more  yellow ;  the  surface 
finely  streaked  brown,  irregularly  and  mostly  longitudinally ;  from  posterior 
base  of  mesonotum  to  13  a  brown  band  ;  the  wing  case  ihowa  an  irregular,  wavy, 
brown  stripe  on  disk,  and  a  stripe  on  costal  margin ;  each  nervule  ending  in  a 
blackish  dot.     (Figs,  h,  h,  natural  size,  h\  magnified.) 

From  green  larvse  green  chrysalids;  blue-tinted,  the  dorsum  and  abdomen 
streaked  with  whitish ;  wing  cases  without  stripe ;  the  dorsal  edges  of  wing 
cases  carmine,  and  top  of  head  case  cream-color.  Duration  of  this  stage,  in  May, 
eight  days. 

The  attitude  of  this  larva  in  suspension  is  peculiar.  From  13  to  5,  the  body 
hangs  almost  straight,  Ihe  dorsum  incurved ;  the  anterior  segments  bent  at  right 
angle,  the  head  turned  down  on  2.  When  at  rest,  in  all  the  later  stages,  the 
larva  holds  the  head  bent  under,  so  that  the  horns  are  nearly  in  the  dorsal  plane. 
(Fig.  d.) 


Gemma  is  quite  a  common  species  in  certain  localities  near  Coalburgh,  W.  Va., 
but  altogether  wanting  in  others  which  would  seem  equally  favorable  for  it.  It 
is  abundant  in  the  grassy  streets  of  a  small  village,  and  there  are  stretches  of 
road  through  the  woods,  or  near  the  creeks,  where  one  is  sure  to  find  it  during 
its  season.  I  have  never  seen  it  on  the  hillsides.  It  has  a  slow,  tremulous 
flight,  near  the  ground,  rests  frequently,  and  returns  to  its  haunts. 

There  are  here  three  annual  broods :  the  butterflies  appearing  in  April  and 
May,  in  June  and  July,  about  20th  August  and  through  September.  The  late 
larvOB  hibernate.  Tluy  feed  on  grasses,  and  eggs  are  easily  obtained  by  confin- 
ing the  females  over  trrass  set  in  flower-pot.  Eggs  laid  21st  April  gave  butterflies 
from  2d  June.  Eggs  laid  7th  August  hatched  11th.  The  larvae  were  mature 
3d  September,  and  pupated  5th.  On  23d  August,  I  got  sixteen  eggs.  Several 
of  the  larvaa  were  placed  in  alcohol,  but  the  remainder  were  mature,  though  in 
a  lethargic  condition,  20th  November.  I  failed  to  carry  these  through  the 
winter.  Another  female,  30th  September,  gave  two  eggs.  From  these,  I  raised 
one  larva,  which  was  lethargic  and  mature  24th  November.  This  was  kept  in 
the  house,  and  at  intervals  moved  a  little  and  fed ;  finally  pupated  4th  February. 
As  described  above,  the  larvjB  of  le  spring  brood  have  all  been  green,  those  of 
the  later  broods  brown. 


NEONYMPHA  I. 


Gemma  flies  in  southern  West  Virginia,  and  in  the  same  latitude  to  Illinois ; 
is  common  in  the  mountains  of  North  Carolina  and  eastern  Tennessee,  and  in 
the  northern  parts  of  Georgia,  and  Alabama.  It  does  not  seem  to  fly  far  from  the 
streams.  Rev.  W.  J.  Holland  writes  that  it  was  found  in  great  numbers  at  the 
foot  of  Bald  Mountains,  Madison  County,  N.  C,  near  the  French  Broad  River. 
"  The  whole  country  here  stands  on  end,  and  is  a  mass  of  piled  up  rocks  and 
tilted  strata.  Here  in  the  gullies  and  clefts  Gemma  abounded,  in  company  with 
N.  Sosybius.     I  never  saw  it  in  the  lowlands  of  the  State." 

Mr.  E.  M.  Aaron  writes:  "iV.  Gemma  I  took  in  swampy  woods  around  Mary- 
ville,  east  Tennessee,  and  at  several  points  in  western  North  Carolina.  In  fact, 
through  all  the  river  and  creek  bottoms  of  east  Tennessee  and  western  North 
Carolina  it  ia  moderately  common.  I  have  received  it  from  the  northern  parts 
of  South  Carolina,  Georgia,  and  Alabama.  My  brother  took  quantities  of  it  along 
the  river  bottoms  of  the  Gulf  coast  of  Texas,  and  one  specimen  at  Monterey, 
Mexico.  When  taken  on  the  mountains  of  Tennessee,  it  was  never  at  any 
altitude,  and  when  far  from  running  water  was  always  badly  worn." 


NEONYMPHA  I. 


NEONYMPHA   HENSHAWI,  5-8. 
Neonympha  Henshawi,  Edwards,  Trans.  Am.  Ent.  Soc.,  V.,  205,  1876. 

Male.  —  Expands  1.5  inch. 

Upper  side  dark  brown,  often  with  a  russet  tint  over  the  extra-discal  areas  of 
both  wings ;  some  examples  have  an  ill-defined  patch  of  russet  on  the  median 
interspaces  of  primaries,  and  there  is  usually  a  russet  edging  to  hind  margin  of 
secondaries  next  anal  angle ;  on  middle  of  same  margin  two  small  black  spots, 
not  always  present ;  fringes  dark  gray. 

Under  side  either  brown  or  russet,  thickly  dusted  with  yellow-white  scales, 
more  yellow  beyond  the  discal  band  of  secondaries ;  the  whole  surface  finely 
streaked  and  dotted  with  red-brown  ;  primaries  crossed  by  three  wavy  red-brown 
lines,  two  of  which  enclose  the  discal  band,  the  other  lying  nearly  midway 
between  the  band  and  margin,  often  macular  ;  some  examples  have  a  demi-line 
crossing  cell  to  median ;  the  discal  lines  are  continued  across  secondaries,  the 
outer  one  often  projecting  roundly  on  second  sub-costal  nervule  ;  a  short  sinuous 
line  at  anal  angle ;  on  middle  of  hind  margin  a  large  sub-oval  patch,  the  ground 
of  which  is  dark  brown,  sprinkled  with  whitish  scales;  within  this,  in  upper 
median  and  discoidal  interspaces,  a  pair  of  velvet-black  spots,  each  with  an 
inverted  T-shaped  patch  of  silver ;  in  the  interspaces  towards  outer  angle  a  pair 
of  silver  dashes  each,  and  in  lower  median  a  silver  serration,  and  a  bar  in  sub- 
median. 

Body  above  dark  brown,  beneath  gray-brown ;  legs  same ;  palpi  gray  with 
many  black  hairs ;  antenna)  blackish,  annulated  with  light ;  club  black  above, 
ferruginous  at  tip  and  beneath.     (Figs.  5,  6.) 

Female.  —  Expands  l.Y  inch ;  russet,  brown  about  the  margins ;  spots  on 
secondaries  as  in  male.  Under  side  of  primaries  russet,  of  secondaries  yellow- 
brown  ;  marked  like  the  male.     (Figs.  7,  8.) 


.tf 


NEONYMPIIA   I. 


Eoa.  —  Sub-globular,  broader  than  high,  about  as  7  to  6,  the  base  flattened  ; 
wholly  covered,  when  seen  under  a  high  power,  with  a  flat  network  of  irregular 
hexagons  ;  a  fine  rosette  about  the  micropyle.     (Figs. 


*^-) 


This  species  seems  to  be  common  in  parts  of  New  Mexico,  Arizona,  and  Colo- 
rado. It  was  first  taken  by  Mr.  H.  W.  Henshaw,  of  the  Wheeler  Exploring 
Expedition,  1874.  Mr.  Morrison  afterwards  brought  examples  from  Arizona, 
and  Mr.  B.  Neumoegen  from  Oak  Creek  Canon,  Colorado.  In  1881,  Mr.  Doll 
sent  me  eggs  from  Arizona,  by  which  I  was  enabled  to  get  the  drawing,  but 
none  of  them  hatched.  The  resemblance  of  Henshawi  to  Gemma  is  close  so  far 
as  regards  the  markings. 


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MELIT^A  I. 


MELITiEA  BARONI,  1-6, 


Is 


Metilaa  Baroni,  Henry  EJwards,  Pnpilio,  I.,  p.  82,  1882;  W.  H.  Edward*,  Can.  Ent.,  XI.,  p.  129,  1879, 

Malk.  —  Expands  from  1.5  to  1.8  inch. 

Upper  side  black,  spotted  with  red  and  pale  ochrey-yellow,  mostly  in  common 
transverse  rows ;  the  spots  of  the  marginal  row  red,  well  separated ;  of  the  second 
row  yellow,  often  quite  small  on  primaries,  or  mere  lines ;  of  the  tliird  row,  yel- 
low on  primaries,  red  on  secondaries ;  the  fourth  is  bifid  on  median  nervure  of 
primaries,  the  two  branches  running  to  costa,  the  outer  one  partly  red,  partly 
yellow,  the  inner  one  yellow ;  from  median  to  inner  margin  either  yellow,  or  yel- 
low and  red,  the  outer  half  each  spot  being  red  ;  on  secondaries  the  spots  of  this 
row  are  yellow  and  large  ;  from  outside  arc  of  cell  of  primaries  to  base  four  bars, 
red  and  yellow  alternately ;  a  yellow  patch  below  the  origin  of  the  lower  median 
nervule  ;  the  basal  area  and  costal  margin  much  dusted  yellow,  the  shoulder 
red ;  secondaries  have  a  fifth,  but  demi-row,  from  costa  to  median,  red,  some- 
times wholly  wanting,  and  four  yellow  spots  on  basal  area,  two  in  cell,  one  below 
cell,  one  on  costal  margin  ;  fringes  of  both  wings  yellow,  black  at  the  ends  of  the 
nervule.s. 

Under  .side  red,  primaries  dull,  secondaries  bright ;  both  wings  have  broad  mar- 
ginal borders ;  the  yellow  spots  of  second  and  third  rows  of  primaries  repeated, 
the  former  much  enlarged  ;  a  large  yellow  sub-triangular  patch  on  the  sub-costal 
interspaces ;  the  yellow  spots  in  and  below  cell  repeated ;  secondaries  have  the 
yellow  spots  of  second  and  fourth  rows  repeated,  enlarged,  forming  two  confluent 
bands,  the  outer  one  lightly  edged  black  above  and  below,  the  other  or  discal 
always  edged  with  black  on  the  basal  side,  but  not  always  on  the  marginal  side ; 
the  third  row  is  of  red  spots,  each  wholly  but  lightly  edged  with  yellow,  except 
on  the  marginal  side ;  between  the  third  and  discal  row  is  an  intermediate  nar- 
row stripe  of  red  from  lower  branch  of  sub -median  to  upper  branch  of  sub-costal, 
and  this  is  often  confluent  with  the  yellow  discal  band ;  but  sometimes  a  black 


MELITiEA  I. 

line  partly  separates  them  ;  in  some  examples  this  red  stripe  is  suppressed,  or 
absorbed  by  the  spots  of  the  third  row,  and  in  this  case  there  is  a  black  edge  on 
marginal  side  of  the  discal  band  ;  the  basal  area  red,  the  four  yellow  spots  re- 
peated, all  edged  with  black ;  a  fifth  spot  on  costal  margin  ;  shoulder  and  inner 
margin  yellow. 

Body  black  with  long  gray  hairs  on  thorax,  the  collar  red ;  beneath,  thorax 
buff,  abdomen  buff,  red  laterally  ;  legs  red  ;  palpi  red,  yellow  at  base  ;  antennae 
eithc'  annulated  red  and  buff,  alternately  and  equally,  or  red  only  j  the  under 
side  bluck  ;  club  black,  tip  ferruginous.     (Figs.  1,  2.) 

Female.  —  Expands  1.6  to  1.9  inch. 

Upper  side  black,  and  nearly  as  in  the  male  ;  or  there  is  an  excess  of  red,  all 
the  red  spota  being  much  enlarged.  Beneath  as  in  male.  (Figs.  3,  4,  5.)  Many 
females  have  scarcely  any  black  edging  to  the  spots  of  the  second  and  third  rows 
on  sfcondaries,  and  contrast  strikingly  in  this  respect  with  Ruhicunda  and  the 
other  species  of  the  group.     (Fig.  5.) 


Ego.  —  Conoidal,  rounded  at  base  and  there  marked  by  many  shallow  indenta- 
tions ;  tiie  sides  ribbed  vertically,  the  ribs  about  twenty  in  number,  straight,  low, 
the  spaces  between  a  little  excavated ;  the  top  truncated,  a  little  depressed  ; 
color  yellow-green.     (Fig.  a.) 

YouNQ  Lahva.  —  Length  .08  inch  ;  cylindrical,  of  nearly  even  thickness  from 
2  to  10  ;  the  segments  rounded ;  on  each  segment  low  conical  tubercles,  each 
of  Avhich  gives  a  long  tapering  hair ;  under  a  high  power  these  hairs  are  seen  to 
be  thickly  set  with  barbs ;  (Fig.  6*;)  the  tubercles  form  six  longitudinal  rows,  on 
either'  side  one  dorsal,  one  sub-dorsal,  one  lateral ;  on  2  the  three  are  in  straight 
line  on  the  front,  and  on  rear  of  same  segment  is  another  row  of  four,  two  on 
either  side,  and  lying  between  those  of  front  row  ;  on  3  the  row  is  straight,  on 
the  front ;  on  4  the  two  dorsal  tubercles  are  on  front,  the  others  a  little  behind, 
so  as  to  form  a  curved  row ;  from  5  to  12  inclusive  the  two  dorsals  are  in  front, 
the  1st  and  Gth  a  little  back,  the  2d  and  5th  either  on  middle  of  the  segment  or 
more  to  the  rear ;  on  13  are  six  in  front,  the  2d  and  5th  a  little  back,  and  behind 
these  six  in  two  lo'  itudinal  rows  to  extremity ;  in  general  the  hi\irs  of  an- 
terior segments  are  turned  a  little  forward,  those  on  posterior  half  back  ;  below 
spiracles  is  a  row  of  smaller  tubercles,  wi'LJi  shorter  hairs,  one  each  on  2,  3,  4,  on 
the  rest  two,  on  13  three,  the  hairs  all  bent  down,  the  hindmost  one  of  each 
pair  placed  a  little  higher  than  the  other  :  color  of  body  greenish-brown  ;  head 
rounded,  a  little    broader  than  high,  a  little  depressed  at  suture,  the  vertices 


MELITiEA  I. 

rounded ;  color  black ;  on  the  front  are  small  tubercles  and  hairs,  seven  on  eithor 
lobe.     (Figs,  fc,  6S  t".) 

After  first  moult :  length  .15  inch  ;  color  greenish  and  pale  brown,  mottled  ; 
body  now  furnished  with  seven  rows  of  spines,  which  are  present  at  each  stage 
to  maturity  (as  in  all  species  of  this  genus),  one  row  being  dorsal,  three  lateral 
(two  above,  one  below  spiracles) ;  these  spines  are  long,  tapering  to  a  point,  and 
thinly  beset  with  long  tapering  black  hairs,  the  one  at  extremity  recurved  some- 
what ;  the  dorsals  run  from  5  to  12,  and  are  yellow  ;  the  first  laterals  from  3  to 
13,  black;  the  second  laterals  from  3  to  13,  black;  (there  are  four  spines  on 
13,  two  on  front,  two  on  rear,  and  the  front  ones  may  be  considered  to  belong 
to  the  first  laterals,  the  other  to  second;)  the  lower  row  from  3  to  11,  black; 
there  are  also  low  rounded  yellow  tubercles,  two  on  2,  one  just  above  the  other, 
below  the  line  of  the  spiracles,  with  two  short  hairs ;  on  3  and  4  one,  in  line 
with  spiracles,  with  four  hairs  ;  and  along  base  a  row,  one  or  2,  3,  4,  5,  11,  12, 
13,  with  four  hairs ;  from  6  to  10  inclusive  two  with  two  hairs ;  on  dorsum  r ' 
2  are  three  small  tubercles  on  either  side  in  front,  and  one  behind,  four  in  all, 
each  with  one  long  hair  turned  forward ;  head  as  at  first  stage,  the  tubercles 
and  hairs  disposed  iti  same  way,  with  an  additional  one  on  either  lobe  making 
eighteen.     (Figs,  c,  c',  c^.) 

After  second  moult :  length  .22  inch  ;  color  black  ;  all  spines  black,  except  of 
dorsal  row,  which  are  yellow,  as  before  ;  in  shape  as  at  second  stage,  but  the 
hairs  are  more  numerous  and  the  one  from  apex  is  straight.     (Fig.  d.) 

After  third  moult :  length,  in  hibernation  and  therefore  contracted,  .3  inch ; 
color  as  before  ;  the  spines  more  thickly  beset  with  hairs,  which  are  more  diver- 
gent, and  make  a  dense  covering. 

Matuue  Larva,  probably  after  fifth  moult.  —  Length  1  inch  ;  cylindrical ; 
color  velvetrblack,  dotted  on  the  rear  of  each  segment  with  white  tubercles ; 
spines  long,  tapering,  thickly  beset  with  long,  tapering,  divergent  hairs,  a 
straight  one  from  summit ;  the  dorsal  row  and  the  row  along  base  yellow,  all 
others  black ;  under  side  smoky-broivn  ;  feet  black,  pro-legs  brown  ;  head  sub- 
cordate,  the  vertices  rounded,  thickly  covered  with  low  tubercles,  each  of  which 
gives  a  short  black  curved  hair;  color  blacV--brown.     (Figs,  c,  e^,  e*.) 

Chrysalis.  —  Length  .65  inch  ;  cylindrical ;  head  case  short,  narrow,  exca- 
vated at  sides  ;  mesonotum  moderately  prominent,  rounded,  followed  by  a  shal- 


MELTT^A  I. 

low  depression ;  abdomen  stout,  furnished  with  several  rows  of  sharp,  conical, 
short  tubercles  (corresponding  to  the  larval  spines) ;  the  wing  cases  a  little 
flaring  at  base,  depressed  in  middle ;  color  blue-gray,  the  whole  surface  much 
marked  with  black  ;  wing  cases  buff,  more  or  less  tinted  red  ;  with  a  black  patch 
from  base  almost  to  hind  margin,  the  nervules  within  it  being  orange,  a  mar- 
ginal row  of  serrated  spots,  and  another  submarginal ;  head  case  and  mesonotum 
largely  black ;  the  tubercles  more  or  less  enclosed  with  black ;  behind  the  dor- 
sals are  four  small  spots  each,  forming  with  the  tubercle  a  triangle  ;  similar  spots 
on  sides.     But  there  is  much  variation  in  extent  of  the  black  markings.     (Fig./.) 


In  1876,  Mr.  Oscar  T.  Baron,  then  at  Mendocino,  California,  sent  me  several 
mature  (or  nearly)  larva5  of  the  present  species  by  mail.  They  were  twelve  days 
out  and  but  one  was  alive  on  arrival.  From  this  the  drawing  given  on  the  Plate, 
Fig.  c,  was  made.  Several  larvae  had  pupated,  but  were  more  or  less  eaten,  and 
I  suppose  the  single  larva  had  kept  itself  alive  in  that  way. 

On  16th  December,  1878,  I  received  from  Mr.  Baron,  then  at  Navarro,  about 
twenty  of  the  same  larvae,  in  hibernation.  Mr.  Baron  wrote  that  the  eggs  were 
laid  June  29th,  in  clusters,  one  large  and  several  small,  the  former  containing 
sixty  or  more  eggs,  the  latter  from  five  to  twenty.  The  larvae  hatched  20th 
July,  or  after  21  days.  Their  first  care  was  to  spin  a  common  web,  and  this  was 
occupied  (of  course,  with  additions,  as  needed)  until  the  time  for  hibernation 
approached.  Then  some  larvae  left  the  common  web  and  spun  for  themselves 
among  the  wilted  leaves  of  the  food  plant.  Mr.  Baron  thought  this  plant  was  a 
species  of  Castelleia,  but  it  was  not  identified.  These  larvae  did  not  survive  the 
winter.  I  was  able  to  get  a  description  of  the  stage  after  third  moult,  and  had 
to  depend  on  alcoholic  specimens  for  the  earlier  stages  and  the  egg. 

On  18th  May,  1879,  I  received  from  Mr.  Baron  several  chrysalides  which  had 
come  from  tbo  same  lot  of  larvae,  and  from  them  obtained  six  butterflies,  between 
22d  and  31st  May.    One  of  these  was  the  red  variety,  female,  shown  by  Figs.  5,  6. 

Not  much  is  known  of  the  early  stages  of  the  American  species  of  the  group 
of  Melitsea  to  which  Baroni  belongs.  It  is  a  difficult  group  to  separate,  and  this 
makes  it  the  more  important  that  the  preparatory  stages  of  the  several  species 
should  be  studied. 


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ARGYNNIS  III. 


ARGYNNIS  LILIANA,  1-4. 

Argijnnu  LUiana,  Henry  Edwards,  Proc.  Cal.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.,  VI.,  1876. 
Aberr.  Baroni,  W.  II.  Edwards,  Trana.  Am.  Eat.  Soc.,  IX.,  S,  1881. 

Male.  —  Expnnds  2.2  inches. 

Upper  side  either  deep  red-fulvous,  or  pale,  varying ;  the  black  markings  as  in 
the  allied  species,  but  slight,  the  spots  small ;  the  mesial  band  on  secondaries  coi 
tinuous ;  the  fulvous  spots  on  same  wings,  both  marginal  and  discal,  often  paler 
than  the  ground  color ;  fringes  on  both  wings  yellowish,  black  at  the  ends  of  the 
nervules. 

Under  side  of  primaries  yellow-buff ;  the  basal  area,  and  to  hind  margin  below 
median,  brown,  with  buff  in  the  median  interspaces ;  some  examples,  however, 
are  red-brown  at  base,  and  the  nervules  are  edged  red ;  the  outer  half  of  cell 
yellow-buff,  the  P-shaped  spot  as  the  base ;  the  two  or  three  spots  on  the  sub- 
costal brown  patch  and  the  five  uppermost  marginal  spots  well  silvered,  the  sixth 
spot  partially  so. 

Secondaries  brown,  very  little  mottled  with  buff;  the  band  narrow,  brown- 
ochre  ;  the  spots  large  and  well  silvered ;  the  sub-marginal  triangular,  those  of 
second  row,  except  the  small  ones,  fourth  and  seventh,  oval  or  sub-oval,  narrowly 
edged  black  on  basal  side ;  of  third  row,  the  three  spots  are  oval,  pyriform,  and 
crescent,  with  intermediate  dashes  of  silver  in  some  examples,  and  a  streak  on 
inner  margin,  also  edged  black ;  a  round  spot  in  cell  and  three  at  base ;  shoulder 
and  inner  margin  well  silvered. 

Body  above  covered  with  red-brown  hairs  ;  below,  the  thorax  with  hairs  which 
are  gray  at  base,  yellow  to  reddish  without ;  abdomen  buff ;  legs  red  and  buff  ; 
palpi  yellow  at  base,  red  without  and  at  tip  ;  antenna)  pale  black  above,  red- 
brown  below  ;  club  black,  tip  ferruginous.     (Figs.  1,  2.) 


ARGYNNIS   III. 

Female.  —  Expands  2.35  inches. 

Upper  side  pale  f  ulvou.s ;  the  marginal  spots  of  both  wings  lighter.  Under  side 
as  in  the  male,  the  basal  area  and  nervules  of  primaries  red.     (Figs.  3,  4.) 

Aberu.  Baroni.  The  two  marginal  lines  very  heavy,  and  in  place  of  the  sub- 
marginal  lunules  a  broad  band  crossing  the  wing ;  the  row  of  round  black  spots 
is  represented  by  a  band  from  costa  to  upper  median  nervule,  with  two  round 
spots  in  the  median  interspaces,  the  two  spots  usually  found  in  the  next  inter- 
spaces wanting ;  on  the  under  side,  the  marginal  silver  spots  of  primaries  are 
changed  to  a  solid  bar,  and  the  corresponding  lunules  on  secondaries  are  changed 
in  same  manner ;  so  the  three  spots  of  second  row  next  costa  are  confluent,  mak- 
ing one  great  spot.  This  fine  aberration  is  in  the  collection  of  B.  Neumoegen, 
Esq. 

Egg.  —  Conoidal,  truncated,  depressed  at  summit,  marked  vertically  by  twenty- 
two  or  twenty-three  ribs,  which  are  as  in  the  other  species  of  the  genus ;  the 
outline  of  this  egg  is  much  as  in  Eunjnome,  Vol.  II,  pi.  23,  the  base  being  broad, 
the  top  narrow,  and  the  height  not  much  more  than  the  breadth;  color  yellow. 
(See  Plate  V  oi  Argynnis,  Fig.  a.) 

Young  Larva.  —  Length  .08  inch ;  cylindrical,  marked  as  in  the  genus  by 
tuberculous  patches,  with  hairs  the  same  in  number,  but  somewhat  different  from 
some  other  species  in  the  sub-dorsal  rows ;  there  are  here  two  hairs  from  each 
tubercle,  but  instead  of  being  nearly  equal  in  length,  the  anterior  one  is  much  the 
shorter,  and  inclines  toward  the  head,  while  the  other  stands  up  straight,  or  leans 
a  little  towards  the  tail ;  color  of  body  light  brown  ;  head  as  broad  as  2,  sub- 
globose,  somewhat  pilose;  color  black-brown.     (Plate  V,  Fig.  6.) 

Liliana  flies  in  northern  California  and  Utah.  The  examples  taken  by  Mr. 
Henry  Edwards,  from  which  the  description  was  made,  were  from  Napa  County. 
Mr.  O.  T.  Baron  supplied  collectors  during  the  years  1878  to  1880  from  Lake 
County  and  elsewhere,  and  on  12th  July  mailed  me  eggs  just  then  laid  by  a 
female  confined  over  violet.  The  eggs  hatched  24th  July,  or  at  about  13  days 
from  the  laying,  and  the  larvae  at  once  went  into  lethargy.  Later  in  the  season, 
I  sent  them  to  Maine  for  safe-keeping  through  the  winter,  but  none  survived. 
(By  an  oversight  the  egg  and  young  larva  were  not  figured  on  the  present  Plate, 
but  will  be  given  on  Plate  V  of  this  series  of  Argynnis.) 


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ARGYNNIS  IX. 


AROYNNIS  EGLEIS,  1-6. 

Arifi/nnit  Egleis  (F.\(-\u'-\»),  Ruimliival,  Lcp.  ilu  lu  Califurnif,  p.  bO,  1869. 
"  No.  6,"  H.-lir,  I'roo.  fill.  Aoa<l.  Nat.  8ci.,  11.,  p.  174,  1»62. 
Mnntimga,  K<lw.,  Syn.,  1872  (not  lk>br). 
9  Mormoniu,  Uoia.,  I,  c,  p.  58. 

Malk.  —  Expands  1.8  to  2  inches. 

Upper  sitlo  bright  fulvoii.s,  n  little  ob.scured  at  base  ;  marked  and  spotted  as  in 
the  allied  species ;  double  lines  along  hind  niiirgin.s,  the  mesial  band  on  second- 
aries continuous  and  all  the  markings  of  bolli  wings  light ;  fringes  of  primaries 
alternately  fulvous  and  black,  or  nearly  all  black,  with  a  little  fulvous  in  middle 
of  each  interspace,  of  secondaries,  either  wholly  fulvous,  or  with  black  just  at 
ends  of  nervules. 

Under  side  of  primaries  yellow-buff  apically,  pale  red  at  base  and  to  hind  mar- 
gin below  median,  or  just  at  base,  and  along  the  median  nervules,  in  which  last 
case  the  interspaces  are  buff ;  the  black  markings  repeated  ;  the  sub-marginal 
spots  either  buff  altogether,  or  the  upper  four  and  the  two  on  the  brown  sub- 
costal patch  are  imperfectly  silvered. 

Secondaries  yellow-buff,  the  belt  between  the  two  outer  rows  of  spots  clear 
colored  and  immaculate ;  the  remainder  of  wing  to  base  washed  with  diluted 
brown,  through  which  the  yellow  ground  appears  more  or  less  clearly  ;  the  sub- 
mitrginal  spots  narrow,  and  sometimes  well  silvered  ;  the  other  apots  as  in  the 
allied  species,  but  small,  never,  so  far  as  observed,  perfectly  silvered,  but  varying 
much  in  this  point ;  the  spots  of  second  and  third  rows  rather  heavily  edged  with 
black  on  the  basal  side. 

But  many  examples  are  reddish-buff  on  under  side,  and  the  brown  on  second- 
aries is  darker  than  in  the  type. 

Body  brown  above,  with  long  fulvous  hairs,  buff  below  ;  legs  fulvous  and  buff ; 
palpi  fulvous  ;  antennas  black  above,  fulvous  beneath ;  club  black,  tip  ferrugi- 
nous.    (Figs.  1,  2.) 


ARGYNNIS  IX. 

Female.  —  Expands  from  1.8  to  2.1  inches. 

Upper  side  Ibsm  bright  than  in  the  male ;  the  markings  no  heavier ;  but  ex- 
amples occur  wliicli  are  darker  fulvous,  and  others  which  arc  nuich  obscured 
over  basal  areas,  and  the  fulvous  is  every  vliere  washc  I  with  brown;  on  tiie 
underside  the  base  of  primaries  ismorevsu  than  in  the  male ;  in  the  darker 
examples  the  disk  and  base  of  secondaries  are  more  covered  with  brown  or 
brown-ferruginous ;  and  the  spots  of  both  wiiiga  are  silvered,  but  not  so  per- 
fectly as  in  many  species.     (Figs.  3,  4.) 

There  is  much  variation,  ond  one  of  the  common  varieties  is  represented  by 
Fig.  5.  In  this  there  is  no  trace  of  silver,  and  the  spots  are  clear  yellow-buflf, 
color  of  the  ground  of  the  wing.     1  have  seen  no  female  of  this  type. 

Egg.  —  Conoidal,  truncated  and  depressed  at  top,  rounded  at  bottom ;  the 
broadth  to  the  height  nearly  as  8  to  9  ;  marked  by  18  thin,  elevated,  vertical  ribs, 
slij^htly  sinuous  or  bent,  one  half  of  them  running  from  base  to  summit,  the 
others  but  about  two  thirds  the  distance,  then  uniting  with  the  first ;  the  ends 
forming  a  serrated  rim ;  between  the  ribs  the  rounded  depressions  are  crossed  by 
many  very  low  horizontal  ridges ;  color  yellow.     (Fig.  a.) 

Young  LAitVA.  —  Length  .00  inch,  at  12  hours  from  egg  ;  cylindrical,  of  even 
size  from  2  to  10,  each  segment  a  little  rounded ;  color  greenish-white  (ohanging 
in  a  few  days  to  greenish-brown);  marked  by  eight  longitudinal  rows  of  dark 
tuber(;ulous  spots,  three  being  above  tlie  spiracles  on  either  side,  and  one  below; 
tbet>(  spots  are  flat,  oval  or  sub-triangulai,  and  bear  one  or  two  small  conical 
tubiicles,  from  each  of  which  springs  a  long  tapering  hair  ;  under  a  high  power 
these  hairs  are  seen  to  be  barbed,  and  knobbed  at  the  ends  ;  on  dorsum  of  2  is  a 
bar,  corresponding  to  the  four  dorsal  and  sub-dorsal  spots  of  other  segment,s,  and 
on  its  front  are  six  hairs,  o  •  the  rear  four  shorter  ones  ;  the  spots  of  the  dorsal 
rows  are  sub-oval,  each  with  two  hairs ;  of  the  sub-dorsal  rows  triangular  and 
smaller,  each  with  but  one  hair ;  of  the  third  or  mid-lateral  row  sub-oval,  on 
2,  3,  4  with  two  hairs,  on  following  segments  but  one  ;  tlie  spotj^  of  the  fourth,  or 
infro-stigmatal,  row  are  rounded,  and  except  on  2  and  13,  each  of  which  has  two, 
have  four  divergent  hairs;  along  base,  <m  3  to  6,  and  on  11  to  13,  is  a  line  of 
tuljerclcs,  one  to  each  segment,  with  shoit  hair,  but  on  2  in  same  line  is  a  spot 
like  those  of  upper  rows,  small,  with  two  hairs  ;  the  hairs  of  the  dorsal  rows  on 
the  throe  iinterior  segments  are  bent  forward,  on  the  middle  segments  are  nearly 
upright,  on  the  last  foLir  are  turned  back ;  it  is  almost  the  same  with  the  sub- 
dorsal row,  but  in  the  mid-lateral  the  two  hairs  on  2,  3,  4  are  turned  in  opposite 
ways,  and  after  4  are  bent  down ;  in  the  fourth  row,  the  upper  two  on  each  spot 


ARGYNNIS  IX. 

from  3  to  9  or  10  ore  quite  divergent  and  are  turned  up,  and  the  lower  pair,  juat 
as  divergent,  are  beat  down  ;  after  10  all  are  turned  down  ;  feet  and  legs  color 
of  body ;  head  obovoid,  bi-lobed,  dark  brown,  shining,  much  covered  with  short 
hairs.     (Figs,  b  io  b*.) 

After  first  moult:  length  .1  inch;  color  grayish,  mottled  and  specked  with 
black  ;  body  furnished  with  six  rows  of  spines  (as  is  the  rule  in  this  genus,  from 
first  moult  to  last);  lu^e  spring  from  shining  black  tubercles  and  are  black,  stout 
at  base,  tapering  to  top,  and  beset  by  many  short  black  hairs ;  head  obovoid, 
black,  with  black  hairs.  The  duration  of  this  stage  was  seventeen  days  and  up- 
wards, in  February  and  March. 

After  second  moult:  length  .16  inch;  the  tubercles  of  the  lower  row  dull 
orange  ;  color  of  body  dark  gray,  mottled  with  black  ;  on  either  side  the  medio- 
dorsal  line  u  gray  stripe,  and  along  base  a  gray  baud  ;  head  as  before.  Duration 
of  this  stage  11  days  and  upwards. 

After  third  moult :  length  .22  inch  ;  ncarcely  different ;  the  spines  of  lower 
row  now  yellow  nearly  to  tips.     To  next  moult  nine  days. 

After  fourth  moult :  length  .4  inch  ;  the  lower  spines  yellow  as  before,  and 
(he  dorsals  of  2  also  yellow ;  odor  of  body  black-brown  mottled  with  gray-white ; 
tliu  gray  dorsal  lines  as  before.     To  next  moult  9  days. 

After  fifth  moult :  length  .6  inch  ;  in  about  twelve  days  reached  maturity. 

M.\^TURE  Larva.  —  Length  1.2  inch;  cylindrical,  thickest  in  middle  segments, 
tapering  prej^iy  evenly  either  way  ;  color  gray-brown,  mottled  and  specked ;  run- 
ning with  the  dorsal  and  sub-dorsal  spines  is  a  black  stripe,  edged  on  either  side 
by  a  sordid  white  lin^  ,  between  the  dorsals  a  yellowish  band  cut  in  middle  by 
a  black  line,  and  specked  with  brown  ;  the  spines  small  at  base,  and  rather  short 
for  the  size  of  the  body,  tho  bristles  very  short ;  the  dorsals  dull  white,  the  other 
rows  dull  yellow  and  all  with  black  tips;  the  dorsals  on  2  turned  forward,  but 
not  longer  than  others  of  the  same  rows ,  feet  and  legs  pale  brown ;  head  sub- 
cordate,  the  vertices  being  rounded,  the  front  flattened  ;  color  black  on  front,  dull 
yellow  behind,  much  covered  with  black  hairs  of  irregular  length.    (Figs,  c,  c',  c'.) 

Chkysaus.  -  Length  .8  inch ;  shaped  as  in  other  members  of  the  genus ; 
head  case  square,  transversely  rounded,  a  little  depressed  at  top ;  mesonotum 


ARGYNNIS  IX. 

prominent,  carinated,  followed  l>y  a  deep  excavation  ;  the  tubercles  on  abdomen 
very  small,  scarcely  visible  ;  color  dark  brown,  mottled  in  shades,  and  with  more 
or  less  yellow-brown,  particularly  on  the  abdomen,  on  dorsal  side  of  which  the 
darker  shade  makes  a  seirateu  border  to  the  front  of  e-icii  segment ,  the  .ving 
cases  dark  and  glossy.     The  only  chrysalis  died  before  pupation.     (Figa.  J,  cP.) 


This  species  was  first  'escribed  by  Dr.  II.  Bohr,  without  a  name,  but  designated 
as  "  No,  5  "  in  his  pai)er  on  the  Californian  Argynnide.s,  1802  ;  and  it  is  compared 
and  contrasted  with  his  '*  No.  4,"  which  later  he  called  Monlioaya.  Dr.  Bewr  says 
that  No.  5  is  much  more  common  than  the  other,  i  'id  "  is  easily  reco^^nized  by 
the  black  bordering  of  the  spots  of  the  intermediate  fascia)  (the  seconti  and  third 
rows),  their  oval,  not  quadrangular,  shape,  and  the  rounded  (lunular)  form  of 
the  marginal  spots."  In  186'J,  Dr.  Boisduval  described  the  species  as  Etjleis, 
Dr.  liehr  not  having  meanwhile  applied  a  name  to  it,  but  included  in  it,  I  apprc* 
bend,  the  Montivatju,  IJehr,  an''  certaiidy  tlie  distinct  species  Irene.  He  calls 
attention  to  this  last  as  a  variety  which  he  had  taken  to  be  a  species,  but  <  ,. 
that  after  having  compared  more  than  a  hundred  examples  he  finds  that  ouj 
runs  into  another  in  such  a  way  that  they  cannot  be  separated.  After  eliminat- 
ing Montiimfja  and  Irene,  there  still  remains  a  wide  amount  of  variation  be- 
tween the  forms  which  yet  pass  under  the  name  Eijhix.  One  of  these  is  figured 
on  the  Plate  (5).  Examples  from  Mt.  Bradley,  California,  are  often  very  dark, 
not  fulvous  but  brown,  the  females  well  silvered.  Mormonia  is  not  distinguish- 
al)Ie  in  the  original  description  from  IJt/leis,  and  in  the  I^atin  synopsis  of  charac- 
ters at  the  head  of  each  description  the  same  words  are  used  for  both,  except 
that  for  Egleis  the  spots  of  the  under  side  are  said  to  be  silvered  or  pale,  whereas 
in  Mormonia  they  are  said  to  be  silvered  only.  Dr.  Boisduval  sent  me  the  male 
of  Kijlcif  and  female  of  Mormonia,  and  there  is  no  more  difference  between  llie 
two  than  would  belong  to  dilTerent  sexes. 

Tiie  species  is  widespread,  occupying  northern  California,  and  especially 
Nevada.  It  flies  also  in  Utah,  near  Salt  Lake,  and  in  northern  Colorado,  though 
it  seems  nowhere  to  be  common  in  this  last-named  State.  Mr.  Mead  took  large 
numbers  in  1878,  at  Summit,  Nevada,  and  the  same  year  Mr.  Morrison  al.so  col- 
lected in  Nevada.  I  had  the  opportunity  of  examining  all  the  variations  in  both 
collections.  Besides  the  Nevada  examples.  I  have  at  different  times  received 
many  from  Mts.  Bradley  and  Shasta,  from  Mr.  Behrens. 

Mr.  Mead  (1878)  sent  mo  from  Sunnnit  several  eggs  of  Egleia,  laid  on  violet 
by  a  female  in  confinement,  and  they  hatched  on  or  about  the  ISth  August. 
The  larva*  at  once  went  into  lethargy,  as  is  the  case  with  all  the  larger  Argynnid 
larvijo  of  the  later  generation,  or  all  larvtu  where  there  is  but  one  annual  genera- 


ARGYNNIS   IX. 


tior..  I  kept  them  in  a  cooi  room  till  last  of  January,  1879,  when  the  survivors, 
three  in  number,  were  brought  to  u  warm  room  and  placed  on  violet.  By  5th 
February  they  wei-e  .seen  to  be  feeding  On  18th  Febru.iry,  one  passed  first 
moult,  the  ."second  moult  5th  March,  the  third  IGth,  and  was  that  day  accidentally 
killed.  The  second  larva  pjissed  third  moult  15th  April,  the  third  larva  the  same 
moult  17th  April.  This  lost  died  before  another  moult,  but  the  second  passed 
fourth  moult  26th  April,  the  fifth  7th  May  ;  suspended  20th  and  pupated  2l8t 
May  ;  but  died  before  imago.  The  general  history  is  therefore  similar  to  that  of 
Cyhele,  Atlantis,  and  the  other  larger  species,  but  unlike  that  of  Myrina  and  the 
species  of  Group  II. 


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COLIAS  IV. 


COLIAS  CHRY80MELAS,  1-9. 


Collar  Ckryiomelai  (Cliry-nom'-c-lnii),  Henry  Edward*,  Pacific  Coaxt  I^pidoptera,  Feb.,  1877, 

Male.  —  ExpamlH  2  to  2.4  inches. 

Upper  side  greenish-yellow,  not  much  ohscured  nt  base ;  the  marginal  border 
of  primaries  very  broad,  black,  more  or  le.ss  dusted  with  yellow  scale.**,  cut  nearly 
to  the  outer  edge  by  the  yellow  nervulea,  usually  even-edged  within,  or  slightly 
erose,  but  8on»cLimes  roughly  dentated,  curving  roundly  at  the  apex,  but  little 
advanced  on  co.ital  margin,  and  on  inner  margin  projecting  a  rather  long  sj)ur ; 
discal  spot  small,  sub-ovate,  black. 

Secondaries  also  have  a  broad  border,  cut  to  the  outer  edge  by  the  two  median 
norvules ;  not  du.sted  yellow ;  the  discal  spot  usually  wanting,  but  sometimes 
orange,  or  indicated  by  a  .slight  orange  tint;  fringes  of  both  wings  pink,  yellow  at 
inner  angle  of  primaries. 

Under  side  of  primaries  lemon-yellow,  deeper  colored  along  costal  margin,  and 
orange-tinted  over  apical  area,  often  deeply;  except  on  inner  margin  and  to 
middle  of  cell,  thickly  dusted  with  fine  brown  scales;  the  discal  spot  repeated,  a 
slight  oval  ring  with  yellow  or  sometimes  pink-tinted  interior;  costal  edge  pink; 
submarginal  patches  are  sometimes  present  in  the  median  interspaces,  a  small 
cluster  of  black  scales  to  each,  but  oftener  there  is  no  trace  of  these. 

Secondaries  entirely  orange-yellow,  thickly  dusted  ;  the  discal  spot  pearl-white, 
or  perhaps  roseate  throughout  or  about  the  edge,  in  a  red-brown,  broad  ring ;  at 
base  a  small  patch  of  pink  ;  at  outer  angle  a  cluster  of  brown  scales,  never  large, 
often  a  mere  trace;  some  examples  have  submarginal  patches  in  the  median 
interspaces  only.  Body  covered  with  greeni,sh-yellow  hairs,  the  collar  dull  pinic ; 
under  side  yellow  ;  legs  pink ;  palpi  yellow,  pink  at  tip  ;  antenniB  and  club 
brown  above,  elsewhere  pink,  except  that  the  end  of  the  club  is  ferruginous. 
(Figs.  1,  2.)  Very  rarely  examples  are  of  a  deep  yellow,  as  Fig.  5,  and  the  mar- 
ginal borders  narrow  and  as  in  Fig.  7. 


COLIAS   IV. 

Fkmai.e.  —  KxpnmlH  2.2  to  2.5  inchcR. 

Kitlicr  liriglit  yellow,  or  of  the  tint  of  tho  mnle,  or  pnler,  n  wliitiHh  yellow  ;  the 
marginal  bonier  of  primaries  bronil,  oi  nearly  even  width  excejit  af,  apex,  piUo 
dusky  black,  completely  inclo.sing  a  HerieH  of  yellow  patchen  that  croM.s  the  wing ; 
(liscal  spot  as  in  the  male,  occasionally  orange. 

Secondaries  have  the  border  much  narrower  and  limited  to  upper  half  the 
wing ;  often  representiid  by  a  few  scalea  or  patches ;  tho  discal  spot  either  pale 
orange,  solid,  or  an  orange  ring  with  pale  centre.  (Figs.  3,  4,  8.)  Fig.  !>  repro- 
Rcnts  a  curious  variety,  in  which  the  l)or(^er  of  primaries  takoH  the  form  of  a  series 
of  long  triangles,  one  on  each  ntsrvule. 


So  far  as  at  present  known,  Chrynomelas  is  limited  to  Northern  California. 
Nevada  has  been  thoroughly  searched  for  butterllies,  and  this  sj)ecies  has  not  been 
taken  there.  Tho  originul  examples  from  which  Mr.  Edwards  made  his  descrip- 
tions were  froui  Napa  (Joimty.  Mr.  James  Ik'hreiis  has  for  .several  seasons  tnken 
many  at  Shasta,  Shasta  County,  and  at  Soda  Springs,  Siskiyou  County. 

There  in  no  doubt  that  Chri/Homelai)  is  nearly  allied  to  C.  OccidenUil'iH,  Scudder, 
figured  in  Vol.  I.  pi.  18,  descrilted  on  page  57,  a  species  found  over  N.  W.  Hr. 
America,  from  Vancouver's  Island  to  Fjake  Saskatchawan,  but  not  in  the  Rocky 
Mountains  or  at  high  elevations.  The  two  form  a  distinct  sub-group,  diJTering 
from  any  other  in  the  character  of  the  border  of  the  fore  wing  in  \.\w.  female.  I 
have  thought  C'hrynnmvhiH  might  be  a  southern  form  of  ()rci(/iittitl!n,  and  fo  put 
it  in  tny  Catalogue,  1884.  On  the  other  hand,  Mr.  Henry  Edwards  has  been 
familiar  with  both  these  forms  in  the  tield,  and  is  positive  that  they  arc  distinct 
species.  At  the  end  of  his  description  he  says :  "  I  have  no  doubt  whatever  of 
the  distinctness  of  this  species.  It  is  most  nearly  allied  to  C.  Orrldnihills,  Scud., 
the  original  types  of  which  are  now  before  me.  It  differs  in  the  extreuie  width 
of  the  marginal  band,  equally  broad  on  primaries  and  secondaries,  and  ulways 
distinctly  cut  by  the  nervules  on  both  wings  ;  by  its  much  larger  size,  anil  |)y  the 
paler  groun<l  color  of  the  female,  with  more  pronounced  marginal  border.  The 
u.sual  absence  of  the  discal  spot  of  primaries  is  also  a  strongly  marked  character." 
This  was  in  1877.  Ten  years  later,  June,  1887.  Mr.  P^dwards  writes  me :  "I  am 
fully  of  the  opinion  that  ChryHomdns  is  (piite  distinct  from  OcrideHfulis.  There 
is  a  difference  between  the  two  that  cannot  be  expressed  in  words,  but  any  one 
who  has  taken  the  two  forms  on  the  wing,  as  I  have,  must  Ite  of  my  opinion. 
Chrysnmelas  is  from  the  Coast  Range,  a  different  region  from  the  home  of  Occi- 
(It'iitallti.  My  first  specimens  of  the  former  were  from  the  foothills  of  Napa 
County.  I  afterwards  got  it  from  Mendocino  Cotuity,  and  Mr.  IJehrens  takes  it 
at  Shasta.     The.se  localities  are  part  of  the  same  range  of  mountains,  the  Coast 


COLIAS  IV. 


Rnngo.  Now  Occitienlalia  i«  found  on  Viincouver'H  near  the  Hoa-luvel,  and  ihunce 
across  tlic  continent  at  low  elevations  to  western  Canada." 

I  Inive  thought  it  best,  therefore,  to  give  Chrt/mnnehis  as  a  Hpecies,  for  the 
juilj^nient  of  an  experienced  lepidopterist,  familiar  with  both  these  butterllies  in 
life,  is  of  weight.  Whether  there  are  two  species  or  two  forms  of  one  species 
iiuist  hereafter  be  determined  by  breeding  from  the  egg. 

Mr.  Si'udder  described  the  fenude  ctf  OcadvnUdin,  Proc.  Bost.  Soc.  Nat.  Hist., 
IX.,  lO'.l,  lKr)2,  as  white,  witjj  a  greenish  tint,  with  margins  like  tho.se  of  C. 
Kiiri/lheme.  Hoisd.  It  in  sjiid  that  three  females  were  under  view.  This  de- 
scription docs  not  cover  the  yellow  fenjale,  an  e.\am[)le  of  which  is  figured  on 
the  IMate  in  Vol.  I.,  but  applies  to  the  albino  Fig.  5,  which  I  now  believe  to  bo 
Kill';/ 1  heme,  and  quite  out  of  place  •)n  that  IMate.  Dr.  Ilagen  called  attention  to 
this  some  years  ago,  and  on  examin.ition  I  allow  that  he  was  right.  Striking  out 
this  albino,  the  true  type  of  the  female  is  represented  by  Figure  3.  I  liave  never 
seen  an  albino  female  Occidenlalia  or  of  C/tryaomtlaii. 


IMAGE  EVALUATION 
TEST  TARGET  (MT-S) 


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ARGYNNIS  X. 


ARGYNNIS  NAUSICAA,  1-4. 

Argynnis  Nauskaa  (Nau-sic'-a-a),  Edwards,  Trans.  Am.  Ent.  Soc.,  V.,  104,  1874  ;  id.,  Papilio,  II.,  6,  1882  ; 
Mead,  Report,  Wheeler  Exped'a,  V.,  752,  1876. 

Male.  —  Expands  2.5  inches. 

Upper  side  deep  red-fulvous,  the  bases  much  obscured  ;  hind  margins  edged  by 
two  lines  almost  confluent ;  the  submnrginal  spots  lunular,  separated,  the  other 
markings  as  in  the  allied  species,  light ;  the  mesial  band  of  secondaries  broken, 
not  continuous ;  fringes  yellowish  in  the  interspaces,  black  at  the  ends  of  the  ncr- 
vules. 

Under  side  of  primaries  almost  wholly  bright  red-brown,  less  red  next  apex;  a 
little  bufiE  in  the  middle  of  the  sub-costal  interspaces;  the  submarginal  spots 
lanceolate,  the  lower  ones  black,  those  next  apex  brown,  the  upper  six  imperfectly' 
silvered  ;  one  or  two  sub-apical  silver  patches. 

Secondaries  dark  brown,  often  ferruginous,  mottled  with  buff;  the  band 
between  the  two  outer  rows  of  spots  narrow,  much  encroached  on  by  the  ground 
color,  sometimes  clear  buff,  sometimes  more  or  less  dusted  with  brown  scales;  all 
the  spots  small  and  well  silvered  ;  those  of  the  submarginal  row  narrow,  broader 
next  outer  angle,  all  edged  above  with  brown  or  ferruginous ;  those  of  the  second 
row  narrow,  he.avily  edged  above  with  black ;  the  third  row  consists  of  three  sub- 
lunate  spots,  also  edged  black ;  in  the  cell  one  or  two  often  minute  spots  in  black 
rings,  and  three  patches  at  base  ;  the  shoulder  and  inner  margin  silvered.  Body 
dark  fulvous,  beneath,  gray-brown  on  thorax,  the  abdomen  buff ;  legs  buff ;  palpi 
buff  at  sides,  brown  in  front  and  at  tip ;  antennae  fuscous  above,  brown  below ; 
club  back,  the  tip  ferruginous.     (Figs.  1,  2.) 


Female.  —  Same  size. 

On  the  upper  side  the  marginal  lines  are  confluent  on  primaries,  and  the  lunules 
are  joined  to  them,  these  latter  inclosing  pale  fulvous  spots  inclining  to  white 
next  apex ;  the  spots  of  the  mesial  band  small,  mostly  lunular.  Under  side  of 
primaries  deeper  red,  the  buff  spaces  more  extended,  and  covering  the  upper 


ARGYNNIS   X. 

outer  corner  of  the  cell ;  secondaries  darker,  more  mottled,  the  band  more  re- 
stricted;  tiie  silver  spots  a  little  larger.     (Figs.  3,  4.) 


This  species  was  described  from  1  i  2  9  taken  by  Mr.  Henshaw,  member  of 
Lieut.  Wlieeler's  Expedition,  1874,  at  Rocky  Canon,  Arizona.  The  late  Mr. 
Morrison  brought  a  few  examples,  all  males  1  believe,  from  Arizona  in  1882,  but 
I  know  not  the  exact  locality.  Up  to  the  present  year,  1887,  these  were  the 
only  ones  to  be  found  in  collections.  It  was  reserved  for  Rev.  George  D.  Hulst, 
of  Brooklyn,  New  York,  to  make  us  better  acquainted  with  the  .species,  and  I  have 
to  tliank  liini  for  the  examples  figured  on  the  Plate,  and  for  the  interesting  ac- 
count I  am  able  to  give  of  locality  jxnd  habits.  Mr.  Hulst  writes:  "About  the 
middle  of  last  Juno  (1887),  I  started  on  a  summer  vacation  to  California  and  Ari- 
zona, going  first  to  California.  On  the  way  home  I  stopped  at  Prescott,  Ariz., 
and  thence  went  twelve  miles  south  to  Maple  Gulch,  in  the  mountains,  at  the 
head-waters  of  the  Hassayampa  River.  I  reached  this  place  July  1st,  and  had 
eleven  days'  collecting.  It  was  in  the  rainy  season,  and,  with  one  exception,  it 
rained  every  day,  more  or  less,  while  I  was  there.  I  took  specimens  of  Argynnis 
Nunsicaa  each  day  of  my  stay,  mostly  males,  the  first  females  appearing  only  the 
day  before  I  left. 

"  The  country  there  is  extremely  broken  and  mountainous,  with  the  little  brooks 
at  the  head  of  the  river  running  through  rocky  canons,  up  the  steep  sides  of 
which  the  mountains  rise  from  1,000  to  2,000  feet.  Along  the  beds  of  these  brooks, 
where  the  dampness  is  constant,  are  found  white-stemmed  violets,  the  same  or 
very  nearly  related  to  the  eastern  Viola  Canadensis.  Where  these  were  found, 
and  never  at  any  great  distance  from  them,  this  butterfly  was  found  ;  so  that, 
probably,  the  violet  is  its  food-plant.  The  species  was  very  local,  only  found  in 
the  bottoms  of  the  canons,  at  6,000  to  7,000  feet  altitude,  and  within  an  area  of 
not  more  than  one  by  three  miles.  And  with  a  single  exception  all  that  I  saw 
were  on  the  north  side  of  the  divide.  That  one  was  on  the  south,  but  the  condi- 
tions were  the  same,  though  I  did  not  see  the  violets.  The  butterflies  were  very 
quick  on  the  wing,  and  rarely  alighted.  The  few  taken  on  flowers  were  on 
Asclepi.as  tuberosa.  Some  were  taken  on  the  ground,  sipping  moisture  where  the 
bright  sunlight  reached  the  beds  of  the  streams.  Except  when  alighted  they 
w^ere  very  difficult  to  catch,  as  there  are  neither  roads  nor  paths  in  that  wild 
country ;  heavily  thorned  shrubs  were  plentiful,  and  not  a  square  rod  of  level 
surface  was  to  be  found." 

Mr.  Hulst  thinks  it  probable  that  this  species  is  to  be  found  in  central  and 
southern  Arizona,  in  the  mountains  where  violets  grow,  but  it  must  be  local  and 
much  restricted.  It  is  the  most  southern  species  of  its  genus,  and  its  affinities  are 
with  the  Aphrodite  sub-group. 


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Form  Cai.i 
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Form  G 

Mali,. 

Upper  si 
the  dark  u 
scales,  but 

Under  s 
gins  of  bot 
whitish  or 
nervule,  ar 
or  crenatec 
median  int 
.small  black 
black  dot, 
marginal  c 
viduals  as  i 

Body  ab 
hairs;  legs 
gray,  tip  fc 


Female. 
As  in  th( 
sometimes 


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FOEM  Qi 


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CCENONYMPHA  I. 


COSNONYMI'HA   GALACTINUS,  1-9. 

Citnonymphn  Galaclinuf,  Hoisiluval,  AnnalvB  do  In  Sw.  Kiit.  du  Franco,  2d  Stirie»,  'I.,  sno,  18152;  W.  H. 
Kilwnrds,  Can.  Knt.,  XVIH.,  JOI,  IHH6. 

Form  Calikounia,  WcstwooU-IIewitBOn,  Gon.  Diurnal  Lcp.,  398,  ])1.  G7,  18SI.  i.alijormui,  Duiml.,  I.  c, 
X.,  3(19,  IS.VJ. 

Vaii.  KitYNOii,  Henry  FCdwards,  Pacific  Coast  Lcpidoptcra  No.  24,  Fcb'y,  lo.'7. 

Form  Galactinus. 

Mali..   -Expands  1.2  to  1.4  inch. 

Upper  side  sordid  yellow-white,  with  a  dusky  slinde  over  secondnrios  caused  by 
the  dark  under  surface ;  immaculate;  the  base  more  or  Icsh  obscured  by  bl.Tck 
scales,  but  some  examples  have  nothing  of  this ;  fringes  long,  color  of  wings. 

Under  side  gray-brown,  darkest  over  ba.sal  half  of  secondaries,  the  hind  mar- 
gins of  both  wings  lighter,  a  yellowish-gray  ;  the  inner  margin  of  primaries  either 
whitish  or  tinted  brown  ;  a  pale  ray  cro.sses  the  disk  beyond  coll  to  lower  median 
norvule,  and  on  the  basal  side  of  this  the  dark  scales  are  dense  and  nnike  a  sinuous 
or  crenated  edge ;  secondaries  have  a  similar  ray,  angular,  interrupted  on  upper 
median  interspace  broadest  letween  this  and  costa;  primaries  have  near  apex  a 
.small  black  ocellus,  !  >  nale  ^mg,  v.'ith  white  centre,  but  often  there  is  merely  a 
black  dot,  and  sometimes  this  is  wanting  ;  secondaries  have  from  one  to  four  sub- 
marginal  ocelli  in  the  median  and  disco-cellular  interspaces,  differing  m  indi- 
viduals as  to  distinctness. 

Body  above,  color  of  wings,  beneath,  the  thorax  is  covered  with  long  dark  gray 
hairs;  legs  and  palpi  dark  gray;  antennce  same  above,  yellowish  below;  club 
gray,  tip  ferruginous.     (Figs.  1,  2.) 


Female.  —  Expands  1.45  inch. 

As  in  the  male,  the  under  surface  rather  darker ;  the  ocelli  more  pronounced, 
sometimes  a  second  one  in  the  second  median  interspace  of  primaries.    (Figs.  3,  4.) 

Form  California. 


COENOrYMPHA  I. 

Both  sexes  are  lighter  colored  than  Galactinus,  nearly  white,  there  being  no 
dark  shade  over  upper  surface,  and  no  black  at  base ;  beneath,  the  general  color 
is  yellowish,  the  extra-discal  areas  being  nearly  or  quite  free  from  black  scales  j 
the  basal  half  of  secondaries  pale  brown,  slightly  dusted  black ;  the  ocelli  same. 

(Figs.  5-8.) 

Var.  Erynqii. 

Tliis  variety  differs  from  California  simply  in  being  of  a  more  yellowish  hue 
on  both  surfaces,  the  basal  areas  on  under  side  scarcely  darker  than  the  rest; 
and  in  the  absence  of  ocelli,  which  is  usually  total ;  some  examples,  however, 
have  traces  of  ocelli,  as  seen  in  Figure  9. 

Egg.  —  Conical,  truncated,  the  flat  top  covered  with  a  low  network  of  irregu- 
lar meshes,  very  fine  about  the  micropyle  ;  the  lower  part  well  rounded,  with  a 
netted  and  indented  surface  ;  the  sides  ribbed  vertically,  the  ribs  low,  narrow,  in 
number  about  forty,  of  whicli  several  end  at  from  one  third  to  four  fifths  the  dis- 
tance from  base;  color  yellow-green,  with  ferruginous  specks  here  and  there. 
(Fig.  a,  micropyle  n*.)     Duration  of  this  stage  about  thirteen  days. 

Young  LmvA.  —  Length  .1  inch  ;  from  2  both  dorsum  and  sides  slope  regularly 
to  13,  which  ends  in  two  short,  conical  tails,  at  the  end  of  each  of  which  is  a  process 
lilce  tliose  on  dorsum ;  color  pale  yellow-green,  the  under  side  less  green,  more 
yellow ;  on  mid-dorsum  a  brown  line,  and  on  either  side  three  such,  one  sub- 
dorsal, one  on  middle,  less  distinct,  .and  a  third  running  with  the  spiracles ;  on 
each  segment  are  six  white  processes,  each  process  from  tlie  summit  of  a  conical 
brown  tubercle,  forming  six  longitudinal  rows,  three  on  either  side ;  those  of  the 
dorsal  rows  are  club-shaped,  much  thickened  at  end,  of  the  sub-dors;il  rows  are 
more  slender,  of  lower  row,  which  is  just  above  the  spiracles,  of  equal  thickness 
throughout ;  on  2,  3,  4,  the  processes  are  nearly  in  cross  line,  but  on  4  to  12,  they 
form  a  triangle  on  each  segment,  the  dorsal  one  being  on  the  front,  the  sub-dorsal 
on  the  rear,  the  other  on  second  ridge ;  on  2  the  processes  of  the  two  upper 
rows  are  on  front,  and  between  them  on  the  rear  is  a  third  ;  in  front  of  the  spira- 
cle are  two,  the  upper  one  short,  and  like  the  others  of  the  lower  row,  but  the 
second  one  is  long  and  tapers  like  a  hair ;  on  13  are  fourteen  processes,  six 
being  dorsal,  three  to  each  row,  and  four  lateral,  two  to  either  side  ;  two  at  the 
ends  i)f  the  tails,  and  two  in  the  hollow  between  the  tails;  (in  Fig  b  one  process 
on  13  is  by  oversight  omitted  ;  its  place  is  near  front  of  the  segment  in  the  lat- 
eral row  ;)  along  the  base  is  a  row  of  very  short  processes,  two  on  2,  one  on  8  and 


CCENONYMPHA   I. 

4,  two  each  from  5  to  12,  one  on  13;  also  over  the  pro-legs,  7  to  10,  are  two  hairs 
each,  but  on  13  there  are  three,  besides  two  chibs ;  the  processes  of  the  upper 
rows  are  recurved,  except  on  2,  where  they  turn  forward,  those  of  the  basal  row 
bend  down  and  back  ;  feet  and  pro-legs  yellow-green  ;  head  broader  than  2, 
rounded,  narrowing  toward  the  top,  a  little  depressed :  color  carnation ;  over  tlie 
face  a  few  short  clubbed  processes,  thick  like  the  dorsals.  (Figs,  b  to  ¥.)  Dura- 
tion of  this  stage  twelve  to  eighteen  days. 

After  first  moult:  length  .19  inch;  stouter;  the  dorsum  less  sloi)ing,  curving 
rapidly  from  11  to  end  ;  color  yellow-green  ;  the  mid-dorsal  stripe  dark  green,  the 
three  side  lines  paler,  and  not  very  distinct,  the  upper  one  edged  on  its  lower 
side  by  whitish-green :  the  basal  ridge  yellowish ;  tails  red  at  end  ;  surface  covered 
thickly  with  low  rounded  tubercles,  each  with  its  short,  bent,  slightly  clubbed 
white  process ;  feet  and  legs  green ;  head  sub-globose,  broader  than  2 ;  color 
dark  green ;  the  ffvce  much  covered  with  fine  white  tubercles  with  short  pro- 
cesses.    (Figs,  c-c^.)     Duration  of  this  stage  about  seven  days. 

After  second  moult :  length  .32  inch ;  scarcely  differing  from  last  previous 
stage ;  the  tubercles  finer,  much  more  numerous,  rounded,  the  processes  short, 
straight,  and  of  uniform  thickness.     (Figs.  d-cP.)     To  next  moult  ten  days. 

After  third  (and  last)  moult:  length  .56  inch;  shape  as  before;  color  yellow- 
green.  But  soon  after  the  moult  some  of  the  larvae  began  to  change  color,  and 
within  four  days  head  become  red  and  buff. 

Mature  Larva.  —  Length  .84  inch  ;  slender,  scarcely  arched  dorsally,  of  even 
height  and  width  from  3  to  7  or  8,  then  tapering  gradually  to  13  ;  ending  in 
two  short  conical  tails,  which  meet  at  base  and  are  rough  with  tuberculations ; 
color  yellow-green,  striped  longitudinally  with  yellow,  there  being  two  narrow 
stripes  near  together  on  mid-side,  and  a  heavier  and  deeper  colored  basal  stripe ; 
on  mid-dorsum  a  dark  green  stripe,  edged  by  pale  green  ;  the  tails  red  at  tip ; 
under  side,  feet  and  legs  bluish-green ;  whole  upper  surface  thickly  covered  with 
fine  sub-conical  white  tubercles,  each  of  which  gives  a  fir-"  'hort  white  process ; 
these  are  either  tapering,  or  slightly  clubbed,  or  cylindrio<vl,  the  effect  being  to 
give  a  downy  coat ;  liead  broader  than  2,  sub-globose,  narrowing  toward  top,  de- 
pressed at  suture  ;  m>ich  covered  with  fine  tubercles  and  short  processes.  (Figs, 
e-e^.) 

Or  the  body  was  reddish  with  a  buff  tint,  the  stripes  yellow ;  the  under  side 


CCENONYMPHA   I. 

red-brown ;  head  greenish-yellow,  with  a  tint  of  brown  over  face.  (Fig.  /) 
From  third  moult  to  pupation  about  twelve  days.  (The  larval  measurements 
were  taken  at  from  12  to  24  hours  from  the  egg  or  moult.) 

Chrysalis.  —  Length  .36  inch;  breadth  at  mesonotum  .14,  at  abdomen  .16 
inch  ;  very  much  as  in  Satyrus  Alope,  the  ventral  aide  straighter,  the  abdomen 
more  swollen,  less  tapering;  cylindrical,  stout,  the  upper  end  truncated,  the 
abdomen  conical ;  head-case  narrow,  ending  in  a  sharp  cross  ridge  which  is  a  little 
arched  at  top,  the  sides  roundly  excavated ;  mesonotum  prominent,  arched,  the 
carina  rounded  transversely,  the  sides  slightly  convex,  followed  by  a  shallow 
depression ;  color  —  from  green  larva  —  yellow-green,  over  dorsum  and  abdomen 
finely  specked  with  white  ;  marked  by  nine  black  stripes  of  irregular  length ;  of 
these,  there  is  one  on  dorsal  edge  of  each  wing-case  from  base  to  inner  angle ;  a 
curved  stripe  on  middle  of  same  reaching  the  hind  margin  ;  a  short  one  on  hind 
margin  on  ventral  side,  two  parallel  short  ones  on  the  antenna?  cases,  and  a  larger 
on  ventral  side  between  the  wings;  there  is  also  an  imperfectly  colored  black 
stripe  on  either  side  of  13  (in  the  figures  this  is  too  black  and  distinct);  top  of 
head  case  whitish  with  a  dash  of  black  below  on  dorsal  side. 

From  buff  larva  ;  color  pinkish  brown,  no  decided  marks,  but  the  curved  wing 
stripes  appear  in  a  deeper  shade  of  brown.  One  chrysalis  from  a  buff  larva  was 
green,  but  the  wing  cases  were  buff ;  and  it  was  fully  striped  black.  Another, 
also  from  buff  larva,  was  pinkish  at  first,  with  three  darker  stripes  on  dorsum  in 
addition  to  the  nine  before  described,  which  last  were  faint  brown;  the  three 
were,  one  on  mid-dorsum  below  the  excavation,  and  one  on  either  side  thiK ;  in  a 
day  or  two  the  chrysalis  had  changed  to  full  green,  with  the  nine  distinct  stripes 
as  usual,  but  the  three  additional  ones  had  disappeared.  Another  was  wholly 
green,  with  no  stripes  or  traces  of  them.  (Fig.  9.)  Duration  of  this  stage  eleven 
and  twelve  days. 


The  two  forms  Galactinus  and  California,  or  Califomius,  are  of  one  species,  aa 
has  been  proven  by  breeding  from  the  egg,  Galactinus  being  the  winter,  the  other 
the  summer  form.  And  although  California,  Westwood-Hewitson,  has  the  prece- 
dence of  one  year,  yet  I  call  the  species  Galactinus,  because  the  winter  form  of 
a  dimorphic  species  is  regarded  as  the  primary  form,  the  only  form  when  the 
species  was  single-brooded,  and  the  summer  form  as  secondary  and  derived  from 
the  other. 

On  1st  May,  1885,  I  received  thirteen  eggs  laid  by  Galactinus  in  confinement, 
from  Professor  J.  J.  Rivers,  at  Berkeley,  California,  and  which  had  been  mailed 
23d  April.     They  began  to  hatch  5th  May.     On  7th  May,  I  received  a  second 


C(ENONYMPHA  I. 


lot  of  egga  from  Professor  Ri/ers.  By  11th  inst.,  all  had  hatched.  On  17th 
May,  the  first  moult  was  passed  by.  some  of  the  larvae,  the  second  on  24tli  May, 
the  third  on  3d  June.  The  first  pupation  took  place  15th  June,  and  the  first 
butterfly  came  out  26th  June.  From  Laying  of  eggs  to  imago,  65  days,  the  egg 
stage  having  been  13,  the  larval  41,  the  chrysalis  11.  The  butterflies  were  all 
of  the  form  California.  The  larvaj  fed  on  any  species  of  lawn  grass.  The  egg 
much  resembles  that  of  the  genus  Satyrus  in  shape,  but  there  are  twice  as  many 
ribs  as  in  S.  Alope,  and  the  network  on  summit  is  much  finer.  The  egg  aift'ers  in 
all  respects  from  any  species  of  the  genus  Neonympha  with  which  I  am  acquainted. 
The  larva  and  chrysalis  are  very  like  Alope,  but  the  processes  at  the  first  larval 
stage  are  widely  different  from  Alope,  or  other  true  Satyrus.  The  arrangement 
of  the  tubercles  and  processes  on  the  young  larva  are  almost  exactly  as  in  Neo- 
nympha Gemma,  except  that  in  the  latter  the  processes  are  more  of  the  nature 
of  hairs.  As  in  Gemma  also,  there  were  but  three  moults,  which  is  exceptional 
with  butterflies. 

Mr.  Henry  Edwards  writes  of  Galadinus  :  "  It  is  almost  the  earliest  butterfly 
of  the  year  in  California,  making  its  appearance  on  warm  days  even  in  March, 
and  becomes  abundant  in  April,  continuing  so  throughout  May.  It  is  always 
found  upon  grassy  plains  and  meadows,  and  in  the  opan  ;  has  a  slow  and  rather 
irregular  flight,  alights  very  often,  and  is  fond  of  settling  upon  flowers.  If  a 
storm  comes  on,  or  the  sky  becomes  much  obscured  by  clouds,  it  at  once  clings  to 
the  stems  of  grasses  or  other  plants,  and  folds  its  wings  to  rest.  It  is  remarkably 
common  about  the  Bay  of  San  Francisco,  and  I  have  taken  it  in  the  mountains  up 
to  5000  and  6000  feet.  It  is  certainly  found  in  Nevada,  though  I  never  saw  it  in 
that  State.  I  took  it  in  Oregon  and  Washington  Territory,  but  not  on  Vancouver's 
Island.  It  seemed  there  to  be  replaced  by  C.  Ampelos."  Professor  Rivers  says : 
"  Galactimis  affects  open  places  in  the  vicinity  of  woods  or  in  the  caiions,  or  on 
the  slopes  of  the  foothills  of  the  Coast  Range.  It  is  common  at  Berkeley  at  from 
two  to  four  hundred  feet  above  the  searlevel ;  also  in  Napa  and  Sonoma  Counties, 
and  is  found  both  in  the  valleys  and  on  elevated  hillsides  where  there  are  open 
nlaces  associated  with  trees  and  bushes.  Its  mode  of  flight  is  a  short  and  low  up 
iiiid  down  movement,  sometimes  drifting  with  the  wind,  but  always  making  short 
stoppages  on  the  lowest  herbage.  It  remains  with  us  here  till  the  latter  part  of 
October."     The  habits  as  described  are  similar  to  those  of  the  Neonympha}. 

Kirby  catalogues  some  two  dozen  species  of  this  genus,  and  they  are  found 
throughout  the  north  temperate  zone  in  Europe,  Asia,  and  even  in  Northern 
Africa.  In  North  America  there  are  seven  or  eight  species.  The  mature  larvae 
and  chrysalids  of  two  species  are  figured  in  Buckler's  "  Larvae  of  British  Butter- 
flies," (London,  1886,)  and  in  both  cases  these  stages  are  closely  like  those  of 
Galact'mua. 


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MELIT^A  II. 


MELIT^A   RUBICUNDA,   1-5. 
Melitaa  Rubicunda,  Heury  Kdwards,  Papilio,  I.,  p.  52.     1882. 

Male.  —  Expands  1.7  to  2  inches. 

Upper  side  black,  spotted  with  deep  red  and  ochrey  -  yellow,  pale  or  deep, 
mostly  in  common  transverse  bands  ;  the  spots  of  the  marginal  rows  small,  well- 
separated,  red  ;  of  the  second  row,  either  red  or  yellow,  or  the  red  is  partly  re- 
placed by  yellow,  always  small,  often  altogether  wanting,  in  which  case  there  is 
a  broad,  black,  common  band,  as  shown  in  Fig.  5 ;  of  the  third  row,  yellow  on 
primaries,  red  on  secondaries,  the  latter  large ;  the  fourth  row,  on  primaries,  is 
bifid  from  median  nervule  to  costa,  the  outer  branch  and  main  row  usually 
wholly  red,  but  sometimes  the  spots  are  more  or  less  edged  yellow  on  basal  side, 
the  inner  branch  yellow  ;  in  cell  four  transverse  bars,  red  and  yellow  alternately 
from  arc  to  base  ;  also  a  yellow  bar  below  cell ;  secondaries  have  a  red  stripe 
from  costa  to  median  across  end  of  cell,  red,  sometimes  macular  or  wanting, 
though  usually  a  small  spot  is  left  at  outer  end  of  cell ;  four  yellow  spots  near 
base,  three  in  straight  row  from  costa  to  sub-median,  the  fourth  outside  in  cell ; 
fringes  of  primaries  mostly  black,  white  or  pale  yellow  in  the  median  interspaces, 
of  secondaries,  a  little  black  at  the  ends  of  the  nervules,  the  rest  light. 

Under  side  red,  of  nearly  the  same  shade  as  above  ;  the  yellow  spots  repeated 
on  primaries,  enlarged  and  distinct;  on  secondaries  all  spots  are  repeated,  en- 
larged ;  the  red  ones  of  third  row  each  lightly  edged  yellow,  except  on  marginal 
side ;  above  this  is  a  bit  of  the  black  ground,  and  next  a  narrow  red  stripe  from 
costa  to  sub-median,  separated  by  a  black  line  from  the  fourth  or  discal  band  of 
yellow ;  (in  many  of  the  allied  species  this  stripe  is  yellow  and  is  in  part  con- 
fluent with  the  discal  band  ;)  on  the  basal  area  a  fifth  spot  on  costa ;  shoulder 
and  inner  margin  yellow. 

Body  black,  brown  above,  the  collar  red  ;  beneath,  the  thorax  covered  with 
long  yellow  hairs,  which  within  are  gray,  the  abdomen  red  ventrally,  on  the 
sides  red  ;  legs  ved  ;  palpi  red,  yellow  at  base ;  antennae  red  on  upper  side,  witli 
fine  rings  of  black,  black  below;  club  black,  tip  ferruginous.     (Figs.  1,  2,  5.) 


MELIT^A  II. 

Female.  —  Expands  2  inches. 

Upper  side  as  in  the  male ;  often  there  is  an  excess  of  red,  the  yellow  spots 
being  mostly  replaced  by  red.  On  the  under  side  the  red  spots  of  third  row  are 
more  decidedly  edged  yellow.  (Figs.  3,  4.)  Of  the  preparatory  stages  of  Rtihi- 
cunda  nothing  is  yet  known.  What  I  described  as  the  larva  and  chrysalis  of 
Ruhicunda,  Can.  Ent.,  xv.  119,  18^6,  were  of  another  species,  M.  I'aylori,  of 
Vancouver's  Island. 


RuBicuNDA  was  originally  described  by  Mr.  Henry  Edwards  as  possibly  bnt  a 
variety  or  form  of  M.  Qulno,  Behr.  Curiously  enough,  no  one,  not  even  Dr. 
Behr  himself,  to-day,  knows  what  M.  Quino  is  or  was  intended  to  be.  The 
types  were  lost,  and  the  published  description  fits  no  known  species  or  variety. 
It  certainly  was  not  what  Mr.  Edwards  understood  it  to  be  when  he  compared 
both  Baron'i  and  Ruhicunda  with  it.  He  says  of  the  latter,  that  "  red  is  the 
prevailing  tint,  and  the  sub-marginal  bands  of  secondaries  are  simply  bands  of 
red,"  etc.  Since  this  was  written,  Riibicitnda  has  been  taken  in  great  numbers 
by  Mr.  James  Behrens,  at  Mendocino,  California,  and  I  have  received  from  him 
many  more  than  a  hundred  examples.  There  is  much  variation  among  these ; 
one  type,  and  that  the  most  common,  having  nearly  all  the  upper  side  apots 
small,  so  that  a  large  part  of  the  black  surface  is  exposed.  (Fig.  1.)  Another, 
having  the  second  common  row  obsolescent,  or  wanting  altogether,  so  as  to 
present  a  conspicuous  black  band  there.  (Fig.  6.)  In  another,  the  red  spots  of 
third  row  are  very  large  ;  and  in  another  still,  red  prevails  over  the  marginal 
half  of  each  wing,  and  it  was  this  which  Mr.  Edwards  had  in  view  in  making 
his  description. 

Respecting  this  species,  Mr.  Behrens  says :  "  My  catch  of  1884  and  1887  was  in 
the  Comptche  District  of  Mendocino  (Comptche,  name  of  old  Indian  chief).  This 
district  is  the  highest  ridge  of  the  County,  all  deepest  redwood  forest.  Sequoia 
sempervirens,  1600  to  2000  feet  above  ocean-level,  and  twenty-five  miles  inland 
from  the  coast  I  caught  all  the  males  in  the  timber  flying  with  Chionobas 
Iditna,  and  they  have  the  same  habits  as  that  species,  flying  high  and  settling  on 
the  sandy  road  in  the  sunshine.  It  also  alights  on  the  leaves  of  a  tan-bark  oak, 
a  small  species,  growing  not  much  over  twenty  feet  high.  There  are  no  visible 
flowers  in  these  dense  forests,  and  I  am  totally  at  n  loss  to  mention  the  food-plant 
of  the  larvae.  I  was  all  the  time  on  the  lookout  for  it.  It  must  have  surprised 
you  that  during  six  weeks  so  few  females  were  taken  by  me,  in  all  less  than  a 
dozen,  while  I  took  hundreds  of  the  males.  But  I  did  capture  three  of  the 
females  in  an  open  uncultivated  field  a  few  miles  away.  If  you  could  form  an 
idea  of  this  mountainous  and  rough  region  you  would  hold  me  excused  for  not 


MELITiEA   If. 


(living  down  the  precipices  on  one  side  the  county  road,  or  climbing  the  heights 
on  tlie  other,  with  all  the  impediments  of  bramble  and  underbrush,  and  that  at  a 
temperature  never  under  80"  Far.,  all  June  100°,  and  now  again  in  August,  100" 
every  day.  Both  Idunn  and  liubicttnda  females  seem  to  avoid  the  flight  up 
from  tiie  deep  gulch."  Mr.  Behrens  notices  that  the  males  adhere  tenaciously 
to  the  net,  by  reason  of  the  strength  of  the  claws  or  feet,  more  so  than  other 
Melitieas  he  was  accustomed  to  take. 

No  doubt  the  food-plants  of  liubicundn  are  same  as  those  of  the  nlUed  species, 
Scrophularia,  Penstemon,  Castelleia,  etc.,  which  grow  either  in  the  gulches  or  the 
open  fields,  and  there  is  where  the  females  would  congregate. 

Mr.  Henry  Edwards  writes :  "  The  home  of  Jiubicunda  is  Mendocino  County. 
This  is  in  the  coast  range  of  mountains,  about  one  hundred  miles  from  San 
Francisco,  north.  It  is  mostly  pine  forest,  and  it  would  appear  that  it  is  not  a 
rich  butterfly  country,  as  this  species  and  Chionobas  Iduna  are  the  only  things 
of  importance  found  there." 

On  looi^ing  over  old  letters  of  Mr.  0.  T.  Baron,  I  find  several  mentions  of 
Rnbicunda.  On  11th  May,  1880,  he  writes  from  Mendocino:  "For  the  first 
time  I  have  the  caterpillars  of  Jiubicunda  and  Baroni  side  by  side  for  compari- 
son. They  resemble  each  other  much,  but  still  if  they  were  mixed  up  1  would 
pick  either  kind  out  without  a  single  mistake."  On  November  20th :  "  Rubi- 
ciinda  1  caught  in  Eden  Valley,  Mendocino  County ;  also  fifteen  miles  north  of 
Ukiah,  the  county-seat,  and  on  the  head  waters  of  the  Big  River,  eighteen  miles 
west  of  Ukiah.  Eden  Valley  is  about  8000  feet  above  the  level  of  the  sea ;  the 
other  places  mentioned  have  about  1500  feet  elevation.  I  have  also  raised  two 
or  three  specimens  of  the  same  insect  from  caterpillars  found  on  two  different 
plants,  the  one,  I  think,  a  species  of  Castelleia,  the  other  I  do  not  know.  The 
caterpillar  is  certainly  distinct  from  that  of  Baroni  and  feeds  on  different  plants. 
I  shall  be  able  to  give  you  the  whole  history  in  the  coming  spring,  and  also 
send  the  larva,  pupa,  and  probably  eggs."  Unfortunately,  I  never  received  any 
of  these  stages,  Mr.  Baron  soon  after  having  left  that  region. 

Mr.  Morrison  took  Eubicunda  on  Mt.  Hood,  Oregon. 


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MAGDALiENA     12    d.  3.4    9,      HA'y'DENII.    5   6    J, 

nKU/riifh'd 


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EREBIA   I. 

before  the  middle  of  the  segment ;  on  13  are  six  in  two  rows  made  up  of  the  dorsal 
and  sub-dorsal,  which  fall  nearly  into  line,  a  lateral  on  either  side  in  front,  and 
six  around  the  end,  these  last  smaller  and  with  shorter  processes ;  the  processes 
on  2  are  decidedly  club-shaped  (Fig.  c) ;  on  the  other  segments  to  12  scarcely 
clubbed  (Fig.  c^) ;  on  the  sides  of  all  moderately  clubbed,  and  short  (Fig.  c^) ;  on 
13  the  four  uppermost  are  cylindrical  and  long  (Fig.  c*) ;  along  base  a  row  of 
minute  tubercles  with  short  hairs,  two  to  each  on  2,  7  to  13,  one  on  each  of  the 
rest ;  color  at  first  pink-white,  with  a  brown  mid-dorsal  stripe,  and  three  brown 
lines  on  the  side ;  a  few  days  later  the  dorsum  had  a  green  tint ;  later  the  ante- 
rior half  became  greenish,  the  rest  pink-white ;  under  side,  feet,  and  legs  paler ; 
head  a  little  broader  than  2,  ob-ovoid,  the  top  a  little  depressed ;  color  black- 
brown,  surface  granulated;  maiked  by  a  few  low  tubercles,  each  giving  a  white 
process.     (Figs.  6-6^)     This  larva  died  before  n  moult. 


Very  few  examples  of  this  Erebia  are  to  be  found  in  collections,  and  all,  so  far 
as  I  know,  have  been  taken  by  that  indefatigable  lepidopterist,  Mr.  David  Bruce, 
of  Brockport,  New  York.  Mr.  Bruce  wrote  me,  July  15,  1887 :  "  I  have  just  got 
in  fit>m  the  mountains  after  a  hard  struggle.  The  rainy  season  has  commenced 
a  month  earlier  than  usual,  and  consequently  there  is  no  depending  on  anything. 
I  have  been  on  Bullion  Mountain,  14,000  feet,  for  nearly  two  weeks,  have  taken 
five  Magdalena,  a  good  series  of  C.  Bore,  also  of  Semidea.  I  send  you  two  eggs  of 
Magdalena."  These  were  laid  10th  July,  and  one  hatched  on  22d.  Th"  other 
was  put  in  aicohol,  that  its  likeness  might  ^e  drawn.  The  larva  at  first  .>eemed 
lethargic,  and  I  thought  it  would  sleep  as  the  larv»  of  the  genus  Satyrus  do, 
and  so  pass  the  winter.  But  on  26th  I  noticed  that  it  had  eaten  of  the  grass 
on  which  it  rested,  and  had  changed  color,  as  small  larvae  usually  do  after  feed- 
ing. On  28th  I  sent  it  to  Mrs.  Peart,  at  Philadelphia,  and  learned  that  it  died 
there  a  few  days  later,  and  before  a  moult,  attacked  by  mould. 

Later,  Mr.  Bruce  kindly  wrote  out  his  observations  on  this  species,  thus: 
"  E.  Magdalena  is  found  in  the  most  uninviting  -  looking  spots  it  is  possible 
for  a  naturalist  to  explore.  Black,  barren,  detached  rocks,  that  look  as  if  an 
immense  peak  had  fallen  and  split  into  fragments ;  hardly  a  blade  of  grass  or 
a  patch  of  lichen  to  relieve  the  utter  desolation.  Yet  even  here,  animal  life 
is  found  in  plenty,  and  fitted  for  such  a  dwelling-place.  All  day  long  can  be 
heard  the  singular  '  keek '  of  the  '  Little  Chief '  Hare,  Lagomys  princeps,  and 
until  the  animal  is  seen,  the  stranger  is  puzzled  to  know  if  i\,  is  the  voice  of  a  bird 
or  an  in&vJt,  on  the  earth  or  in  the  air  ;  yet  the  little  ventriloquist  is  sitting  on  a 
rock  probably  within  a  yard  of  his  feet.     A  loud  shrill  whistle  announces  the 


EREBIA   I. 


presence  of  the  large  Mountain  Marmot,  who  may  be  seen  on  the  topmost  rock, 
keeping  a  good  lookout.  A  few  pairs  of  the  Mountain  Linnet  or  Gray-crowned 
Finch  are  sure  to  fly  from  ihe  rocks,  where  they  are  breeding,  to  the  nearest 
snowbank,  and  are  soon  busily  engaged  searching  for  seeds  that  have  blown  from 
below  or  washed  from  above.  The  sun  gleams  out,  and,  awakened  into  activity 
by  its  beams,  comes  Erebia  Magdalena,  flitting  leisurely,  like  the  rest  of  its  fam- 
ily, then  suddenly  taking  an  upward  flight,  it  joars  around,  more  like  a  Limenitis 
than  an  Erebia.  Another  of  same  species  springs  up  from  the  rocks,  the  usual 
skirmishing  chase  ensues  for  a  few  minutes,  the  sun  is  again  obscured,  and  the 
insects  disappear  as  if  by  magic,  and  will  not  be  seen  unt  1  it  is  bright  again.  I 
have  never  found  this  specios  but  among  such  broken  rocks,  varying  from  12,000 
to  nearly  14,000  feet  elevation.  The  females  fly  to  the  nearest  grasses  to  deposit 
their  eggs.  They  alight  on  the  ground,  and  crawl  into  the  tuft  of  grass  quite  to 
the  root,  and  it  is  difficult  to  find  them,  while  no  amount  of  beating  or  brushing 
will  make  them  fly  out.  I  saw  one  drop  into  a  tuft  which  I  could  cover  with  my 
hat,  and  searched  for  her  for  ten  minute.^  in  vain.  It  was  only  by  pulling  the 
tuft  entirely  in  pieces  that  at  last  I  found  her.  It  was  this  female  that  laid  the 
two  eggs  in  confinement  which  I  sent  you.  I  have  never  seen  the  males  fly  be- 
yond the  rocks  at  all.  Magdalena  when  fresh  has  a  beautiful  satiny  gloss,  which 
in  the  males  has  a  purple  tint,  but  they  soon  become  worn  and  brown  and  lose 
this  tint.  As  far  as  my  experience  goes,  this  is  the  most  difficult  to  capture  of 
all  our  native  butterflies,  not  because  of  its  rapid  flight,  but  from  the  nature  of  its 
habitat.  The  collector  cannot  follow  it,  and  when  it  is  at  rest  on  the  black  rocks 
it  is  almost  invisible.  Owing  to  its  habits  the  species  will  always  be  rare  in  col- 
lections. I  have  met  with  it  from  June  28th  to  July  18th,  on  the  front  range 
of  the  Rocky  Mountains,  Park  County,  Colorado." 

Magdalena  on  upper  side  is  exactly  like  the  Arctic-American  species,  E.  Fas- 
ciata,  Butler,  the  same  size,  shape,  and  color  even  to  the  club  of  antenna.  But 
Fasciata  is  conspicuously  banded  beneath  across  both  wings.  Our  Coloradan 
must  have  descended  from  the  same  stock  with  Fasciata,  if  it  be  not  an  offshoot 
of  that  species.  Usually  Erebia  Epipsodea  is  distinctly  banded  beneath,  but  in- 
dividuals are  found  in  Colorado  with  no  more  of  a  band  than  Magdalena  shows. 
So  far  as  known  by  Mr.  Bruce  this  absence  of  a  band  in  the  present  species  is 
constant. 

It  may  be  a  very  long  time  before  more  is  known  of  the  early  stages  of  Mag- 
dalena than  what  I  have  related.  I  find  it  almost  impossible  to  rear  larva?  of 
these  high  alpine  species,  and  in  cases  where  larvae  have  reached  maturity  they 
fail  to  pupate. 

I  asked  Mr.  Bruce,  if,  considering  the  great  elevation  at  which  this  species 


EREBIA   I. 


lives,  and  the  irosiy  nights  even  during  the  short  period  of  its  alpine  summer,  it 
would  require  three  seasons  for  the  larva  from  egg  to  reach  imago,  the  first  win- 
ter being  spent  by  the  larva  in  its  first  stage,  the  second  either  when  mature  or 
in  pupa.  He  replies :  "  As  to  the  three  year  theory,  I  do  not  think  it  is  so  at 
all.  You  have  no  idea  of  the  forcing  and  invigorating  influence  of  the  air,  and 
the  effect  on  everything  that  has  life,  both  animal  and  vegetable.  You  may 
leave  the  barren-looking  cold  hills  for  a  week  and  return  to  find  them  carpeted 
with  flowers,  in  many  cases  actually  pushing  through  the  snow.  Where  the  sun 
catches,  in  early  spring,  the  snow  soon  melts,  and  the  hibernating  larvas  feed  and 
grow  rapidly.  I  can  only  form  my  ideas  from  hibernating  Arctian  (Heterocera) 
larvaa ;  these  hibernate  when  very  small  indeed,  come  out  very  early,  will  freeze 
and  thaw  as  the  cold  or  heat  predominates,  yet  keep  growing  all  the  time.  I 
have  no  reason  to  think  the  diurnals  do  very  differently.  I  think  there  is  plenty 
of  time  for  Erebias  to  feed  up  and  be  out  on  the  wing  by  the  middle  of  June. 
The  mountain  larvas  are  all  very  partial  to  basking  on  the  stones  in  the  sunshine, 
feeding  little  till  the  afternoon  and  evening,  but  thtn  they  feed  voraciously. 
The  temperature  gets  down  to  30°  Fahr.,  or  lower,  every  night  during  the  sum- 
mer months  ;  a  thin  ice  frequently  forms  on  the  small  lakes  in  July  even.  Yet  I 
believe  the  grass  feeders  do  not  get  into  a  torpid  state  after  vegetation  once 
starts,  for  the  soil  and  stones  retain  heat  where  the  sun  has  struck  for  any  length 
of  time.  Yet  the  air  is  .so  cold  that  moths  do  not  fly  by  night  at  all,  the  Noctuids 
and  Bombyces,  at  these  elevations,  being  day-fliers." 


EREBIA  I. 


EREBIA   HAYDENII,  5-6. 

Erebia  Haydenii,  Edwards,  f,  Hayden's  Report,   Survey  of  Montana,  1872,   p.  467;    id..   Trans.  Amer. 

Ent.  Soc.,  V.  p.  19.     1874. 

Male.  —  Expands  1.6  inch. 

Upper  side  blackish-brown,  immaculate ;  under  side  paler,  dusted  with  gray 
scales ;  secondaries  have  a  complete  series  of  black-brown  ocelli  along  hind  mar- 
gin, each  ringed  with  rust-red,  and  having  a  small  white  pupil ;  on  primaries  two 
or  three  black  points,  the  margins  edged  by  a  narrow  rust-red  stripe. 

Body,  color  of  wings ;  legs  yellow-brown ;  palpi  black-brown ;  antennse  yellow- 
brown,  annulated  white;  club  ferruginous.     (Figs.  5,  6.) 

Female,  at  present  unknown. 

This  species  was  described  fifteen  years  ago  from  two  much  worn  and  badly  dam- 
aged males,  brought  in  from  Yellowstone  Lake  by  Dr.  Hayden's  Expedition,  and 
until  recently  I  had  not  known  of  another  example  in  any  collection.  Nothing 
whatever  was  known  of  the  species  except  what  the  dried  insects  discovered.  To 
call  attention  to  the  species  I  concluded  to  figure  the  male  only.  After  the  Plate 
was  done,  I  accidentally  learned  that  Prof.  S.  A.  Peabody,  of  the  University  of 
Illinois,  had  taken  Haydenii  in  1887,  and  he  kindly  sent  me  two  pretty  fresh 
males,  and  gave  the  following  account  of  their  capture  :  "  I  send  you  two  males 
Haydenii,  I  have  no  females,  ''^hese  were  taken  in  the  immediate  vicinity  of 
the  Falls  of  the  Yellowstone,  on  the  grassy  slopes  west  of  the  canon,  and  at  an 
altitude  of  about  8,000  feet,  or,  say,  between  7,700  and  8,000.  I  see  that  in  the 
Trans.  Ent.  Soc,  V.  19,  this  species  is  reported  at  Yellowstone  Lake,  which  is 
about  15  miles  from  the  Falls.  I  did  not  go  there.  The  altitude  of  the  lake  is 
not  materially  different  from  that  of  the  upper  fall.  I  did  not  see  any  females. 
I  was  at  the  Falls,  Aug.  3d  and  4th.     On  5th,  I  passed  over  Washburn  Mountain 


PROVfNCtAL   LIBRAHy.i 
VICTORJA,  H,  a. 


EREBIA  I. 

to  Yancey's,  on  horseback.  I  went  to  the  mountain  with  a  company  and  a 
guide,  and  could  not  stop  to  take  insects.  From  the  summit  I  was  alone,  and  on 
a  pretty  good  trail,  but  as  I  had  yet  twenty  miles  to  go  before  nightfall,  you 
may  understand  that  I  did  not  delay  very  much.  The  next  day's  travel  was  over 
an  arid  and  parched  country,  and  mostly  under  cold  and  rainy  sky,  where  nothing 
flew.  These  Erebias  were  on  sunny  slopes,  covered  with  the  wild  flowers  of  the 
country,  few  of  which  were  known  to  me.  Every  other  butterfly  seemed  to  be 
Argynnis." 


?"■■"* ryyj'yr'T^r^TTKTTf*  'T-  ^'t  "TT'^^i"   '"•".'■AvITT  ■  ■  "JF^  >    '  . ^ ^"T^^f TT7'*r"^ff^'rJ*«i 


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m, 


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Vfs 


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i    i 


igfifiX- 


fii 


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ERLBIA   I. 


to  Yancey's,  on  horseback,  I  went  to  the  mountain  with  a  company  and  a 
guide,  and  could  not  stop  to  take  insects.  From  the  summit  I  was  alone,  and  on 
a  pretty  good  trail,  but  as  I  had  yet  twenty  miles  to  go  before  nightfall,  you 
may  understand  that  I  did  not  delay  very  much.  The  next  day's  travel  was  over 
an  arid  and  parched  country,  and  mostly  under  cold  and  rainy  sky,  where  nothing 
flew.  These  Erebias  were  on  sunny  slopes,  covered  with  the  wild  flowers  of  the 
country,  few  of  which  were  known  to  me.  Every  other  butterfly  seemed  to  be 
Argynnis." 


itf  *.-'  ;;!-        '-'^ 


PORTLANDIA     1  2    cf,  3  4    9 


/'    /'"'*//<    /-'''■/////  tfKUifUfi.  '/ 


DEBIS  I. 


DEBIS  PORTLANDIA,  1-4. 


Dehis  Porllamlia,  Fabriciui,  Spec.  Ins.,  II,  p.  82,  1781  ;  Boisduval  and  Leconte,  Lepid,  do  I'Amer.,  p.  226,  pi. 

58,  1833 ;   Morris,  Lepid.  N.  Am.,  p.  79,  1862;    Edwards,  Can.  Eut.,  XIV,  p.  84,  1882  ;    Furnald,  But. 

of  Maine,  p.  70,  1884  ;  French,  But.  of  East.  U.  .S.,  p.  29,  1886. 
Amiromacha,  Hiibner,  Samml.  Ex.  Schmett.,  I,  1800-1816;    Say,  Amer.  Ent.  II,  pL  86,  182S;  Morris,  1.  c., 

p.  78,  1862. 

Male.  —  Expands  from  1.9  to  2.2  inches. 

Upper  side  yellow-brown,  or  wood-brown,  individuals  varying  in  depth  of 
color  ;  the  extra-discal  area  paler,  more  yellow,  variable  ;  on  this  a  row  of  four 
oval  or  rounded  blind  ocelli,  sometimes  unequal  throughout,  sometimes  the  pos- 
terior pair  very  large,  equal ;  often  the  spot  on  lower  discoidal  interspace  want- 
ing, or  reduced  to  a  point ;  these  ocelli  are  of  a  soft  brown  hue,  and  each  lies 
within  a  pale  yellowish  ring  which  fades  into  the  ground ;  on  primaries,  owing  to 
the  transparency  of  the  wing,  the  outer  edge  of  the  basal  area  is  dark,  particu- 
larly next  costa,  and  projects  in  an  angle,  often  double-toothed,  on  upper  median 
nervule;  a  similar  dark  edging  is  sometimes  to  be  seen  on  secondaries,  but  usu- 
ally there  is  nothing  of  this ;  secondaries  have  also  a  series  of  five  ocelli,  unequal, 
the  middle  one  often  very  small,  sometimes  altogether  wanting ;  sometimes  the 
upper  pair  are  very  large,  equal ;  both  wings  bordered  by  two  fine  parallel  dark 
lines ;  fringes  brown  at  the  ends  of  the  nervules,  gray  or  whitish  in  the  inter- 
spaces. 

Under  side  paler  brown,  with  a  slight  violet  reflection ;  the  basal  areas  edged 
without  by  a  common  dark  stripe,  sinuous,  projecting  considerably  against  both 
cells  and  on  inner  margin  of  primaries ;  halfway  between  this  and  base  a  similar 
stripe,  nearly  straight,  bending  upwards  on  lower  median  interspace  of  seconda- 
ries and  joining  the  outer  stripe  on  sub-median  nervule ;  on  the  arc  of  each  cell 
a  dark  stripe  ;  the  extra-discal  area  of  primaries  lighter,  of  secondaries  same  as 
the  basal,  with  a  dull  yellow  or  whitish  diffuse  band  passing  entirely  round  each 
series  of  ocelli ;  these  have  now  small  white  pupils,  and  each  is  within  a  definite 


DEBIS   I. 


yellow  ring,  pale  or  bright;  on  secondaries  there  is  ft  duplex  sixth  ocellus  next 
inner  angle,  each  part  very  small,  elongated. 

Body  above  yellow-brown,  beneath  yellow-white,  the  abdomen  lightest ;  logs 
brown-yellow,  the  tibia)  whitish ;  palpi  white  within,  with  long  black  hairs  in 
front ;  eyes  brown-black  ;  antennie  blackish  above,  ringed  with  white,  red-brown 
below;  club  black,  the  tip  red-brown.     (Figs.  1,  2.) 

Female.  —  Expands  from  2  to  2.25  inches. 

Very  much  ns  the  male  ;  the  ocelli  varying  in  same  manner,  perhaps,  however, 
never  so  small  as  in  some  males.     (Figs.  3,  4.) 

Ego.  —  Semi-ovoid,  a  little  higher  than  broad,  the  base  slightly  rounded  and 
arched  at  the  middle  ;  surface  smooth  ;  color  greenish-white.  (Fig.  a.)  Dura- 
tion of  this  stage  from  four  to  six  days. 

Young  Larva. —  Length  .13  inch,  cylindrical;  tapering  slightly  on  both  dor- 
sum and  sides  from  2  to  13 ;  ending  in  two  short  conical  ttiils;  color  at  first  yel- 
low, somewhat  tinted  brown,  after  two  days  changing  to  yellow-green,  more 
green  on  dorsum ;  on  each  segment  from  3  to  12,  above  spiracles  are  six  conical 
tubercles  forming  as  many  longitudinal  rows,  three  on  either  side,  a  dorsal,  sub- 
dorsal, and  lateral ;  on  3  and  4  they  are 
fy'^^^^^h\^/^~^J^'^^'''^^'y<^  nearly  in  cross  line,  but  from  5  to  12  are 
li^Lvii^vilkSiNiki^^S^S"--  in  triangle,  the  dorsal  one  standing  on  the 

front  ridge,  the  sub-dorsal  on  the  rear, 
the  lateral  on  the  second  ridge  or  a  little 
before  the  middle  of  the  segment ;  from 
each  of  these  a  long,  slender,  tapering 
hair,  the  end  thickened  (Fig.  6') ;  on  2 
are  three  tuber,:  ^.i  and  hairs  corresponding  to  the  three  rows,  though  not  all  in 
line  with  them,  and  behind  and  between  the  upper  two  an  additional  one ; 
against  spiracle,  to  the  front,  is  a  fine  hair,  and  just  over  it  a  shorter,  coarser 
one;  (see  cut;  on  the  Plate,  figs,  b  and  6*  fail  to  s.ow  the  sub-dorsal  tubercle 
on  2  ;)  on  13  are  twelve  tubercles,  three  on  each  side  in  the  upper  two  rows,  two 
in  the  lateral  row,  two  at  the  ends  of  the  tails,  and  two  short  hairs  in  the  con- 
cavity between  the  tails ;  below  the  line  of  spiracles  is  a  row  of  short,  coarse 
hairs,  not  thickened  at  ends,  two  to  each  segment,  except  on  3,  4,  13,  which 
have  but  one ;  head  at  first  nearly  twice  as  broad  as  2,  at  two  days  from  the 
egg  one-fourth  broader  only ;  ob-ovoid,  truncated,  slightly  depres.sed  at  the 
suture ;   on  each  vertex  is  a  small   svib-conical  protuberance,  from  the  top  of 


DEBlc    I. 

which  comes  a  long,  tapering  hair;  a  few  huirs  over  the  front.    (Figs,  b  to  fc*.) 
Duration  of  this  stage,  six  to  eight  days. 

After  first  moult :  length  .26  inch  ;  the  dorsum  arched,  on  3  and  4  depressed  ; 
KJ  ending  in  two  long,  tapering  tails;  color  bright  green;  densely  covered  with 
low,  sharp,  whitish  tubercles,  which  are  disposed  in  longitudinal  rows,  one  of 
which  edges  either  side  the  dark  green  mid-dorsal  stripe,  and  another  lies  be- 
tween this  and  the  sulj-dorsal  narrow  yellowish  stripe,  which  itself  is  crowded 
with  tubercles ;  below  this  stripe  there  are  four  somewhat  irregular  rows,  and 
then  the  yellowish  basal  stripe ;  each  tubercle  gives  a  very  short  white  hair ; 
under  side,  feet,  and  pro-legs  paler  green,  head  higlier  than  before,  the  sides  less 
curved,  depressed  somewhat  more  ;  on  each  vertex  a  high,  conical  process,  which, 
us  well  as  the  whole  foce  and  back,  is  thickly  covered  with  whitish  sub-conical 
tubercles,  each  with  its  short  white  hair ;  color  green,  the  ends  of  the  processes 
red.     (Figs,  c  to  c*.)     Duration  of  this  stage,  seven  to  eight  days. 

After  second  moult :  length  .44  inch  ;  shape  as  at  second  stage ;  tubercu- 
kted  in  same  way ;  the  sub-dorsal  and  basal  stripes  as  before ;  head  same,  the 
processes  more  red.  (Fig.  d.)  To  next  moult  about  nine  days,  but,  like  all 
stages,  the  duration  depends  on  the  weather. 

After  third  moult:  length  .52  inch,  scarcely  different.  (Fig.  e.)  To  next 
moult,  in  a  single  instance,  six  days ;  all  other  larva3  hibernated  at  this  stage. 

After  fourth  moult,  in  spring :  length  .6  inch ;  shape  nearly  as  before,  the 
abdominal  segments  arched,  the  others  level ;  tails  long ;  color  yellow-green  ;  a 
darker  mid-dorsal  band,  a  green  line  next  above  the  yellow  sub-dorsal  stripe,  and 
another  on  mid-side  ;  the  basal  stripe  yellow  ;  head  narrower  at  top,  the  bases  of 
the  processes  meeting  at  the  suture  ;  color  green,  the  ends  red.  (Figs. /to/*.) 
To  last  moult  eleven  days ;  in  one  instance  sixteen,  in  another  twenty  days, 
owing  to  cold  weather. 

After  fifth  moult :  length  1  inch  ;  in  about  ten  days  the  larva  was  full-grown. 


Mature  Larva.  —  Length,  g ,  1.2  inch,  greatest  breadth,  on  middle  segments, 
.16  inch  ;  9 ,  1.4  inch,  breadth  .17  inch  ;  cylindrical,  slender,  the  dorsum  arched, 
and  sloping  about  equally  either  way  from  the  middle  ;  13  ending  in  two  long, 
slender,  tapering  tails ;  color  yellow-green ;  on  mid-dorsum  a  dark  green  band, 
on  the  edge  of  dorsal  area  a  narrow  yellow  stripe  to  the  tail,  and  on  upper  side 
of  it  a  dark  green  line,  another  such  line  on  mid-side,  and  a  yellow  stripe  along 


DEBIS   I. 

base;  all  the  cross-ridges  thickly  set  with  fine  whitish  tubercles,  each  giving  a 
very  f<!iort  fine  hair ;  tails  red-tipped  ;  under  side,  feet,  and  legs  pale  green ; 
head  ob-ovoid,  broad  on  lower  front,  narrowing  rapidly  upwards,  well  rounded  on 
front  and  sides ;  on  each  vertex  a  long,  tapering  process,  their  bases  meeting  at 
the  suture  ;  these  processes,  as  well  as  the  rest  of  the  head,  are  rough,  with  large 
rounded  equal  tuberculations,  each  with  its  short,  stiff  v/hite  hair ;  color  yellow- 
green,  the  processes  red,  all  tubercles  white  ;  the  ocelli  brown,  the  largest  green 
with  brown  rim.  (Figs,  g-g^.)  From  fifth  moult  to  pupation  about  fifteen  days. 
The  position  when  su.spended  is  shown  by  Fig.  /*. 

Chrysalis.  —  Length  .6  inch,  greatest  breadth  across  both  mesonotum  and 
abdomen  .22  inch ;  cylindrical,  the  abdomen  ccnical ;  head  case  short,  bevelled  on 
both  sides  equally  to  a  rather  broad,  sharp  ridge,  with  sharp,  triangular  corners, 
at  top  a  'little  excavated,  the  sides  roundly  excavated  ;  mesonotum  prominent, 
angular,  the  apex  rounded,  followed  by  a  shallow  depression ;  wing  cases  flar- 
ing at  base,  very  little  constricted  in  middle  ;  color  delicate  green,  sometimes 
with  a  bluish  tint ;  the  ventral  side  of  abdomen  paler ;  the  top  of  head  and 
dorsal  edges  of  wing  cases  cream-white  ;  surface  smooth,  glossy.  (Figs,  i  to  i^.) 
Duration  of  this  stage  in  May,  thirteen  to  fourteen  days. 


PoRTLAKDiA  flies  throughout  the  Atlantic  States  and  Mississippi  Valley.  It  is 
abundant  !n  tbi  South  and  West,  but  how  far  to  the  West  it  flies  I  am  unable  to 
8<ay.  I  have  received  it,  however,  from  Fort  Niobrara,  Nebraska.  It  is  believed 
to  be  nowhere  a  common  species  in  New  York  or  New  England,  and  is  occa- 
sionally taken  as  f  ,r  east  as  Halifax,  Nova  Scotia.  Prof.  C.  H.  Fernald  informs 
me  that  at  Orono,  Maine,  the  late  Mr.  Anson  Allen  used  to  find  it  in  some 
numbers  through  the  summer  on  a  road  through  a  growth  of  spruce  trees.  I 
learn  from  Mr.  H.  H.  Lyman,  of  Montreal,  that  Mr.  E.  C  Trenholme,  of  that 
city,  has  found  this  species  tolerably  common  on  the  Western  and  Little  Moun- 
tains, above  Montreal,  on  one  occasion  having  "  come  upon  a  flock  of  a  dozen, 
flitting  about  near  the  ground."  Mr.  Lyman  writes  that  ho  has  received  two 
specimens  taken  at  East  Selkirk,  Manitoba,  lat.  50"  10',  the  most  northern 
locality  probably  so  far  noted. 

In  Say's  time,  about  1825,  Portlandia  was  known  only  as  southern,  and  that 
author  states  that  it  had  never  been  taken  so  far  north  as  Pennsylvania.  Very 
likely  tlie  species  has  spread  to  the  north  and  east  during  the  last  sixty  years, 
as  many  species  of  birds  are  known  to  have  done.  Mr.  Philip  H.  Gosse,  in 
his  "  Canadian  Naturalist,"  London,   1840,  p.  246,  speaks  of  seeing  a  single 


DEBIS   I. 


example  in  Canada.  The  same  auihc,  in  "  Letters  from  Alabama,"  London, 
1859,  page  122,  gives  an  interesting  account  of  the  habits  of  the  spccits,  under 
the  name  of  Hipparchia  Andromacha,  which  I  copy  here.  "  It  is  interesting 
from  its  social  and  gamesome  habits.  A  particular  individual  will  frequent  the 
foot  of  a  particular  tree  for  many  successive  days,  contrary  to  the  roaming 
habit  of  butterflies  in  general.  Hence  he  will  sally  out  on  any  other  passing 
butterfly,  either  of  his  own  or  of  another  species,  and  after  performing  sundry 
circumvolutions,  retire  to  his  chosen  post  of  observation  again.  Occasionally  I 
have  seen  another  butterfly  of  the  same  species,  after  having  had  his  amicable 
tussle,  take  likewise  a  stand  on  a  neighboring  spot,  and  after  a  few  minutes'  rest, 
both  would  simultaneously  rush  to  the  conflict,  like  knights  at  a  tournament, 
and  wheel  and  roll  about  in  the  air  as  before.  Then  each  would  return  to  his 
own  place  with  the  utmost  precision,  and  presently  renrw  the  *  passage  of  arms,' 
with  the  same  result,  for  very  many  times  in  succession."  I  have  myself  never 
had  an  opportunity  of  observing  the  habits  so  well  described,  nor  can  I  hear  of 
others  having  done  so.  But  a  butterfly  restricted  to  forests  in  which  was  no 
undergrowth,  like  the  pine  forests  of  the  South,  would  of  necessity  have  the  habit 
of  resting  on  trees.  The  late  Mr.  James  Ridings  collected  butterflies  in  Georgia, 
a  few  years  ago,  and  informed  me  on  his  return  that  ^atyrus  Pegala  alighted 
on  the  bark  of  trees  in  the  pine  forests,  and  returned  persistently  to  the  same 
spot,  and  as  he  compared  the  habit  with  that  of  Portlandia,  probably  he  had 
noticed  the  latter  species  in  the  same  district.  I  know  of  no  other  of  the  North 
American  Satyrinse  which  do  this,  unless  it  be  the  Chionobas  of  the  Gigas  group. 
The  species  is  not  a  common  one  in  the  region  in  which  I  live,  but  every  ye.ir 
I  see  a  few  individuals  flying  near  the  ground  about  the  edge  of  the  wood,  or 
among  the  trees  and  shrubs  near  my  house.  They  are  also  to  be  seen  in  the 
depth  of  the  forest.  On  one  occasion,  in  June,  I  visited  an  uiinpened  coal  seam 
at  least  a  mile  from  any  clearing,  and  at  five  hundred  feet  elevation  above  the 
creek,  where  the  coal  was  exposed  to  view,  owing  to  its  being  between  two 
ledges  of  rock,  a  little  sulphur-tinctured  water  trickled  upon  the  base  rock,  and 
here  were  several  Portlandia  and  that  rare  butterfly,  Eudamus  (Jellus,  in  a  clus- 
ter, eagerly  sucking.  On  the  way  down  the  creek,  tht  wheel  of  the  wagon 
struck  a  small,  decayed,  moss-covered  stump  at  the  foot  of  the  hill,  and  quite 
a  flock  of  Portlandia,  which  had  been  resiing  on  the  stump,  were  flushed.  I 
caught  eight,  four  of  them  with  one  sweep  of  the  net,  all  males  fresh  from 
chrysalis.  Near  the  same  place,  several  summers  ago,  Mr.  Ridings  took  a  num- 
ber of  specimens.  He  told  me  that  this  butterfly  was  inf.uIiMy  attracted  by 
any  excrementitious  matter,  and  he  had  only  to  wait  near  a  spot  v/here  such 
was  to  be  found  to  get  all  the  individuals  he  wanted. 


DEBIS  :. 


Mr.  Lewis  Ullrich,  of  Tiffin,  Ohio,  wrote  in  August,  1881,  that  shortly  before, 
he  had  taken  some  hundred  and  fifty  good  examples  of  Porllandia,  and  rejected 
many  more  as  imperfect,  in  a  certain  piece  of  woods  near  by,  and  remarked  that 
the  specicij  seemed  to  be  confined  to  this  particular  spot,  and,  so  far  as  he  knew, 
was  not  to  be  found  elsewhere  in  the  County.  Two  or  three  years  later  I  ap- 
plied to  Mr.  Ullrich  for  specimens,  and  learned  that  the  old  hunting-ground  had 
been  cleared  of  undergrowth  and  cattle  turned  in,  to  the  utter  destruction  of 
these  butterflies. 

The  larvae,  like  all  the  family,  eat  grasses.  I  f  rst  obtained  one  egg  of  Porilan- 
dia  by  confining  a  female  on  grass  under  a  net,  August  22,  1873,  but  it  failed 
to  hatch.  Several  other  experiments  were  unsuccessful,  until  August  15, 1877, 
when  I  got  se\'en  eggs.  These  hatched  on  21st,  and  on  27th,  the  larva}  began  to 
pass  the  first  moult;  on  -3(1  September,  the  second  moult,  on  i2th,  the  third,  and 
soon  after,  all  became  lethargic,  and  were  left  in  a  cool  room  for  the  winter.  On 
February  17,  1878,  they  were  brought  into  a  warm  room,  and  the  same  day 
were  seen  to  be  moving.  On  26th  February,  one  passed  the  fourth  moult,  and 
died  soon  after  from  injuries  received  on  the  way  to  Philadelphia,  for  its  portrait. 
Meanwhile  all  the  rest  had  died.  That  is  a  sample  of  the  bad  fortune  which  often 
happens  in  rearing  butterfly  larvae,  and  it  has  not  unfrequently  taken  me  several 
years  to  get  at  a  complete  life-history  of  a  species. 

On  September  5,  1881,  I  received  twelve  eggs  from  Mr.  Ullrich.  These 
began  to  hatch  on  8th  ;  on  15th  the  larvae  were  passing  first  moult,  on  23d,  the 
second.  On  8th  October,  one  passed  the  third.  The  moults  were  irregular, 
several  days  intervening  between  the  passage  by  the  first  and  last  larva  of  same 
stage.  On  24th  October,  one  passed  the  fourth,  but  died  soon  after ;  the  others 
were  in  lethargy  by  Ist  November.  Early  in  February,  1882,  these  larvae  were 
brought  into  the  house,  and  on  24th,  were  observed  to  be  in  motion  ;  by  1st 
March  all  were  feeding.  The  fourth  moult  was  paafied  from  16th  to  23d  March ; 
on  31st,  one  passed  the  fiith,  and  the  Last  passed  same  on  4th  April.  The  first 
chrysalis  formed  13th  April,  and  this  gave  imago  29th.  Two  that  passed  fifth, 
oth  April,  pupated  20th,  and  the  butterflies  came  out  4th  May. 

The  hibernating  larvae,  therefore,  pass  three  moults  in  the  fall,  and  two  in 
spring  ;  but  it  is  probable  that  the  number  of  moults  of  a  summer  brood  is  but 
four,  as  with  some  of  the  allied  species. 

While  the  larva  is  at  rest  iho  head  is  bent  under  so  that  the  horns  are  turned 
forwaid,  and  the  back  part  is  in  line  with  dorsum,  as  seen  in  Fig.  g.  When  a 
■nonlt  takes  place,  as  the  old  face  is  cast  off,  the  new  horns  are  seen  folded  down 
over  the  face  and  flattened,  and  it  is  several  nnnutes  before  they  begin  to  rise 
and  fill  out,  and  fully  ten  before  they  are  erect.     These  organs  are  '".ot  solid,  but 


DEiilS   I. 

hollow  shells  merely.  I  noticed  one  larva  as  it  was  passing  the  sacond  moult, 
and  another  at  the  fourth,  and  the  behavior  was  the  same  in  both  cases.  As  the 
tails  were  disengaged  from  the  old  skin,  they  stood  apart  at  a  right  angle  for 
some  time,  and  in  about  ten  minutes  began  slowly  to  approach  each  other  ami 
get  in  line  with  the  bodj'  The  first  movement  of  the  larva  was  to  turn  around 
so  as  to  get  at  and  devour  the  cast  skin.  In  suspension  the  figure  is  very  differ- 
ent from  N.  Gemma,  but  is  like  N.  Sosyhius,  and  nearly  same  as  in  Satyrus 
Mope.    (Fig.  h.) 

I  have  taken  Portlandia  at  Coalburgh,  W.  Va.,  as  early  as  18th  May,  and 
fresh  examples  in  June,  July,  and  August.  There  must  here  be  at  least  tw  o 
annual  generations,  possibly  three.  If  three,  the  first  in  May,  the  second  middle 
of  July,  the  third  late  in  August. 

This  is  the  only  species  of  its  genus  accredited  to  the  Americas,  but  under  the 
supposed  synonymical  name  of  Lethe,  Marshall  and  De  Niceville,  in  "  The  Butter- 
Hies  of  India,"  describe  thirty -four  species,  which  they  divide  into  four  groups, 
principally  inhabiting  the  Eastern  Tlmialayas  and  Assam.  Nothing  is  said  of  the 
early  stages  of  thp,ie  species,  and  it  remains  to  be  seen  from  comparison  of  egg, 
larva,  and  pupa,  whether  either  of  the  groups  or  any  one  of  the  species  is  really 
congeneric  with  Debis  Portlandia  or  not.  It  is  highly  probable  that  they  are 
not,  and  that  Portlandia  properly  forms  a  genus  by  itself. 

Say  describes  the  caterpillar  briefly  as  "  downy  and  mucronate  behind,"  — 
mucronate,  in  his  glossary,  meaning  "  terminating  in  a  sharp  point."  Of  the 
chrysalis  he  says,  "  It  is  angulated,  bi-mucronatt  on  the  front,  "  which  is  not  a 
correct  description,  as  the  head  case  is  without  points  or  processes.  Boisduval 
and  Leconte  give  a  fair  representation  of  the  chr^'salis  after  Abbot,  but  the 
caterpillar  is  bad  as  can  well  be.  The  description  in  the  text  is  drawn  from  the 
figure  and  not  from  nature,  and  it  is  said  that  the  two  points  which  surmount 
i'  0  hf  ad  spring  up  in  the  form  of  ears  (s'elevent  en  form  d'ore'llfs),  as  indeed 
:Iiuv  no  in  the  figure.  The  samt  authors  copy  from  Abbot's  unpublished  figures 
•  .  .lerhaps  is  the  Georgia  type  of  the  butterfly,  large,  with  very  large  and 
1    ••:/  y    Tual  ocelli  over  both  wings. 


NoTl  oince  this  paper  was  printed  I  liavo  received  a  letter  from  Mr.  L.  Ullrith,  before  mentioned,  and 
to  wliura  I  had  written  to  aak  if  he  had  observed  the  gamesome  habit  described  by  Mr.  Gossc.  Mr.  Ullrich  is 
an  experienced  collector  of  lepidoptera  ;  he  is  also  Clerk  of  S  :neca  County,  Ohio,  and  was  so  engrossed  by 
hia  ofTioial  dutii'f  itnit  he  coiihl  find  no  time  for  an  earlier  reply.  Hence  this  note.  The  letter  says  :  "  I  do 
not  recollect  of  <  ceing  J'oiilanJia  flying  antagonistically  at  other  species,  but  to  see  them  sitting  on  tlie 

side  of  a  tree  or  simnp  head  downward,  tlie  wings  close:  over  the  back,  was  a  common  ociurrence.  The 
many  butterflies  I  found  in  1 881  —  and  I  took  hundreds  jf  them  —  were  all  from  an  area  of  about  one  acre  in 
extent,  within  a  small  piece  of  woodii.  Here  was  a;.  :;[ien  patch  on  which  grew  a  certain  kind  of  grass,  the 
food  of  the  caterpillars,  and  joining  it  was  a  half  acre  of  open  second-growth  of  hazel,  maple,  and  other  trees, 
from  fifteen  to  twenty  feet  high.     When  the  sun  shone  clear  it  was  usual  to  find  a  score  or  more  of  Portlandia 


DEBIS  I. 

about  one  tree,  sitting  on  the  trunk,  fiying  up  and  away  a  few  feet,  and  returning  to  same  tree,  apparently 
playing  witli  each  oilier.  At  the  same  time  the  great  body  of  the  butterflies  seemed  content  with  resting  in 
tlie  full  sunlight  on  the  tops  of  the  leaves. 

"  Some  trees  seemed  to  have  more  attraction  than  others.  I  remember  a  certain  hickory  where  I  could 
always  find  some  of  the  butterflies  sitting  on  the  trunk. 

"  Plenty  as  Porllaitdia  was  there,  not  one  did  I  ever  find  outside  this  acre,  not  even  in  the  piece  of  wood  in 
which  it  was  enclosed,  or  in  any  other  part  of  Seneca  County." 

I  also  have  had  a  few  lines  from  Mr.  Behrens,  in  wliich  ho  asserts  that  the  larger  Chionobas  of  the  Pacific 
coast  have  no  such  habit  of  settling  on  the  trunks  of  trees,  as  I  had  conjectured  might  be  the  case  from  an 
expression  in  one  of  his  old  letters. 


DEBIS  I. 


EXPLANATION  OF  THE  PLATE. 


PORTLANDIA,  FigS.  1,  2   (J,  3,  4  ?. 

a    Egg,  magnified. 

b    Young  Larva,  side  view  ;  i'  back,  magnified. 

i°    liead  ;  b*  segment  2  ;  l^  lakt  segment;  6"  hairs,  magnified. 

c     Larva  after  1st  moult ;  c"  head;  c°  dorsal  view  of  or.e  of  the  middle  segments,  magnified. 

d    Larva  after  2d  moult., 

e     Larva  after  3d  moult. 

/    Larva  after  4th  moult ;  /'  head ;  /'  middle  segment  ;/*  end  of  13,  magnified. 

g    Mature  Larva  after  5th  moult,  nat.  -ize. 

g^    head  of  same,  magnified. 

h    Larva  suspended  for  pupation. 

i  i"  i*    Chrysalis. 


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PAPILIO  I. 


PAPILIO  NITUA,  1-4. 
Papilio  Nilra  (Ni'-trn),  Edwards,  Papilio,  III.,  p.  162.    1883. 

The  sexes  alike  in  color  and  markings. 

Male.  —  Expands  3  inclics. 

Upper  .side  black,  spotted  and  banded  with  yellow  after  the  manner  of  the 
Astcrias  group  ;  the  sub-marginal  .spots  of  primaries  rounded  next  apex,  the 
rest  ovate,  of  .secondaries  semicircular,  the  one  next  inner  margin  sub-crescent ; 
the  common  discal  band  composed  of  long  separated  spots,  the  anterior  ones  on 
primaries  lanceolate,  the  otliers  truncated  and  not  definite  on  the  ba.sal  side  ;  an 
oval  spot  in  the  subcostal  interspace  and  a  crescent  bar  inside  the  arc  of  cell ; 
on  secondaries  the  band  covers  about  one  fourth  the  cell  ;  the  spot  at  anal  angle 
yellow,  on  which  is  an  orange  ring  about  a  round  black  .spot ;  on  the  extra-discal 
black  area  loose  clusters  of  black  scales  entirel}'  across  the  wing. 

Under  side  pale  black,  the  markings  repeated,  pale  ;  the  extra-di.scal  area  on 
secondaries  dusted  lightly  with  yellow  scales,  and  above  these  blue  .scales  about 
a  rather  dense  nucleus  of  same,  particularly  in  the  median  interspaces ;  the  anal 
ring  deep  orange-fulvous. 

Body  black,  the  wing-covers  yellow,  the  abdomen  showing  a  slight  lateral 
stripe  from  base  of  wing  to  last  segment ;  legs  and  palpi  black  ;  the  frontal  hairs 
black,  yellow  at  the  sides;  antennae  and  club  black.     (Figs.  1,  2.) 

Female.  —  Expands  3.3  inches. 

Spotted  and  banded  as  in  the  male,  the  upper  spots  of  discal  band  sub-ovate ; 
the  yellow  paler ;  under  side  without  orange  in  the  interspaces  except  the  median, 
(^igs.  3,  4.) 

NiTRA  was  de.scribed  from  a  single  pair  taken  by  Wm.  M.  Courtis,  M.  E.,  in 
Judith  Mountains,  Montana,  July,  1883.     Mr.   Courtis  wrote  me  that  he  saw 


PAPILIO   I. 

several  other  examples,  but  took  only  the  two,  not  supposing  the  species  to  be 
new  or  rare.  I  ventured  tlie  conjecture  that  Nitm  woiikl  be  found  in  British 
America,  and  this  has  happened.  At  different  times  three  examples  have  been 
sent  me  for  examination  by  Mr.  James  Fletcher,  two  of  thenj  taken  in  the  Rocky 
Mountains,  at  Canmore,  20th  June,  1885,  on  the  summit,  in  com))any  with 
P.  ZoUcaon ;  and  the  third,  at  Regina,  N.  W.  Terr.,  by  Mr.  N.  H.  Cowdry.  And 
Mr.  Fletcher  states  that  a  fourth  is  in  the  Geddes  collection,  at  the  National 
Museum,  Ottawa. 


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ANTHOCHAEIS  I. 


ANTHOCHARIS   GENUTIA,  5. 


Anllwcharis  Genulia,  Fabricius;   Edwards,  But.  N.  A.,  II.,  p.  83,  pi.  17.     1878. 

Egg.  —  Long,  narrow,  thickest  in  middle,  curving  moderately  towards  the  base, 
which  is  broad  and  flattened,  toward.s  summit  more  rapidly,  so  that  the  upper 
half  is  cone-shcaped ;  the  top  depressed,  the  micropyle  surrounded  by  minute 
irregularly  hexagonal  cells;  ribbed  vertically,  the  number  of  ribs  about  sixteen, 
hah  of  which  reach  the  summit  and  curve  to  the  depression,  the  others  ending 
not  much  short  of  summit,  the  spaces  between  crossed  by  numerous  fine  ridges ; 
color  yellow-green.     (Figs,  a  to  a\)     Duration  of  this  stage  about  four  days. 

YousTG  Larva.  — Length  .05  inch  ;  cylindrical,  tapering  very  gradually  from  2 
to  12,  curving  roundly  on  dorsum  of  13,  ending  squarely  ;  color  greenish-yellow ; 
running  longitudinally  are  three  rows  of  rounded  t'.ibercules  on  either  side,  from 
each  of  which  proceeds  a  short  straight  hair,  which  tapers  from  the  base,  and  is 
thickened  at  the  end,  tiie  end  usually  covered  by  a  globule  of  fluid  (Fig.  6*) ;  the 
tubercles  are  concolored  with  body,  the  hairs  light ;  on  3  and  4  stand  in  cross 
row,  sometimes  with  a  little  irregularity;  after  4  to  12  in  triangle,  the  dorsal 
tubercle  being  on  the  front  of  the  segment,  the  sub-dorsal  on  the  rear,  and  the 
lateral  a  little  before  the  middle ;  on  2  tV'^  upper  two  are  near  together  on  the 
front,  and  corresponding  with  the  lateral  row  below  is  a  very  small  one,  and  a 
hair  without  tubercle  close  to  and  under  it ;  there  is  also  a  tiiird  or.o  behind  and 
between  the  upper  two  equal  to  either  in  size ;  on  the  front  of  13,  the  three 
tubercles  are  in  triangle  as  with  the  preceding  segment  and  at  the  rear  is  a 
cross  row  of  four,  the  two  vniddle  ones  being  dorso'.^,  ^he  others  smaller  and 
apparently  of  the  lateral  rows ;  at  the  extreme  en  1,  on  either  side  a  small 
tubercle ;  along  base  a  row  of  short  hairs,  two  on  2,  sind  from  5  to  12  ;  one  on 
13,  and  on  3  and  4  one  each,  from  a  tubercle  ;  head  a  little  broader  than  2, 
sub-globose,  depressed  at  top ;  on  each  lobe  three  tubercles  like  those  on  body 


ANTHOCHARIS  I. 

in  triangle,  so  placed  that  the  bases  make  a  cross  row  of  four  on  forehead ;  a 
few  smaller  ones  scattered  about ;  color  pale  brown.  (Figs,  b  to  It'^.)  Duration 
of  this  stage  two  to  three  days. 

After  first  moult:  length  .14  inch;  same  shape;  color  light-green,  or  green- 
yellow,  glossy  ;  no  dorsal  or  basal  stripe  ;  the  tubercles  present,  but  conical  with 
broader  bases,  and  disposed  as  before,  the  hairs  similar  but  shorter  ;  the  surface 
is  now  thickly  covered  with  little  round  very  pale  brown  spots,  from  the  centre 
of  each  a  minute  and  very  short  black  hair ;  head  much  as  before  but  broader  in 
proportion  to  the  height,  light  brown,  a  little  greenish,  tuberculated  as  before,  but 
more  thickly,  one  on  the  front  of  each  lobe  much  larger  than  any  other  ;  color 
green  with  a  tint  of  brown.     (Figs,  c  to  c'^.)     Duration  of  this  stage  two  days. 

After  second  moult:  length  .27  inch;  color  yellow-green,  glossy;  a  yellowish 
mid-dorsal  band  begins  to  appear  indistinctly,  and  a  more  distinct  band  of  white 
along  base  ;  the  tubercles  present,  with  same  arrangement,  each  broader  at  base 
and  flattened  there,  a  little  more  brown  than  before,  the  hairs  similar  but  still 
shorter  ;  the  rouiided  spots  much  as  at  second  stage,  not  so  pale  brown ;  head  as 
last  described,  but  much  more  tuberculated,  two  on  each  lobe  being  now  con- 
spicuous ;  color  pale  green  with  two  brownish  discoloratious  on  front.  (Figs. 
d  to  (P.)     To  next  moult  two  days. 

After  third  moult:  length  .38  inch;  color  dull  yellow-green,  glossy ;  a  yellow 
dorsal  band  not  always  clear,  except  on  anterior  segments,  and  a  whitish,  or  yel- 
lowish-white basal  band  ;  the  tubercles  about  as  at  next  preceding  stage,  but 
darker,  as  are  the  spots  ;  head  still  mo  tuberculated,  all  being  small  except  the 
two  mentioned  before,  and  a  third  oui.  ov;''  the  ocelli ;  color  of  face  pale  green, 
the  sides  whitish,  a  cloudy  brown  patcl;  on  each  lobe.  (Figs,  e  to  e*.)  To  next 
moult  two  days. 

After  fourth  moult :  length  .6  inch  ;  in  three  days  was  full-grown. 

Mature  Larva.  —  Length  .92  to  .95  inch  ;  cylindrical,  slender,  the  head  broad 
as  2  ;  color  dark  yellow-green,  glossy  ;  under  side,  feet  and  legs  lighter ;  a  yellow 
mid-dorsal  band  from  2  to  13,  a  broader  white  band  along  base;  upper  surface 
furnished  with  six  longitudinal  rows  of  shining  black  tubercles,  low,  conical,  the 
bases  broad  and  flattened,  each  giving  a  short  black  hair  or  process,  which  tapers 
slightly  and  is  thickened  at  end  ;  on  3  and  4  these  tubercles  are  arranged  in 
straight  cross  row,  on  2  in  cross  row,  but  the  middle  one  on  each  side  is  a  little 


ANTHOCHARIS   I. 

in  advance,  and  an  additional  one  behind  makes  a  triangle  with  the  upper  pair ; 
from  5  to  front  of  13  in  triangle,  the  dorsal  tubercle  being  on  front  of  the  seg- 
ment, the  sub-dorsal  on  rear,  the  lateral  a  little  before  th'i  middle  ;  the  shield  on 
18  is  black  and  on  it  is  a  large  dorsal  tubercle  on  either  edge  of  the  band,  with 
a  lesser  one  behind,  besides  two  minute  ones  across  the  band  at  the  end,  in  all 
twelve  black  tubercles  on  this  >  3gment ;  below  shield  are  several  white  tubercles 
with  white  processes ;  from  3  to  13,  on  the  lower  edge  of  the  white  band,  is  a 
small  Hack  tubercle  to  each  segment ;  all  the  cross  ridges  are  thickly  set  with 
very  fine,  short  black  hairs,  some  of  which^  especially  on  the  anterior  segments, 
come  from  minute  black  tubercles,  but  most  rise  from  a  pale  Hack  rounded  spot, 
without  tubercle  ;  the  under  side  whitish,  outside  feet  and  legs  yellow-green, 
above  to  the  band  less  yellow,  more  green ;  head  sub-globose,  broad  as  high,  nar- 
rowing at  top,  and  a  little  depressed  at  suture,  broad  at  base  ;  color  white  and 
pale  green,  with  a  pale  black  patch  on  the  forehead  on  either  lobe,  and  one  below, 
crossing  the  triangle ;  on  each  upper  patch  is  a  triangle  of  large  black  tubercles 
and  on  lower  one  two  on  either  side  the  suture ;  many  small  white  tubercles 
cover  the  face.  (Figs./ to/*.)  From  fourth  moult  to  pupation  about  five  days; 
from  laying  of  egg  to  pupation  about  nineteen  days. 

Chrysalis.  —  Length  .72  to  .78  inch  ;  slender,  the  abdomen  long,  round,  taper- 
ing to  a  point,  the  head  case  surmounted  by  a  long  tapering  process,  so  that  alto- 
gether the  shape  of  the  two  ends  is  much  the  same ;  in  some  examples  the  dorsal 
outline  is  regularly  arcuated  as  in  Fig.  h;  in  others  the  nKisunotuin  is  rlightly 
prominent,  and  tlie  outline  is  less  regular,  as  at  A^;  on  vcMitral  side  the  Uioracic 
segments  form  a  prominent  sub-triangular  project!  ompressed  laterally,  and 
covered  by  the  wing  cases;  color  generally  of  a  pale  \tii  w-lirnwn,  with  a  reddish 
tint,  mottled  with  white  and  darker  brown  about  mesonotum.  tlio  )  'ocess  at  head 
brown ;  the  wing  cases  more  or  less  dotted  and  streaked  black  ,  on  abdomen  a 
dorsal  I'ovv  of  black  dots,  two  to  four  on  a  segment,  varying ;  and  :  sub-dorsal 
row  of  dots  or  points.  (Figs,  h^,  /i",  much  enlarged,  h  showing  the  natural  size 
in  outline.)  The  chrysalis  passes  the  winter,  and  the  butterfly  comes  forth  the 
following  spring. 

In  Volume  II.  1878,  I  gave  all  the  particulars  I  had  been  able  to  learn  of  this 
■species.  No  one  was  known  to  have  bred  it,  and  nothing  was  reported  of  its  pre- 
paratory stages,  except  that  Mr.  Boll,  in  Texas,  h<id  seen  the  female  laying  eggs 
on  Cardamine.  Of  late  years,  however,  some  of  the  Washington  lepidopterists  had 
become  acquainted  with  the  full  history.,  and  Mr.  Henry  F.  Sch'inborn,  of  that 
city,  kindly  undertook,  in  1886,  to  supply  Mrs.  Peart  with  eggs,  larva),  and  food 


s 


ANTHOCHARIS  I. 


plants,  and  did  so,  until  the  full  set  of  drawings  was  made,  sending  day  after  day 
one  stage  or  other  or  the  plants.  I  myself  saw  none  of  those  larvae,  but  received 
three  pupae  from  Mrs.  Peart  which  had  formed  about  22d  May.  From  one  of 
them  came  a  male  butterfly  7th  March,  1887.  The  periods  of  the  earlier  stages 
of  one  example  were  thus :  larva  hatched  27th  April ;  1st  moult  30th  April ;  2d, 
4th  May;  3d,  9th;  4th,  12th;  pupated  22d ;  at  Philadelphia.  The  plant  was 
Sisymbrium  Thaliana,  described  in  Wood  as  growing  among  rocks  and  in  sandy 
fields  from  Vermont  to  Georgi;),  and  westward  to  Kentucky,  with  a  stem  4-12' 
high. 

The  present  year,  1888,  Mr.  Schbnborn  supplied  me  with  eggs  and  plants,  and 
I  immediately  found  the  same  plant  abundant  close  by  my  house.  I  believe,  at 
one  time  or  other,  I  had  confined  females  Genutia  upon  every  cruciferous  plant 
in  the  neighborhood  but  the  right  one,  and  had  never  obtained  an  egg.  This 
buttorfiy  is  rare  here,  however.  The  eggs  are  laid  en  the  flower-stalks,  and  Mr. 
Schiinboru  writes  that  he  has  never  found  more  than  one  egg  on  a  plant,  nor 
more  than  one  larva.  He  says :  "  I  never  found  a  larva  in  open  fields,  although 
the  plant  grows  there  in  abundance  in  large  patches.  I  always  found  them  on 
isolated  plants  growing  in  places  sparingly  covered  by  large  oaks,  hickories, 
cedars,  and  other  trees."  The  young  larva  feeds  on  th.^  flowers  and  buds,  and 
as  these  pass  away,  on  the  seed  pods,  usually  beginning  at  the  end  of  the  long, 
slender  pod  and  eating  towards  the  stem.  (See  Fig.  g.)  After  the  plant  has  gone 
to  seed,  Mr.  Schunborn  says  it  utterly  disappears,  and  the  larvae  never  pupate  on 
the  plants,  but  go  to  the  trunks  of  the  nearest  trees  and  there  change  in  the 
cracks  of  the  bark,  or  other  protected  places.  The  color  of  the  pupa  is  such  that 
on  an  oak  it  would  be  almost  undistinguishable. 

I  kept  my  larvae  on  growing  plants  set  in  a  flower-pot  and  covered  by  a  muslin 
bag  kept  upright  by  sticks,  and  one  morning  chanced  on  a  larva  in  the  act  of 
pupating,  almost  done,  while  another  was  just  about  to  begin.  Both  were  at- 
tached by  buttons  of  white  silk  and  by  girdles  to  the  same  stick.  The  second  one 
at  this  time  was  curved  from  end  to  end,  the  head  almost  touching  the  stick. 
(See  cut,  2.)  Presently  it  straightened  itself  and  a  creeping  movement  passed 
from  tail  to  head  in  a  way  to  loosen  the  skin  from  the  body,  the  larva  convul- 
sively throwing  itself  against  the  girdle,  then  to  the  suppurt  (3).  These  throes 
soon  burst  the  skin  at  top,  exposing  the  head  over  which  tlie  process  was  bent 
down,  flattened  and  small  (4).  When  the  cast  reached  the  last  segment  it  was 
thrown  to  the  ground  by  a  rapid  twisting  movement  of  the  pupa,  and  afterwards 
the  same  continued  for  nearly  a  minute,  accompanied  by  a  vigorous  pushing 
downward.  This  double  motion  fixed  the  hooks  securely  in  the  button,  which 
was  forced  into  a  cup  shape,  so  that  it  quite  sheathed  the  end  of  the  segment 


ANTHOCHARIS  I. 

and  afforded  a  firm  support  (7  magnified).  I  have  not  noticed  this  peculiarity  in 
tiie  shape  of  the  button  in  any  other  species.  It  would  be  useful,  considering 
that  nearly  a  year  must  pass  before  the  butterfly  will  issue.     Immediately  after 


the  skin  dropped  the  thorax  was  a  little  prominent  (4)  —  no  indication  of  this 
had  been  given  by  the  larva  —  and  it  enlarged  almost  imperceptibly,  while  the 
dorsum  remained  arched.  This  was  the  attitude  up  to  fifteen  minutes.  At 
twenty  the  depth  of  thorax  was  .14  inch  ;  the  process  .1  inch  long,  .03  wide  at 
base,  partly  raised,  semi-translucent  (being  hollow,  a  thin  shell),  not  yet  rounded 
(5);  the  abdomen  and  all  the  dorsum  still  retained  the  larval  colors,  even  to  the 
yellow  band,  every  tubercle  and  spot  having  its  corresponding  pale  black  spot 
or  point ;  the  wing  cases  and  under  side  of  head  and  the  process  dark  brown.  As 
the  depth  of  the  thorax  increased  the  girdle  was  tightened,  and  the  dorsum  bent 
in;  and  when  at  thirty  minutes  the  projection  touched  the  stick  the  dorsum  was 
bent  in  at  an  angle  which  fell  a  segment  below  the  girdle.  The  pupa  had  thus  as- 
sumed its  final  shape  (6),  the  process  meanwhile  having  straightened,  and  rounded, 
becoming  .18  inch  long  and  .06  broad  at  base.  The  depth  of  thorax  was  now  .17 
inch.  At  about  twenty-four  hours  the  pupa  had  assumed  its  final  colors,  losing 
the  resemblance  to  the  larva.  Fig.  1  represents  the  attitude  of  the  larva  for  a 
time  before  pupation  began. 


ANTHOCHARIS  I. 


ANTHOCHARIS    LANCEOLATA,   1-4. 

Anthocham  Lanceolata,  Boisduval,  Annates  de  la  Soc.  Ent.  dc  France,  2nic  Scr.,  X.  p.  284,  1852;  Mead, 
Psyche,  II.  p.  183,  1878.    Edwardsii,  Behr,  Trans.  Am.  Ent.  Soc.,  II.  p.  304,  1869. 

Male.  —  Expands  1.4  to  1.8  inch. 

Upper  side  white,  the  apical  and  upper  marginal  nervules  of  primaries  edged 
with  brown  scales ;  on  the  arc  of  cell  a  sub-oval  or  crescent  black  spot ;  the  bases 
of  wings  dusted  black  ;  fringes  white,  on  primaries  brown  at  ends  jf  nervules. 

Under  side  white,  the  apical  area  finely  streaked  across  the  interspaces  with 
brown ;  the  discal  spot  crescent.  Secondaries  streaked  over  whole  surface  with 
gra3'-brown,  green-tinted,  most  densely  on  costal  area,  lightly  over  the  outer  third 
of  wing  ;  near  outer  angle  an  oblique  pure  white  band  from  costal  edge  to  cell. 

Body  covered  with  gray  hairs  beneath,  the  thorax  white,  abdomen  yellowish  ; 
palpi  white,  the  front  hairs  brown  at  end ;  antennae  whitish,  club  gray-black,  yel- 
low at  tip.     (Figs.  1,  2.) 

Female.  —  Expands  1.7  to  1.9  inch. 

Similar  to  the  male  ;  the  nervules  more  widely  edged  brown,  forming  long  ser- 
rations from  the  margin ;  across  the  sub-costal  interspaces  a  loose  band  of  same 
color.     (Figs.  3,  4.) 

Mature  Laeva.  —  "  Length  1.25  inch  ;  body  rather  elongated,  tapering  some- 
what posteriorly  from  the  sixth  segment;  upper  side  apple-green,  shading  off 
laterally  into  pale  blue,  which  is  bounded  by  a  distinct  bright  yellow  line  just 
above  the  spiracles ;  next  this  line  is  a  slightly  broader  one  of  pure  white  ; 
under  side  and  legs  apple-green,  the  former  bluish  along  middle ;  each  segment 
is  covered  with  fine  black  points  arranged  in  transverse  rows  "  (that  is,  on  the 
cross  ridges  of  the  segments) ;  "  on  each  also  are  six  minute  black  tubercles, 
each  with  fine  black  bristle,  arranged  in  triangle ;  head  rounded,  pale  green. 


ANTHOCIIARIS  I. 

thickly  dotted  with  black."  (Mead,  Psyche,  II.  183,  1878.)  The  tubercles  with- 
out doubt  are  disposed  in  same  way  as  in  Genutia,  in  straight  cross  rows  on  2-4, 
in  triangle  after.  Mr.  Mead  was  of  the  opinion,  when  the  above  was  written, 
that  this  larva  was  Lanceolata.  He  says :  "  At  different  times  during  June,  I 
found,  in  the  Yo  Semite  Vallpv,  a  few  caterpillars  which  I  feel  certain  are  those 
of  A.  Lanceolata."  He  describes  their  chrysalids  as  having  "  the  long  palpi 
case  bent  around  backward  into  a  sickle  shape,"  and  this  identifies  the  species. 
No  other  Californian  Anthocharis  has  that  shape  of  the  chrysalis,  and  I  believe 
the  chrysalids  of  all  except  one  very  rare  species  are  now  known.  Those  bred 
by  Mr.  Mead  died  during  the  winter,  he  informs  me. 


Chrysalis. — Length  about  one  inch;  slender,  the  abdomen  tapering  to  a 
point,  the  head  case  surmounted  by  a  long  tapering  process,  which  in  all  exam- 
ples observed  is  much  recurved  ;  on  ventral  side  the  thoracic  segments  form  a 
prominent  rounded  projection,  compres.sed  laterally  and  covered  by  the  wing 
cases ;  color  brownish-yellow,  immaculate.     (Fig-  x.) 


Lanceolata  flies  in  the  hills  of  Marin,  Sonoma,  and  other  Counties  in  north- 
ern California.  Mr.  0.  T.  Baron  found  it  most  abundant  in  Shasta  County.  He 
also  took  examples  near  Summit,  July  6,  1888,  the  elevation  being  8000  feet. 
At  Bear  Valley,  altitude  4000  feet,  he  took  a  female  while  ovipositing  on  Arabis 
perfoliata.  Mr.  Baron  tells  me  that  ten  years  ago  he  took  this  species  in  Men- 
docino County  early  in  April,  and  in  Shasta  County,  at  elevation  of  only  3000 
feet,  at  the  end  of  June,  and  he  believes  it  to  be  double-brooded.  That  is  the 
more  probable,  as  several  other  of  the  Pacific  species  of  this  genus  are  known  to 
be  double-brooded,  as  Hyantis,  Ausonides,  and  Reakirtii,  Sara  being  the  second 
brood  of  the  latter.  The  late  Mr.  H.  K.  Morrison  brought  examples  of  Lanceo- 
lata from  Nevada,  and  it  has  appeared  in  collections  from  Arizona,  but  I  am 
unable  to  give  the  localities  in  either  region. 


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NEONYMPHA  11. 


NEONYMPIIA   AREOLATUS,   1-6. 

Neonijmpha  Artnlatun,  Abbot  «nil   Smitli,   Insoct«  of  Oi-orgin,  I.   pi.  13,  1797;    BoiHiliival  nnd  Lecont(  , 
Lcplil.  <lu  TAnu'r.,  pi.  63,   IH33;  Edwnrilx,  Can.  Knt.,   XIV.   p.  1G3,   \m-t, 

Male.  —  Upper  side  brown,  immaculato ;  fringes  concolored.  Under  side 
paler,  with  a  gray  tint;  hind  margins  edged  by  a  common  ferruginous  stripe,  a 
httle  before  which  is  a  second,  narrower  on  primaries,  often  broader  on  seconda- 
ries ;  on  the  basal  areas  two  such  stripes,  not  always  reaching  costa  of  primaries, 
nearly  parallel,  the  outer  one  somewhat  sinuous;  this  outer  stripe  on  secondaries 
u"itos  at  the  angles  with  the  second  marginal  one,  and  forms  an  irregular  oval 
rinj'  within  which,  in  each  interspace  from  the  upper  discoidal  to  siibmedian 
inclusive,  is  a  sub-oval,  mostly  long  and  narrow,  dark  brown  spot  in  yellow  ring, 
and  dotted  with  metallic  bluish  points  or  minute  clusters  of  scales  ;  there  is  much 
variation  in  these  spots;  the  upper  one  is  small  and  sometimes  wanting,  and  the 
lower  one,  or  fifth,  is  much  smaller  than  cither  of  the  other  three.  Occasionally 
there  is  a  sub-oval  ring  on  primaries  also,  enclosing  one  or  two  small  ocelli  in  the 
middle  interspaces. 

Body  above,  color  of  wings  ;  beneath,  the  thorax  gray-yellow,  abdomen  gray- 
brown  ;  legs  brown  ;  palpi  buff,  with  dark  brown  hairs  in  front  and  at  tips ; 
antennoa  dark  above,  buff  below,  club  ferruginous.  (Figs.  1,  2.)  Fig.  5  repre- 
sents a  variety  of  the  male  on  which  the  bands  of  secondaries  are  diffused. 


Female.  —  Expands  1.7  inch. 

Both  sides  colored  and  in  geni-ral  banded  and  spotted  as  the  male,  but  often 


the  oval  ring  on  primaries  and  the  small  spots  are  present.     (B^igs. 


3,  4.) 


Egg.  —  Sub-globular,  as  high  as  broad,  the  base  flattened ;  surface  under  a  low 
power  smooth,  but  under  a  high  one  seen  to  be  reticulated  in  irregular  shallowly 
excavated  hexagons ;  the  micropyle  in  centre  of  a  rosette  of  minute  cells,  five- 
sided  ;  color  pale  yellow-green.  (Figs,  a,  a^)  Duration  of  this  stage  about  six 
days. 


NEONYMPHA  II. 

Young  Larva.  —  Length  .12  inch;  cylindrical,  the  thoracic  segments  equal, 
then  tapering  on  dorsum  and  sides  to  13,  which  ends  in  two  short  conical  tails, 
from  the  end  of  each  of  which  proceeds  a  long  bristle,  the  space  between  the 
tails  angular ;  color  delicate  green  ;  the  upper  surface  presents  six  rows  of  low, 
conical  black  tubercles  (Fig.  b*),  each  giving  out  a  short  black  bristle  or  process, 
thickened  at  the  end ;  on  2,  3,  4,  the^se  are  nearly  in  cross  line,  on  4  to  12  in 
triangle,  the  dorsal  one  on  front  of  the  segment,  the  sub-dorsal  at  the  rear,  the 
lateral  a  little  before  the  middle;  on  13  there  are  eight,  in  two  rows  of  four  on 
front  and  rear,  besides  the  pair  at  ends  oi  tails ;  on  2  the  cross  line  is  to  the  front, 
and  beliind  and  between  the  upper  pair  is  an  additional  one;  also  in  front  of 
spiracle  is  a  small  tubercle,  and  just  below  it  a  fine  hair ;  along  base  of  body  is  a 
row  of  fine  short  hairs,  two  on  each  segment  from  2  to  13 ;  feet  and  pro-legs 
green ;  head  about  twice  as  broad  as  2,  sub-globose,  flattened  frontally,  a  slight 
angular  depression  at  top ;  on  each  vertex  a  low  semi-ovoid  process,  at  the  top 
giving  two  divergent  black  hairs;  just  below  vertex  is  a  similar  smaller  process, 
and  two  others  in  vertical  line  at  side  face,  each  of  these  with  a  single  hair; 
color  black.  (Figs,  b  to  b^.)  Towards  the  end  of  the  stage  the  color  changes  to 
decided  green  and  several  longitudinal  stripes  appear ;  on  either  side  of  the  green 
mid-dorsal  one  is  a  whitish  stripe,  tind  others  on  middle  of  side,  and  along  base. 
(Figs,  b,  b^.)  Duration  of  this  stage  about  eight  days,  but  depending  on  the 
weather. 


After  first  moult:  length  .22  inch;  slender,  the  dorsum  slightly  arched,  the 
tails  longer,  tapering ;  color  of  body  green,  the  tails  tinted  red  ;  surface  thickly 
covered  with  fine  yellow  tubercular  points,  partlj-  arranged  in  longitudinal  rows, 
ten  in  all.  one  on  either  side  being  next  the  mid-dorsal  green  stripe,  one  sub- 
dorsal, two  on  side,  one  along  ba.se,  each  point  giving  a  fine  short  whitish  hair ; 
under  jide,  feet  and  legs  green  ;  head  rather  ovoidal,  truncated,  and  depressed  at 
top ;  on  each  vertex  a  low  compound  process,  made  of  a  central  cone,  and  others 
about  its  base,  each  with  its  bristle;  surface  of  face  rough  with  sharp  tubercles 
of  varying  size,  each  with  short  bristle ;  color  of  back  of  head  and  the  front 
triangle  deep  green ;  the  rest  of  the  front  and  the  processes  on  vertices  red- 
brown,  with  two  green  patches  one  on  either  side  the  suture ;  ocelli  emerald- 
green.  (Figs,  r,  c'-.)  But  some  larva?  have  tiie  head  wholly  green,  the  vertex 
processes  reddish;  one  had  a  brown  band  acro.ss  forehead,  *'  '^  rest  green;  another 
had  the  front  face  except  the  triangle  brown,  the  cheeks  green.  To  next  moidt 
about  nine  days. 

After  second  inoidt :  length  .3  inch ;  shape  ns  before ;  color  yellow-green  ; 
stripes  as  before  ;  head  as  at  last  previous  stage,  sometimes  wholly  green,  some- 


NEONYMPHA  II. 

times  partly  brown ;  one  example  had  one  cheek  brown,  the  other  green.    (Figs. 
(J,  dr.)     To  next  moult  about  seven  days. 

After  third  moult :  length  .7  inch ;  color  yellow-green.  (Figs,  e,  e'.)  In  all 
examples  bred  by  myself  this  was  the  closing  stage.  But  Mrs.  Peart  carried  one 
larva  to  fourth  moult,  the  length  then  .96  inch.     (Fig.  /.) 

Mature  Larva  (whether  after  third  or  fourth  moult).  —  Length  1.1  to  1.3 
inch ;  slender,  the  dorsum  well  arched,  the  slope  either  way  from  middle  equal ; 
tails  slender,  conical,  divergent ;  color  yellow-green ;  the  surface  covered  with 
fine  sharp  tubercles,  most  dense  in  certain  longitudinal  rows,  one  of  which  is  on 
either  side  of  the  mid-dorsal  dark  green  stripe,  one  sub-dorsal  running  from  head 
to  end  of  tail,  two  on  the  side,  and  a  broad  one  along  base ;  tails  reddish ;  under 
side, feet  and  legs  green;  head  obovoidal,  truncated,  the  top  depressed  angularly; 
on  each  vertex  a  small  conical  process  about  the  slope  of  which  are  several 
minute  tubercles,  each  giving  a  .short  bristle ;  surface  rough  with  fine  green 
tubercles  among  which  are  scattered  a  few  white ;  ocelli  emerald-green.  (Figs. 
rj  to  g*.)  The  attitude  in  suspension  is  that  of  figure  6,  quite  unlike  that  of 
N.  Gemma,  before  described. 

CiiKTSALis.  —  Length  <f  .48  inch,  breadth  at  both  mesonotum  and  abdomen  .18 
inch;  9  (probably)  .54  inch,  breadth  .2  inch  ;  cylindrical,  abdomen  conical ;  the 
wing  cases  a  little  raised  on  dorsal  side;  head  case  very  short,  scarcely  projecting 
beyond  mesonotum,  bevelled  transversely  to  a  sharp  edge,  roundly  excavated  at 
the  siiles,  the  top  very  little  incurved  ;  mesonotum  rounded,  carinated,  the  sides 
flat  or  a  little  excavated  ;  color  green,  the  edges  of  carina,  wing  cases  and  top  of 
head  cream  color ;  surface  much  covered  with  dots  and  small  patches  of  whitish, 
not  distinct  enough  to  affect  the  general  green  hue.  Duration  of  this  stage 
about  ten  days,  in  summer.     The  late  larva)  doubtless  hibernate  when  half  grown. 

Areolatus,  so  far  as  at  present  known,  is  restricted  to  the  Gulf  States,  and 
part  of  Tennessee,  and  to  the  southern  Atlantic  States.  A  few  examples  have 
been  taken  as  far  north  as  Atlantic  City,  New  Jersey.  Mr.  E.  M.  Aaron  has 
found  the  species  among  the  mountains  of  east  Tennessee,  and  probably  it  would 
fly  in  west  North  Carolina  also.  It  is  difficult  to  get  information  about  the  lo- 
calities of  butterflies  from  the  southern  States,  so  few  persons  are  interested  in 
.such  matters.  Its  habits  are  similar  to  those  of  its  near  ally,  Gemma.  I  have 
never  seen  it  on  the  wing. 

I  have  had  greater  difficulty  in  bringing  larvae  of  Areolatus  to  pupation  than 
almost  any  species  of  the  genus  I  have  experimented  with.     For  several  years  I 


NEONYMPHA   11. 

fed  them  on  lawn  grass,  which  nearly  every  Satyrid  larva  in  my  hands  has 
eaten  readily.  The  eggs  of  this  species  in  nature  are  laid  on  coarse  grasses,  and 
at  last  I  foimd  that  by  selecting  one  such  —  Dactyloctenium  iEgyptiacuin  —  I 
did  better.  The  first  eggs  received  came  17th  August,  1877,  from  south  Geor- 
gia, some  twenty,  and  were  hatching  on  arrival.  Part  of  the  larvae  got  through 
two  moults,  but  by  30th  September  all  had  died. 

In  1881, 1  received  three  young  larvas  from  Dr.  Wittfeld,  Indian  River,  Florida, 
but  all  died  before  first  moult. 

In  1882,  30  to  40  eggs  came,  12th  May,  from  Mr.  J.  Elwyn  Bates,  Florida. 
On  29th  May,  two  passed  first  moult ;  on  30th,  of  four  which  endeavored  to 
pass  second  but  om  got  through,  the  others  dying  during  the  process.  By  4th 
June,  there  remained  eight  larvae  in  second  stage.  On  15th,  tiie  sole  survivor 
passed  second  moult,  and  I  sent  it  to  Mrs.  Peart,  at  Philadelphia.  This  larva 
passed  third  moult  July  3d,  the  fourth  July  15th,  and  pupated  28th.  This 
chrysalis  died,  but  was  probably  female,  measuring  .54  inch  in  length  against 
.48,  one  whioh  produced  a  male. 

The  same  year  I  received  from  Dr.  Wittfeld  a  dozen  larvaa  in  first  stage. 
These  I  fed  on  the  coarse  grass  as  before  said.  The  first  moult  was  passed  20th 
July,  the  second  29tli,  the  third  5th  August,  and  two  larvae  pupated  17th  August, 
another  20th.  Tlie  last  of  these  gave  a  mule  butterfly  30th  August.  Dr.  Witt- 
feld has  written  me  that  this  species  moulted  but  three  times. 


Kirby's  Catalogue,  1871,  calls  Areolahis  a  variety  of  Phocion,  Fabricius.  In 
the  same  way  N.  Gemma  is  there  put  as  a  synonym  of  Cornelius,  Fabr.  The 
descriptions  in  both  cases  are  insufficient  of  themselves  to  determine  what  species 
were  meant,  and  may  be  applicable  to  a  dozen  as  well  as  to  those  under  view, 
and  there  are  no  figures  to  serve  as  guide.  As  regards  Gemma,  I  believe  it  is 
generally  agreed  among  lepidopterists  to  begin  the  history  with  Hubner's  figures 
and  name.  As  to  Phocion,  as  described;  it  is  quite  another  thing  from  Arcolatus. 
In  Sp.  Ins.  II.  p.  138,  1781,  the  text  translated  from  the  Latin  reads:  "Wings 
above  fuscous,  immaculate  ;  hind  wings  beneath  with  yellow  (riavis)  stripes  and 
three  oblong  ocelli.  Habitat — -  "  (that  is,  unknown) ;  "  fore  wings  be- 
neath fuscous,  immaculate ;  hind  wings  with  four  yellow  (Havis)  stripes,  whereof 
the  second  and  tiiird  unite  at  either  end,  and  between  them  are  three  much 
elongated  black  spots  in  yellow  (tlava)  rings,  and  with  many  silver  (argenteis) 
points." 

The  bands  of  Phocion  are  yellow,  and  the  same  word  is  used  as  for  the  yellow 
rings  of  the  spots ;  the  spots  or  ocelli  are  three  in  number ;  the  points  on  the  spots 


NEONYMPHA  II. 


are  silver;  and  the  under  side  of  fore  wings  is  immaculate.  Whereas  in  Areo- 
latus  the  bands  are  ferruginous,  while  the  rings  are  yellow,  the  ocelli  are  five, 
the  points  are  metallic  blue,  and  the  fore  wings  are  not  immaculate,  but  crossed 
by  the  pair  of  common  ferruginous  bands,  and  ocelli  are  often  present.  Tn  the 
female  there  is  an  increase  in  the  number  of  bands  on  fore  wing,  and  ocelli  are 
present.  And  whether  Phocion  came  from  Asia,  Africa,  or  America,  was  un- 
known. Abbot  figured  Areolatus  ninety-one  years  ago  (1797),  and  Boisduval 
and  Leconte  again  in  183.S.  As  Areolatus  the  species  has  been  known  to  this 
day.  In  any  case,  very  much  less  than  ninety  years  of  possession,  especially 
when  the  title  begins  with  an  undoubted  description  or  reliable  figure,  is  suffi- 
cient against  all  claimants.  To  surrender  in  favor  of  a  doubtful  or  forgotten 
name,  accompanied  by  an  inapplicable  description,  and  with  no  locality,  is  not 
to  be  thought  of.  I  reject  Phocion,  therefore,  and  have  no  idea  that  Areolatus 
is  a  variety  of  what  Fabriciua  had  in  view,  or  that  one  name  is  a  synonym  of  the 
other. 


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ANTHOCHARIS  II. 


ANTHOCIIARIS  ROSA,  1-4. 

Anihocharii  Rosa,  Edwards,  Papilio,  II,  p.  49.     1883< 

Male.  —  Expands  1.2  inch. 

Upper  side  of  both  wings  pure  white,  the  bases  pale  black  ;  costal  margin  of 
primaries  sometimes  immaculate,  sometimes  much  streaked  with  black ;  near 
apex  a  short  straight  black  bar,  turned  back  obliquely,  another  bar  at  the  end  of 
upper  median  nervule  ;  the  apical  area  between  these  almost  inuruiculate,  a  few 
scattered  black  scales  only  lying  near  costa ;  on  the  arc  a  narrow  black  bar,  bent 
or  a  little  sinuous. 

Secondaries  of  thinner  texture,  discovering  the  markings  of  under  side ; 
fringes  black  at  the  ends  of  the  two  sub-costal  nervules,  otherwise  white,  as  also 
on  primaries. 

Under  side  white,  with  a  pink  tint  over  costa  of  primaries  and  all  of  second- 
aries anterior  to  the  sub-costal  nervure,  deepest  next  base ;  the  bar  on  costa 
repeated,  much  reduced,  the  black  scales  largely  replaced  by  yellow ;  the  bar  on 
hind  margin  suppressed,  but  indicated  by  a  patch  of  yellow;  the  upper  sub-cos- 
tal nervules  yellow,  and  at  the  end  of  each  a  black  streak  running  with  the  edge 
of  costa ;  the  discal  bar  much  reduced,  paler,  and  cut  by  the  yellow  arc. 

Secondaries  have  three  cross  bands  of  luteous-yellow,  densely  covered  with 
black  scales,  with  some  open  spaces  or  patches  showing  clearly  the  yellow 
ground  ;  the  anterior  band  narrow,  making  a  circle  about  base  not  always  com- 
plete ;  the  second,  or  discal,  sends  a  short  stout  branch  olong  median  to  the 
third,  and  is  attenuated  on  inner  margin  ;  the  third  has  a  triple  fork  on  hind 
margin,  is  very  narrow  in  middle,  and  broad  on  inner  margin  ;  at  outer  angle  a 
wedge-shaped  bar ;  the  nervures  and  branches  on  middle  of  the  wing  yellow. 

Body  covered  with  long  light-gray  hairs,  the  abdomen  gray-white,  beneath,  the 
thorax  with  white  hairs,  at  the  sides  yellow,  abdomen  white,  faintly  tinted  yel- 
low ;  legs  pinkish,  the  femora  clothed  with  long  white  hairs ;  palpi  white,  with 


ANTHOCIIARIS  II. 

pule  gray  hairs  at  top  nntl  sides  ;  antenna)  white  above,  yellowish  below  ;  club 
white  above,  yellow  below  and  at  tip.     (Figs.  1,  2.) 

Female.  —  Expands  1.4  inches. 

Color  of  male  on  both  surfaces,  and  similarly  marked  ;  between  the  err'''  of 
the  apical  bars  are  black  scales  in  considerable  numl)er,  suggesting  a  cross  band, 
and  next  ape.\  are  more  such  scales  than  in  male.     (Figs.  3,  4.) 

Rosa  was  described  from  3  s  3  9,  sent  me  iiy  the  late  Jacob  Boll,  and  taken 
by  him  on  one  of  his  expeditions  to  the  extreme  west  of  Texas,  in  1878.  He 
informed  me,  in  answer  to  inquiry,  that  he  took  .several  more,  and  all  were  of 
the  same  type,  particularly  having  reference  to  the  markings  about  the  apices 
of  fore  wings.  The  species  is  very  near  to  Olijmp'm,  figured  in  Vol.  II  of  this 
work.  In  liosa  the  apical  area  is  immaculate  in  the  male,  except  for  a  few- 
loose  scales  next  costal  margin,  a  little  distance  from  the  apev  In  the  female 
there  are  somewhat  more  of  these  scales,  and  a  nebulous  con.  tion  of  the  two 
marginal  bars.  (In  the  Plate,  Fig.  3,  this  last  feature  is  a  little  too  pronounced, 
the  llecking  in  the  insect  being  no  heavier  in  this  than  next  the  apex.) 

The  first  known  examples  of  Olymp'ui,  1  s  1  ?,  were  taken  at  Coalburgh,  W. 
Va.,  April,  1871.  The  description  soon  after  published  in  Transactions  of  the 
American  Entomological  Society,  III,  p.  200,  mentions  "  a  large  gray  patch  at 
apex,  partly  replaced  by  white,"  —  that  is,  a  gray  patch  with  one  or  more  in- 
terior spots  or  patches  of  white.  Nothing  is  said  of  a  definite  bar  on  either 
margin.  In  the  insects,  which  are  now  before  me,  the  inner  edges  of  the  gray 
patch  are  somewhat  blacker  than  the  rest,  especially  next  the  margins,  l)ut  there 
is  nothing  of  a  definite  bar.  The  description  in  Volume  II  was  rewritten,  and 
gives  the  apex  as  covered  by  a  gray  sub-triangular  patch,  "  terminating  on  either 
margin  in  a  small  spot  of  darker  color ;  "  and  the  figure  of  the  male  accompany- 
ing shows  a  pale  patch  filling  the  apical  area  limited  on  the  margins  by  spots  or 
clusters  of  scales  of  darker  color. 

Since  1871,  Oli/mpia  has  been  tiikcn  in  all  the  States  lying  west  of  West  Vir- 
ginia, to  Nebraska,  and  in  Colorado.  Tiie  species  seems  particularly  abundant 
at  Whiting's,  Lake  County,  Indiana,  and  I  have  seen  many  from  that  locality. 
One  of  these  is  represented  in  Fig.  5,  and  all  the  Indiana  examples  which  I  have 
seen  have  been  near  to  this,  showing  a  patch  of  solid  pale  black  with  a  small 
white  interior  patch  next  costa  in  the  direction  of  the  base. 

In  both  the  descriptions  of  Ohjmpki  spoken  of,  I  mentioned  a  single  male  as 
being  in  the  Museum  of  Comparative  Anatomy,  at  Cambridge,  Mass.,  also  from 
Texas,  and  by  Mr.  Boll.     This  was  taken  at  Dallas,  and  I  considered  it  to  be  the 


ANTIIOCIIARIS   11. 

same  as  Ol;/mpin.  I  have  recently  iVHked  Mr.  S.  II.  Scuddor  to  look  at  this  insect 
(ind  conipmv  with  (lie  (iguro  ol  Horn.  IIo  replies  •  "  It  is  almost  precisely  like 
your  Fig.  1,  with  th.  sole  exception  of  the  po.sition  of  the  dusky  Hecks  at  the 
extreme  tip  of  the  wing,  tho.se  in  Figs.  1  and  3  .showing  a  li.lle  biii  puraiii'l  to  the 
one  witiiin,  while  these  were  nt  the  very  apex  itHolf."  From  which  the  Dalla.s 
example  would  seem  to  be  Horn. 

It  may  he  that  these  arc  properly  hut  forni.s  of  one  species,  Ofi/iiij)i(i  th<> 
northern,  Jiosa  the  soutiiern  form.  As  yet  not  much  is  known  about  either, 
and  of  liosa  nothing  but  what  I  have  given  above.  Doubtless  they  are  com- 
mon in  many  localities,  but  Hying  at  the  same  time  with  the  white  Pierids, 
the'/  are  unobserved. 


ANTHOCHARIS  II. 


ANTIIOCHAUIS  I'IMA,  6-9. 
Anthocharit  Pima  (pco'iiin),  EdwarUs,  Canadian  KDtomoIogiit,  XX,  p.  168.    1888. 

Male.  —  Expands  1.75  inch. 

Upper  side  of  both  wings  yellow,  the  bases  pale  black ;  primaries  have  the 
basal  liiilf  of  costa  white,  crossed  by  irregular  black  streaks ;  the  apex  edged 
white  on  both  margins,  and  within  this  is  a  series  of  five  largo,  elongated  black 
spots,  almost  confluent,  filling  the  interspaces  to  second  median  ncrviile,  each 
projecting  a  spur  to  the  margin  ;  on  the  arc  a  broad,  rectangular  bar,  the  area 
between  this  and  the  spots  and  costal  edge  intense  orange. 

Secondaries  of  thinner  texture,  discovering  the  markings  of  under  surface  ; 
fringes  whitish,  a  few  black  hairs  at  the  end  of  each  nervule  on  secondaries,  and 
many  on  primaries. 

Under  side  of  primaries  yellow,  the  costal  margin  as  above,  the  apex  white, 
green-tinted,  the  lower  three  black  spots  of  upper  side  indicated  by  yellow- 
green,  and  finely  dusted  black,  the  bar  repeated,  the  orange  also,  but  paler  and 
diifused  over  cell  and  second  median  interspace. 

Secondaries  yellow-white,  largely  covered  by  broad  patches  of  yellow-green, 
which  form  four  irregular,  connected,  transverse  bands  between  hind  margin  and 
base  above  median  ncrvure  ;  below  median  to  inner  margin  crossed  by  stripes  of 
similar  color,  unequal,  mostly  wedge-,shaped. 

Body  covered  with  long  gray  hairs,  which  are  yellowish  at  extremity,  the 
abdomen  yellow-gray  ;  beneath,  the  thorax  white,  abdomen  yellow-white  ;  the 
femora  white,  other  joints  buff;  palpi  white,  black  at  tip,  and  with  black  hairs 
at  sides ;  antennae  imperfectly  annulated  white  and  black  above,  white  below ; 
club  black  above,  orange  beneath  and  at  tip.     (Figs.  G,  7.) 


Female.  —  Expands  1.7  inch. 

Same  yellow  as  male  ;  the  apical  spots  larger  and  completely  confluent,  the 


ANTHOCIIA.IIS    II. 

orange  narrower,  paler,  the  bar  less  rectangular,  broadest  on  sub-costal ;  under 
side  as  in  the  male.     (Figs.  8,  9.) 


Four  examples  of  this  Kpocies,  2  «,  2  ?,  were  tal'cn  early  in  April,  1888,  by 
Cscar  T.  Baron,  in  Arizona,  Pima  County,  on  the  barren  plaii.s  between  Poutano 
and  Tucson.  It  is  the  only  known  American  Anthocharis  in  which  both  sexes 
are  yellow. 


EREBIA  II. 


EREBIA    FASCIATA,   1-8. 

lochia  Fasciain,  Butler,  Cntalo^nie  of  SatyriiloB  in  British  Museum,  p.  92,  pi.  2,  Fig.  8.     1808.    EdwarJi, 
in  K(!|X)rt  on  tbu  Diuru.  IiV|is.  vulluctcd  in  Alaska,  by  £.  W.  Nelson,     Wnsbingtoo,  1887. 

M.\m:.  —  Expands  2.2  inches. 

Upper  side  black,  inunaciilate ;  fringo.s  concolored.  Under  ?ide  of  primaries 
bro.vn,  witii  a  tint  of  forrti^'inous  ovit  cell  ;  on  the  extra-discal  area  a  broad 
I'ertuginoiis  transverse  l)and  from  costa  lo  middle  of  .sub-median  interspace,  both 
(mIhcs  trunated  ;  on  the  costal  margin  the  color  of  this  band  is  less  distinct, 
iMther  passing  into  brown  ;  the  discal  area,  hing  between  the  band  and  the  pale 
base,  takes  il'e  shape  of  a  baud  common  with  that  of  secondaries,  but  very  pale  ; 
apical  area  da.'ste<l  gray. 

(Secondaries  have  at  l)ase  from  costii  to  middle  of  cell  an  obscure  gray  space, 
the  rest  of  basiil  area  blackish-brown  and  conHuent  with  a  broad  discal  band  of 
same  ctilor  which  crosses  the  entire  wing,  its  outer  edge  irregularly  crenatcd  ; 
lieyond  this  a  dark  gray  narrower  band,  gray  .scales  on  brown  ground,  the  outer 
I'dge  also  irregularly  crenated ;  the  margin  bordered  by  brown,  .slightly  dusted 
gray. 

Ibidy  black-brown  throughout ;  legs  brown  ;  palpi  black-brown  ;  antenna) 
lil;i('k  above,  gray  below  ;  club  black  above  and  (^ipparently  so)  on  under  side. 
I  Fig.s.  1,  2.) 


Fi:.MALE.  —  Expands  from  1.9  to  2.2  inches- 
Upper  side  paler  brow  the  discal  area  of  primaries  dull  ferrugino'is  over  the 
iiK'iiian  and  half  of  sub-median  interspaces  and  lower  outer  part  of  cell,  nearly  as 
ill  DIsroiddlls.  Under  side  of  primaries  very  pale  ferruginous,  the  discal  band 
<lisiiiift,  the  apical  and  costal  una  to  eel!  hoar\ .  Secondaries  have  the  whole 
liasal  area  dark   cinereous,  the  di.scal   baud   blackish,  the  band  beyond  whitish- 


EREBIA   II. 


cinereous,  the  border  brown,  the  exterior  part  hoary.  Antennre  whitish  above, 
ferruginous  below,  club  black  above,  ferruginous  below.    (Fig.  3.) 

Another  female,  from  Kotzebue  Sound,  .shows  a  narrow  dull  ferruginous  bund 
above,  corresponding  to  the  extra-discal  band  beneath  ;  on  the  under  side  the 
red  is  nearly  lost,  a  mere  tint ;  on  secondaries  the  similar  band  is  much  nar- 
rower than  in  the  male,  and  the  marginal  bordtM-  is  proportionately  broader,  dark 
gray  except  a  black  stripe  along  its  anterior  edge  ;  antenna)  as  in  the  othi-r 
feuuile. 

Mr.  Butler  described  this  species  from  nine  examples,  giving"  Arctic  America  " 
as  the  locality.  lie  speaks  of  tjje  antonniu  as  varying,  "  black,  rarely  ferrugi- 
nous." As  I  have  said  above,  the  antennic  of  the  single  male  examined  are 
black,  of  the  two  females  gray  and  ferruginous.  Mr.  Butler  sent  me  two  of  the 
Museum  examples,  by  authority  of  the  Trustees,  many  years  ago,  and  from  those 
the  lignres  on  the  Plate  have  been  drawn. 

The  second  female  is  smaller,  and  shows  some  variation  from  the  type.  Was 
taken  by  Mr.  E.  W.  Nelson,  at  Kotzebue  Sound,  14  July,  1881,  caught,  as  he 
says,  in  his  hat.  As  Mr.  Nelson  reports  butterflies  to  iiave  been  numerous  in 
that  region,  Fusciuta  is  probably  a  common  species  there.  I  have  never  seen  it 
in  other  collections.  The  resemblance  of  the  upper  side  of  the  male  Faschita  to 
Magdalena  is  evident. 


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EREBIA  II. 


EREBr\  DISCOIDALIS,  4-6. 

Ertbia  Diteoidaiui,  Kirbv,  5,  Fnuna  Boreali-Anicricann,  IV,  p.  29b,  pi.  3,  flgt.  2,  S.     1837. 

M.vLK.  —  Expands  1.8  inch. 

[Jppcr  side  dark  brown  ;  primaries  have  a  large  castaneous  patch,  which  covers 
iiall  tlie  sub-median  and  all  the  median  internpaces,  as  well  a.s  lower  outer  part 
of  cell ;  costa  r^xt  base  freckhnl  gray  and  brown,  towards  apex  two  or  three 
small  gray  patches ;  secondaries  immaculate  ;  fringes  gray,  on  primaries  brown 
at  oiiils  of  ncrvules. 

Under  side  of  primaries  brown,  the  castaneous  patch  repeated  ;  some  examples 
have  this  patch  diffused  so  that  nearly  the  whole  wing  is  red  ;  over  the  liind 
margin  a  gray  bloom,  which  i)ecomes  strong  next  apex  ;  the  whole  costa  mottled 
brown  and  gray-white  ;  secondaries  brown  over  basal  half,  mottled  and  streaked 
ill  light  and  dark,  beyond  to  margin  gray,  with  many  transverse  brown  streaks 
interiorly  ;  at  outer  angle  a  gray-white  patch,  a  smaller  one  a  little  nearer  base, 
another  on  the  iinicr  edge  of  the  gray  area  in  discoidal  interspace. 

Body  brown,  the  abdomen  underneath  gray ;  the  fore  legs  brown,  the  femora 
of  the  middle  and  hinder  pair  brown,  other  joints  yellow-browi.  ;  palpi  brown; 
antenna)  imperfectly  annulated  red  and  gray,  gray  beneath  ;  club  brown,  fer- 
ruginous below.     (Figs.  4,  5.) 

Fkmale.  —  Expands  2  inches. 
Similar  to  the  male.     (Fig.  6.) 


DiscoiD.VLis  was  described  by  Kirby  from  Cumberland  House,  lat.  54°,  sev- 
eral specimens  having  been  taken.  In  18C.3,  I  received  perhaps  twenty  ex- 
amples from  Mrs.  Christina  Ross,  wife  of  Bernard  C.  Rosw,  Ilud.xon  Bay  Company 
agent  at  Fort  Simpson,  Mackenzies  River,  iind  I  do  not  remember  having  seen 
the  species  since,  though  many  collections  on  both  the  west  and  east  coast  of 
America  liave  been  submitted  to  mo.  Mr.  James  Fletcher  tells  me  that  but  a 
single  example  has  been  l)rought  in  by  the  late  Canadian  Government  Expe- 
ditions, and  that  was  from  Fort  Simpson. 


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GEIROCHEILUS  I. 


GEIROCHEILUS  TRITONIA,  1-4. 


Geirocheilus  Trilonia,  Edwards,  5i  Trans.  Am.  Ent.  Soc,  V,  p.  18.     1874. 

Male.  —  Expands  2  to  2,3  inches. 

Upper  side  velvety  blackisli-brown,  changing  to  brown  on  hind  margin  of 
primaries,  with  an  olivaceous  tint  at  apex  ;  costal  edge  of  primaries  near  apex 
yellow-white  ;  beyond  disk  a  transverse  row  of  four  small  white  spots  set  in  the 
middle  of  the  discoidal  and  median  interspaces,  the  lower  one  smallest  and  some- 
times wanting ;  secondaries  have  a  broad  dull  ferruginous  marginal  band,  run- 
ning from  outer  to  inner  angle,  sometimes  ending  abruptly  at  lower  sub-costal 
norvule ;  this  band  encloses  next  the  margin  a  series  of  broad  crenations  of 
darker  color,  the  interior  of  each  paler  than  the  edges  ;  on  the  basal  side  of  the 
band,  and  a  little  within,  some  examples  show  two  or  three  white  points  in  the 
middle  interspaces,  one  to  each  ;  fringes  of  primaries  black  at  the  tips  of  the 
nervules,  yellow-white  in  the  interspaces,  of  secondaries  nearly  all  black,  or 
brown-black,  there  being  but  a  few  light  hairs  in  encli  interspace. 

Underside  smoky-brown;  the  uhite  spots  repeated,  enlarged,  each  forming  the 
pupil  of  a  large  rounded  black  ocellus ;  secondaries  have  the  band  repeated,  but 
the  red  is  brighter  and  variegated  with  lilac  in  nebulous  clusters  in  and  next  the 
nervules  mostly,  and  over  the  posterior  half  are  scattered  yellow  scales ;  in  the 
sub-costal  interspaces  the  red  is  mostly  suppressed,  and  ground  is  nearly  brown  ; 
on  the  basal  edge  of  the  band,  upon  clear  red  spaces,  is  a  row  of  yellow  points 
and  spots,  commencing  with  a  point  on  the  lower  sub-costal  interspace,  and  end- 
ing at  sub-median  nervure,  just  before  which  are  two  points.  The  three  spots  in 
the  median  interspaces  are  crescent  or  V-shaped,  varying  in  individuals ;  the 
crenations  repeated,  edged  on  the  basal  side  by  brown,  ferruginous  elsewhere, 
and  more  or  less  dusted  yellow. 

Body  black-brown,  beneath  same,  abdomen  gray-brown  ;  legs  brown  on  upper 
side,  all  the  joints  whitish  beneath,  the  last  joint  of  the  front  pair  entirely  white, 


GEIROCHEILUS  I. 

a  little  dusky  on  upper  side  ;  palpi  whitish,  the  long  hairs  in  front  and  at  tip 
brown ;  antennae  brown,  grayish  towards  end,  gray  below,  club  yellow.  (Figs. 
1,2.) 

Fkmale.  —  Expands  from  2  to  2.3  inch. 

Similar  in  color  and  markings  to  the  male.     (Figs.  3,  4.) 

Tritoxia  was  first  made  known  by  Mr.  H.  W.  Henshaw,  of  the  Wheeler  Ex- 
pedi  'on,  1873,  a  few  examples  having  been  taken  among  the  White  Mountains 
of  Arizona.  Later,  I  received  others  from  near  Prescott,  Arizona.  Neither  Mr. 
Morrison  nor  Mr.  Doll,  in  their  collecting  trips  to  that  region,  fell  in  with  this 
species,  nor  was  it  seen  by  Mr.  Wright  or  Mr.  Baron.  It  probably  is  confined  to 
special  localities.  Of  its  habits  I  know  nothing,  but  Mr.  Baron  writes  me  of  the 
allied  species,  G.  Pulrohas,  which  he  took  in  Mexico,  that  it  flies  at  an  elevation 
of  6,000  feet,  among  pine  .and  oak  timber,  and  a  thick  growth  of  coarse  grass. 
Its  habits  inay  be  similar  to  those  of  Satyrus  Fvgala,  in  south  Georgia. 

These  two  species  constitute  the  genus.  I  have  a  pair  of  Patrobas,  sent  by 
Mr.  Baron.  It  is  a  considerably  larger  insect  than  the  other,  in  general  similarly 
marked.  The  white  spots  are  smaller,  the  crenated  marginal  band  much  wider, 
occupying  fully  one  half  the  whole  ferruginous  area,  the  ocelli  below  and  their 
pupils  are  larger ;  on  the  fore  wings  there  is  a  lilaceous  sub-apical  nebula,  not 
found  in  the  other ;  on  hind  wings  the  variegated  area  is  narrower,  more  red, 
less  lilac,  and  becomes  obsolescent  on  the  upper  half  or  thii-d  to  costa  ;  and  the 
spots  of  the  yellow  series  are  smaller  and  more  regular. 


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PAPILrO  TI. 


PAPILIO    PILUMNUS,   1-4. 

P^ipilio  I'iliimiiun,  lioiaduval,  Spec.  Geii.,  I,  p.  S40.  liiUG  ;  Meiidtiit's,  Cat.  Mua.  I'etr.,  II,  p.  110,  pi.  7, 
li^'.  2.  I8J7  ;  Mfiiil,  Report  on  Diur.  Lep.  of  Wheeler  Expedns.,  p.  741.  1875  ;  Strecker,  Lep.,  p.  13. 
pi.  2,   ligs.  ;),  'i,i.      1873. 

Size  and  general  I'orrn  of  Daunns  ;  secondaries  with  three  tails. 

Male.  —  Expands  from  3.8  to  4.25  inches. 

Upper  side  either  bright  yellow  or  dark  yellow,  banded  with  black  much  after 
the  pattern  of  Dmuw.s,  but  there  is  one  band  less  on  primaries  ;  the  bands,  ex- 
cept the  marginal,  are  also  much  heavier  ;  costa  of  primaries  black,  the  space 
between  the  nerves  mostly  yellow  ;  a  narrow  band  covers  the  bases  of  wings  and 
the  inner  margin  of  secondaries,  widening  gradually  from  the  median  nervure, 
and  ending  squarely  a  little  above  the  marginal  band ;  a  second  proceeds  from 
costa  against  the  middle  of  the  cell,  is  broad  at  first,  tapers  very  gradually  on 
[jriinaries,  rapidly  on  secondaries,  and  ends  evenly  with  the  inner  band,  the  two 
being  connected  by  a  narrow  stripe  ;  the  third  lies  on  arc  of  cell,  and  has  a  more 
or  le.ss  macular  extension  to  the  lower  median  ncrvule ;  the  fourth  is  .short,  and 
lies  across  the  subcostal  nervules  to  the  discoidal ;  hind  margins  bordered  by 
a  broad  band  as  in  Daunus,  within  which,  on  primaries,  is  a  narrow  stripe  of 
yellow,  divided  into  spots  by  the  nervule.s,  and  near  the  inner  edge  a  macular  line 
of  yellow  scales ;  on  secondaries  are  five  lunate  submarginal  yellow  .spots,  the 
two  posterior  ones  washed  with  red-brown  ;  above  the  angle  the  margin  is  ex- 
cised imd  edged  with  red-brown  ;  above  this,  and  also  in  the  next  interspace,  is  a 
cluster  of  metallic  blue  scales,  under  which,  in  the  outer  interspace,  are  separated 
scales  both  blue  and  yellow  ;  in  the  second  median  interspace  is  a  large  loose 
cluster  of  yellow,  with  a  few  blue  at  top,  and  some  individuals  have  small  clus- 
ters of  blue  to  the  costal  margin  ;  some  also  have  a  yellow  streak  or  small  spot 
in  the  uppermost  interspace  in  this  same  line  ;  the  exterior  tail  is  long  and 
narrow,  the  tip  pointed,  somewhat  convex  on  the  outer  side,  edged  yellow  on 
that  side  near  tip  and  on  all  the  inner  side,  the  yellow  more  or  less  washed  red- 


PAI'ILK)   II. 

brown  ;  tlic  otlicr  tiiils  are  cntiielv  black,  roiintled  at  end ;  tbe  lenj^tlis  of  the 
tbreo  aro  alxtiit  as  G3 ;  ;50  ;  22 ;  fi'iiigo.s  ol  priinarieH  yellow,  of  secomlarles  same 
ill  tlio  einargiiiationM,  tbo  rest  l)lack. 

Under  side  yellow,  tbe  black  markings  repeated,  paler  ;  tbe  subniarginal  yel- 
low stripe  broader,  and  now  a  continuous  band;  tbe  line  of  scales  more  definite; 
tbe  interior  of  flie  second  l)and  yellowisb-l)lack  tbrougb  it'  lengtb  ;  tbe  spots 
on  se(M)ndaries  nuicli  enlarged,  all  wasbed  re(l-l)rowii ;  abovt^  eacb  tbe  ground  is 
il listed  yellow,  witb  increasing  density  towards  Jie  top,  and  tbe  series  ends  in  nn 
elongated  niirrow  metallic  l)lue  spot,  above  which  tbe  clear  black  ground  shows 
in  a  small  lunation ;  the  yellow  on  disk  next  the  marginal  band  in  the  median 
and  siibmedian  interspaces  wasbed  red-ljrown. 

J}i)dy  above  black,  a  yellow  stripe  passing  along  thorax  from  head  to  insertion 
of  wings;  beneath,  thorax  yellow  ;  aljdonien  yellow,  witb  a  ventral  black  hand 
and  lateral  line;  legs  black  ;  palpi  yellow  ;  anteniue  and  club  black.    (Fig.s.  1,  2.) 

Female.  — Expands  4  to  4.5  inches. 

Like  the  male,  the  red-brown  on  upper  side  darker.     (Figs.  3,  4.) 


Nothing  is  known  of  the  early  stages  of  this  species,  nor  of  the  food  plant,  but 
probably  the  larvae  feed  on  plum,  cherry,  and,  in  general,  the  same  plants  as 

Dwums. 


One  or  two  examples  of  Pilumnu.s  were  brought  from  New  Mexico  by  the 
Wheeler  Expedition  of  1871,  as  Mr.  Mead  relates.  But  what  the  locality  was  is 
forgotten.  And  the  late  Mr.  H.  K.  Morrison  took  one  male  in  Arizona,  in  1882, 
on  Graham  Mountain,  as  is  believed.  1  know  of  no  other  instance  in  which  tlie 
species  has  been  taken  within  the  United  States.  Its  home  is  in  Mexico  and  Cen- 
tral America.  Hearing  that  Professor  Edward  T.  Owen  of  MadLson,  Wisconsin, 
had  seen  Pilummis  in  Mexico  and  captured  many  examples,  I  wrote  him  for  what 
information  he  could  give  me,  and  his  reply  was  as  follows  :  "  My  experience  with 
Papilio  Piltjmnus  is  limited  to  the  region  about  Jalapa,  in  the  state  of  Vera  Cruz. 
Some  years  ago,  I  took  several,  mainly  at  the  summit  of  a  sharp  hill  of  two  or 
three  hundred  feet  elevation  above  the  surrounding  country.  This  summit,  dur- 
ing the  months  of  February  and  March,  was  a  trysting  place  for  quite  a  number 
of  species  of  butterflies.  They  seemed  possessed  witb  an  instinct  for  mounting, 
and  on  reaching  this  hill  would  rise  along  its  slope  to  the  summit.  Once  there, 
they  circled  about  till  the  end  of  the  entomological  day.    Most  species  showed 


ol* 


TAl'ILK)   II. 


such  t'oiidaeHH  for  the  place  tliat  tlicy  miylit  be  relied  on  to  return  even  if  (riglit- 
cnotl  oif  by  an  unaucceHMf  ul  stroke  of  the  net ;  PUumnuH,  however,  Hhoweil  more 
(liMcretioii,  iind  once  missed  bv  the  net,  took  permanent  leave.  While  \vatchin}i; 
11  beaiiliiid  mule,  as  he  tlitted  round  the  regular  coiu'se  which  each  species  under 
such  circunistiinces  (juickly  adopts,  it  occurred  to  me  to  utilize  the  haijil  of  salu- 
iMtion  which  prevails  throughout  the  butterfly  tribe.  Accordingly,  I  took  from 
my  box  a  jjattered  speciiueii  recently  caught,  and  pimied  it  through  the  thorax 
to  a  switch  about  five  feet  long,  triunned  to  the  greatest  possible  incons})icu()Us- 
uess.  With  this  wand  I  danced  my  butterily  up  and  down,  so  ns  to  imitate,  though 
feebly,  natural  tlight,  and  to  prevent  too  easy  discovery  of  its  condition.  With 
left  hand  thus  occupied,  the  right  grasping  the  handle  of  the  net,  jealously  kept 
lichiud  nie,  I  watched  for  a  moment  when  the  new-comer's  back  was  turned,  and 
took  position  on  his  beat.  As  he  swung  down  upon  me,  the  thump  of  my  pul.-e 
a|)paroutly  furnished  enough  appearance  of  vitality  to  my  decoy  ;  for  he  started 
r.ipidly  toward  it,  settling  on  it  before  I  was  ready  with  the  net.  The  few 
seconds,  h()W(;ver,  necessary  to  denu)nstrate  the  .sex  of  the  decoy,  enal)]e(l  me  to 
Itag  n>y  prize  with  ease,  and  without  injury  to  his  perfect  tails.  In  this  way  I 
caught  .seven  males  that  day.  After  this,  1  kept  a  damaged  specimen  on  hand, 
(luring  the  rest  of  my  trip,  and  I  rarely  missed  a  butterily  of  that  species. 

•'  Later,  at  Queretaro,  1  tried  the  .same  plan  successfully  with  P.  D<tuiws  ;  and 
later  still,  in  Colorado,  I  caught  Daunus  with  a  lurmin  decoy.  I  intend  in  future 
to  carry  pasteboard  and  water  colors,  with  a  view  to  imitating,  even  if  clumsily, 
any  rare  species  which  I  may  (ind  especially  dirticult  to  catch.  Only  males  were 
taken  in  this  way.  Tiie  females  of  all  these  species  are  more  ea.sy  of  caj)ture  on 
account  of  their  heavier  flight  and  mental  preoccupations."  1  .spoke  of  this 
mode  of  taking  Papilios  to  Mr.  David  Bruce,  and  he  told  me  he  had  u.sed  paper 
decoys  with  success. 

In  Papilio  IV.  p.  100,  is  a  description  of  what  ;nu"ports  to  be  the  mature  larva 
and  chrysalis  of  Pllummis,  but  there  is  some  mistake  in  the  matter,  the  stages  as 
described  belonging  to  the  Palaviedes  group,  and  probably  to  Piilaiiicdes  itself. 
I  have  seen  the  identical  pupa  which  was  so  described,  in  the  collection  of  Mr. 
Henry  Edwards,  and  it  is  of  the  form  and  peculiar  character  of  TroUiix.  Cer- 
tainly the  pupa  of  Pilumnus  would  be  of  same  character  as  that  of  Dmimis. 
liidulus,  and  Tunuis. 


Slhimst  Sn[.%l.ilLnii. 


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ARGYNNIS  Xf. 


ARGYNNIS  CYBELE,  1-4. 

Argi/nnii  Cybele,  Fabrieius  ;  Edw.,  But.  N.  Am.,  I,  p.  07,  pi.  21.  18G8  ;  id.,  Can.  Ent.,  VI,  p.  121.  1874;  xii, 
p.  141.  1880  ;  Scudder,  But.  N.  E.,  p.  689,  pi.  4.  1889.  Carpentkrii,  Edw.,  Tr.  Am.  Ent.  Sou.,  V,  p. 
204.     1876. 


Var.   Carpenterii. 

In  Volume  I,  I  gave  what  information  wa.s  at  that  date  attainable  respecting 
the  distribution  and  habits  of  Cybele.  Examples  of  the  ."species  have  since  come 
from  Montana,  locality  unknown,  but  supposed  to  be  Helena,  and  from  Fort 
Niobrara,  Nebraska.  These  are  the  extreme  western  limits  recorded.  Mr. 
Scudder  states  that  it  has  been  taken,  at  the  north,  in  Alberta  ;  at  the  east,  at 
Cape  Breton.  His  map,  Plate  21,  showing  distribution,  draws  the  western  line 
tlirough  middle  of  Dakota,  Nebraska,  and  Kansas ;  and  the  southern  line  with 
the  south  line  of  Virginia  and  Kentucky.  But  I  have  seen  examples  from  the 
collection  of  Mr.  E.  M.  Aaron,  which  were  taken  at  Maryville,  east  Tennessee. 
Mr.  Aaron  reports  Cybele  also  from  Highlands,  Macon  County,  North  Carolina, 
the  extreme  southwest  of  the  State  ;  also  that  he  has  taken  it  in  considerable 
numbers  at  Elizabeth  City,  at  the  lower  end  of  the  Dismal  Swamp.  The  species 
is  so  far  unknown  in  the  Gulf  States  and  Texas. 

Mr.  Scudder  says,  p.  559,  that  in  New  England  Cybele  is  .scarcely  larger  than 
.  vhrodlie.  Examples  from  Maine  which  I  have  seen  are  often  very  small,  dark 
Hk  ''e,  and  the  under  side  of  hind  wings  is  usually  quite  dark  brown,  the 
females  especially  so.  Those  taken  in  West  Virginia,  on  the  contrary,  are  large, 
with  heavy  black  lines  on  upper  side,  and  the  hind  wings  beneath  are  red- 
brown.  In  Nebraska  and  Montana,  the  size  is  about  same  as  at  the  east,  but 
the  fulvous  color  is  brighter,  more  red,  and  the  under  side  is  very  light,  near  to 
cinnamon-red,  —  .so  far  as  the  examples  seen  by  me  show. 

I  described  Carpenterii  as  a  distinct  species,  near  to  Cybele,  and  was  influenced 
in  the  determination  by  the  fact  that  Cybele  was  not  known  to  fly  within  hun- 


AKGYNNIS   XI. 

dreds  of  miles  of  New  Mexico.  The  examples,  two  males,  one  female,  were  taken 
by  Lieut,  (now  Captain)  W.  L.  Carpentur,  U.  S.  A.,  in  New  Mexico,  above  timber 
line.  1  wrote,  in  1887,  for  furtlier  information,  and  Captain  Carpenter  replied  : 
"'  The  Argynnis  Caiycnterii  were  collected  on  Taos  Peak,  about  12,000  to  1.3,000 
feet  elevation.  I  sav.  several  others  at  same  time.  1  had  collected  the  preceding 
year,  in  Colorado,  above  timber  line,  without  .seeing  it."  On  reading  this,  I 
wrote  Prof.  F.  II.  Snow,  who  has  collected  butterllies  extensively  and  during 
several  sca.sons  in  New  Mexico,  Colorado,  and  Arizona,  to  ask  if  he  had  ever  seen 
this  buttertiy,  or  Ci/heic,  in  those  regions.  To  which  he  replied  that  he  had  not, 
but  had  never  been  on  Taos  Peak.  I  have  also  inquired  of  every  person  I  knew 
.^f  as  having  collected  among  the  high  peaks  of  Colorado,  Messrs.  Uruce,  Snow, 
Mead,  Na.sh,  particularly,  but  no  one  had  seen  the  species  iu  that  State.  Just  so 
as  to  Arizona.  The  case  therefore  is  peculiar.  A  colony  of  a  strictly  northern 
butterfly  is  evidently  impri.soned  on  the  sununit  of  a  lofty  mountain  far  to  the 
sbLithwest.  In  New  England  and  New  York,  as  well  as  in  Virginia,  Ci/hele  docs 
not  fly  at  even  moderate  elevations,  but  in  the  lowlands ;  on  the  higher  ground  it 
is  replaced  by  Aphrodite.  If  this  colony  on  Taos  Peak  could  descend,  we  may  be 
sure  they  would  do  so.  That  they  do  not  shows  that  either  the  climate  forbids 
or  their  food  plant  is  wanting.  Violets  are  common  plants  among  the  mountains 
of  Colorado  and  Arizona,  and  both  States  are  remarkably  rich  in  species  and 
individuals  of  Argynnis.  The  conditions  are  plainly  unfavorable  to  the  spread  of 
Ci/bele  to  the  .sovith  and  southwest,  and  that  it  has  not  done  so  is  the  more  singu- 
lar, inasmuch  as  the  largest  and  handsomest  examples  are  those  found  near  the 
southern  limit.  Probably  it  cannot  live  or  perpetuate  its  kind  on  the  hot  sandy 
soil  of  the  extreme  south,  or  the  burning  plains  of  Texas.  We  may  infer  that 
this  colony  in  New  Mexico  was  cut  off  from  the  main  body  when  the  climate 
was  changing,  and  the  species  was  retreating  to  the  north,  after  the  manner  so 
graphically  described  by  Messrs.  Grote  and  Scudder  in  the  case  of  Chionobas 
Semidea.  a  species  which  was  left  stranded  on  the  summit  of  the  White  Moun- 
tains of  New  Hampshire. 

These  specimens  of  Cnrpentcr'd  in  coloration  as  well  as  size  most  nearly  re- 
semble their  congeners  from  the  extreme  east  of  New  England,  and  differ  widely 
from  western  examples. 


DESCRIPTION   OF   THE    PREPARATORY   .STAGES   OF   CYBELE. 

Egg.  —  Conoidal,  truncated,  and  depressed  at  tcp,  broad  at  base,  the  breadth 
equal  to  the  height ;  marked  by  about  eighteer  prominent,  vertical,  slightly 
wavy  ribs,  half  of  which  extend  from  base  to  summit,  and  form  around  the  latter 
a  serrated  rim ;  the  others  end  irregularly  at  two  thirds  to  three  quarters  the 


AIIGYNNIS   XL 

distance  from  base ;  the  broad,  rounded  spaces  between  crossed  by  nearly  equi- 
distant low  ridges;  micropyle  in  the  middle  of  three  rows  of  small  rounded  cells, 
outside  of  which  are  rings  of  cells  of  irregular  sizes,  mostly  live-sided  ;  color 
yellow.     (Figs,  a,  ci\) 

Young  Larva.  —  Length  at  12  hours  from  egg  .07  inch  ;  cylindrical,  stoutest 
in  middle,  the  last  segments  tapering  rapidly;  color  dull  green,  translucent; 
marked  by  eiglit  longitudinal  rows  of  dark  subtriaugular  tuberculous  spots,  three 
being  above  the  spiracles  on  either  side,  and  one  below ;  these  spots  are  flat  and 
bear  small  conical  tubercles,  those  of  the  upper,  or  dor.sal,  row  two,  of  the  next 
two  rows,  one,  of  the  infrastigmatal  row  four,  and  each  tubercle  gives  out  a  long- 
tapering  clubbed  hair;  on  2,  on  either  side,  is  u  large  spot,  corresponding  to  the 
spots  of  the  upper  two  rows  of  other  segments,  and  bearing  three  tubercles  and 
liiiirs ;  the  dorsal  spots  are  near  the  front  of  the  segment,  the  subdorsal  beyond 
the  middle  to  the  rear,  the  lateral  a  little  in  front  of  the  middle,  and  the  lowest 
row  on  the  middle ;  under  side,  feet  and  legs  green  ;  head  a  little  broader  than  2, 
rounded,  slightly  bi-lobed,  with  a  few  hairs  from  fine  tubercles;  color  black- 
brown.     (Figs,  b  to  b^.) 

After  1st  moult:  Length  .13  inch;  stoutest  in  middle;  color  dull  green  mot- 
tled with  brown,  the  latter  taking  the  form  of  macular  longitudinal  stripes; 
spines  disposed  as  in  the  genus,  tapering,  black,  rising  from  black  tubercles, 
except  those  of  the  lateral  row,  which  have  yellow  tubercles  ;  each  s])ine  ending 
in  a  short  black  spinule  and  beset  by  several  others  about  the  sides  ;  feet  black, 
pro-legs  greenish-brown  ;  head  sub-cordate,  Ihe  vertices  rounded,  iit  top  of  each, 
on  the  front  side,  a  little  conical  black  process,  the  front  flattened,  and  showing 
many  black  hairs;  color  shining  black-brown.  (Fig.  c.)  To  next  moult  eight 
to  twelve  days. 

After  2d  moult :  Length  .24  inch  ;  color  chocolate-brown,  the  lateral  spines 
pale  yellow  ac  base  and  for  one  third  up ;  the  upper  rows  have  the  bases  more 
indistinctly  yellow  and  then  mostly  on  the  outer  sides,  the  inner  being  nearly  or 
quite  black ;  spines  otherwise  shining  black,  the  bristles  black  ;  head  as  before  ; 
color  shini-  ■  Mack.  (Fig.  d.)  The  next  moult  four  to  nine  days,  according 
to  the  state  of  the  weather. 


After  3d  moult :  Length  .4  inch  ;  color  dark  velvety  brown  ;  the  spines  black  ; 
all  of  the  laterals  yellow  at  base  and  for  about  one  third  up  ;  the  subdorsals  dis- 
tinctly yellow  at  base  on  the  anterior  segments,  the  yellow  gradually  fading  to 


AUGYNNIS  XL 

tho  last  segments;  the  dorsals  also  distinctly  yellow  on  anterior  segments,  the 
last  wholly  black ;  the  dorsal  spines  on  2  are  directed  forward,  but  are  no  longer 
than  others ;  head  as  at  next  previous  stage,  black  in  front,  but  yellow  behind  ; 
all  yellow  is  reddish,  or  honey-colored. 

At  tliis  stage  there  was  some  variation  in  individuals  in  the  color  of  the  spines. 
One  had  all  yellow  at  base  except  the  dorsals  on  2  and  12,  which  were  black. 
(Fig.  e.)     To  ne^t  moult  five  to  eight  days. 

After  4th  moult :  Length  .0  inch  ;  color  velvet-black ;  liiterals  wholly  bright 
yolk-yellow  ;  subdorsals  same  on  anterior  half,  tiie  remainder  duller  yellow ; 
dorsals  bright  yellow  on  anterior  half,  but  after  6  less  ^o,  and  on  9  to  12  black  ; 
in  line  with  the  dorsal  spines  on  segments  from  3  to  11  two  gray  dots;  head  as 
before. 

Another  larva  had  all  three  rows  of  spines  largely  reddish-yellow  fully  half- 
way up  from  base ;  the  la.st  two  pairs  of  dorsals  shading  into  brown.  (Fig./.) 
To  next  moult  four  to  eight  days. 

After  5th  moult :  Length  1.1  and  1.2  inch.  (Fig.  g.)  Reached  maturity  in 
six  to  eight  days. 

Mature  Larva.  —  Length  1.8  inch  at  rest,  2  inches  in  motion;  greatest 
breadth  at  rest  .35  inch  ;  color  velvety  black,  under  side  chocolate-brown  ;  be- 
tween each  pair  of  dorsal  spines  from  3  to  11  two  gray  dots  transverse;  the 
spines  throughout  slender,  beset  with  short  black  bristles;  the  bases  of  all  spines 
ruddisii-yellow,  and  for  about  two  thirds  up,  the  rest  shining  black ;  the  spines  of 
2  wholly  black,  a  little  recurved,  directed  forward,  but  no  longer  than  other  dor- 
sals;  the  longest  dor.sals  .14  inch;  feet  and  pro-legs  black;  head  small,  .14 
inch  wide,  and  equally  high,  subcordate,  the  front  flattened,  finely  tuberculated, 
the  back  much  rounded,  the  vertices  sub-conic,  and  each  on  its  anterior  side 
giving  a  small  black  conic  process  ;  the  face  much  covered  with  black  haiis 
of  irregular  length ;  color  of  front  dull  dark  brown,  of  back  reddisii-yellow. 
Several  larvaB  were  as  described,  others  showed  much  less  yellow  on  the  spines ; 
the  laterals  always  largely  yellow,  the  subdorsals  much  less  so,  the  dorsals  a 
little  yellow  at  l)ase  from  3  to  G,  after  that  less  and  less,  changing  gradually  to 
brown,  and  on  11  to  13  black.  In  from  two  to  three  days  after  maturity  the 
larva)  suspended,  and  in  about  twenty -four  hours  pupated.     (Fig.  h.) 

Chrysalis.  —  Length  1.1  inch ;  breadth  at  wing-cases  .4,  of  abdomen  .36 
inch;  cylindrical,  a  little  compres.scd  laterally;  head  case  prominent,  neaily 
square  at  top,  the  vertices  being  but  very  slightly  elevated,  transversely  rounded 


ARGYNNIS   XI. 

to  the  ridge  at  summit,  the  sides  bevelled  ;  mesonotum  moderately  prominent, 
rounded,  carlnated ;  followed  by  a  deep  rounded  depression ;  the  wing  cases  with 
pioniinent  conical  processes  at  base,  much  elevated  above  surface  of  body,  the 
outer  edges  flaring,  the  middle  part  depressed  ;  on  the  abdomen  two  rows  of 
small  tubercles  corresponding  to  the  dorsal  spines  of  the  larva,  and  which  extend 
to  the  head  case  ;  one  row  of  minute  tubercles  on  each  side  ;  the  whole  surface 
lincly  corrugated ;  color  variable,  being  sometimes  glossy  dark  brown,  with  a 
(ino  mottling  of  reddish-orange,  not  distinct,  over  wing  cases  and  anterior  parts ; 
or  dark  brown  mottled  with  drab,  this  last  prevailing  on  the  wing  cases ;  or  dark 
brown  mottled  with  lighter  brown,  most  distinctly  light  at  margins  of  wing  cases, 
wliere  they  pass  down  to  surface;  or  almost  wholly  dead-leaf  brown,  a  little 
obscure  on  wing  cases  ;  the  anterior  abdominal  tubercles  usually  black  in  front, 
yellow  behind,  the  posterior  tubercles  wholly  black.  (Fig.  L)  Duration  of  this 
stage  sixteen  to  twenty  days. 


In  the  text  to  Argynnis  Diana,  page  147,  Volume  II,  1876,  I  gave  a  general 
account  of  raising  larvae  of  Cybele  from  egg.  In  the  Canadian  Entomologist, 
XU,  p.  143,  1880,  I  gave  farther  observations,  and  related  that  up  to  the  preced- 
ing winter  I  had  always  lost  most  of  the  larva)  of  this  species,  as  well  as  Diana 
and  Aphrodite.  They  died  off  during  the  winter,  or  during  the  stages  in  spring, 
or  in  chrysalis,  and  I  had  been  unable  to  contrive  any  successful  mode  of 
carrying  the  larva)  through.  But,  in  fall  of  1879,  it  occurred  to  me  that  freez- 
ing them  solid  might  be  the  proper  thing,  and  I  sent  several  larva)  of  Cyhelc 
to  Professor  Fernald,  then  at  Orono,  Maine,  to  be  placed  in  his  ice-house.  They 
were  in  small  paper  pill-boxes,  the  unglazed  sides  of  which  afforded  foothold. 
These  were  put  in  a  flat  tin  box  and  deposited  in  frozen  sawdust  under  the  ice,  as 
Professor  Fernald  informed  me.  Five  months  later,  on  5th  March,  1880,  1  re- 
ceived the  boxes  by  mail.  The  larvaa  were  nearly  all  alive,  and  when  first  seen, 
several  showed  some  movement,  though  only  three  days  from  the  ice.  Others 
were  lethargic  some  hours  longer,  but  next  lay  all  had  left  the  boxes  and  be- 
taken themselves  to  the  plants  of  violet  among  which  I  had  laid  them.  They 
crawled  to  the  stems  and  down  to  the  bases  in  the  hollows,  and  there  rested 
when  not  feeding.  On  10th  March,  one  was  found  to  have  passed  the  first 
moult,  several  days  in  advance  of  any  other,  and  this  one  continued  in  advance 
to  maturity,  passing  second  moult  18th,  third  27th,  fourth  4th  April,  fifth  12th, 
suspended  23d,  pupated  24th  April,  and  gave  a  female  imago  14tli  May.  The 
whole  period  from  ice  to  imago  was  seventy-three  days.  The  other  larva)  passed 
lirst  moult  19th  March,  second  29th  March  to  2d  April,  third  from  4th  to  6th 


ARGYNNIS  XI. 

April,  fourth  11th  to  12th,  fifth  from  16th  to  19th  April,  and  the  butterflies  came 
out  from  Tith  to  27tli  Miiy.  After  the  first  moult  1  lost  no  larvae.  Before  that 
there  had  been  some  loss,  mostly,  I  thought,  from  their  having  been  brought  to 
a  warm  room  too  soon  after  I  received  them.  These  images  were  all  of  large 
size,  equalling  any  ever  seen  here  in  the  field.  Comparing  the  stages  of  these 
frozen  larviE  with  others  which  in  previous  year  I  had  carried  through  winter  in 
a  cool  room  :  — 

Iced  Lahv*.  Brouoiit  from  Cool  Room. 

Time  froui  removal  to  1st  moult,  8  to  18  days  ....  44  days  and  upwards. 

"       "      1st  moult  to  2d,  8  to  12  days 17  "  "  " 

"       "     2d       "       to  3d,  4  to  0  days 11  "  "  " 

"       "     3(1       ''       to  4th,  5  to  8  days 12  "  «  " 

"       "     4th     "       to  5th,  4  to  8  days 14  "  "  « 

"       "      5th      <'       to  chrysalis,  9  to  12  days       ...  12  "  "  " 

"       "     chrysalis  to  imago,  16  to  20  days      ....  24  "  "  " 

Total  period,  73  to  86  days 134  "  "  " 

Evidently  the  freezing  served  as  a  tonic,  and  the  larvae  subjected  to  it  were 
in  a  healthy  condition.  Since  1880,  I  have  been  in  the  habit  of  freezing  hiber- 
nating larvoc  of  all  species,  and  have  been  very  successful  in  rearing  them  to 
imago. 

The  early  brood  of  Cyheh  appears  here  about  the  first  of  June.  In  some 
seasons  they  are  quite  abundant,  but  in  others  rai'e.  For  twenty  years  I  have 
recorded  the  first  appearance.  The  earliest  date  for  the  male  has  been  19th  May, 
the  latest,  17th  June  ;  the  females  always  a  few  days  later  than  the  male.  Soon 
after  1st  July  they  are  all  gone.  About  15th  August,  fresh  males  appear  agaiu, 
and  then  the  females,  and  both  are  exceedingly  plenty  in  September,  the  males  dis- 
appearing about  middle  of  the  month,  the  females,  some  of  them,  living  till  frosts 
come  in  October.  Eggs  can  always  be  got  during  September,  by  confining  the 
females  over  violet.  In  one  instiince,  219  eggs  were  laid  by  a  single  feriale. 
When  several  are  confined  together,  the  bag  and  plant  and  earth  are  sprinkled 
with  eggs.  It  would  seem  as  if  there  must  be  two  broods  of  the  imago,  one  in 
June,  the  other  in  August,  but  two  months  do  not  give  sufficient  time  for  eggs  to 
be  laid  and  larvae  to  mature  and  for  the  pupa  stage.  The  shortest  period  for  the 
egg  has  been  twelve  days,  for  the  larval  stages  and  pupa  seventy  to  eighty. 
Of  course,  the  hot  weather  between  June  and  September  might  accelerate  all 
stages,  if  eggs  were  laid  in  June.  I  never  saw  a  mature  egg  in  any  female  dis- 
sected in  June,  nor  could  eggs  be  obtained  in  confinement.  In  June,  1887,  the 
species  was  plenty,  and  I  shut  up  nine  females  on  29th ;  but  failed  to  get  an  egg, 


ARGYNNIS   XL 


and  dissection  showed  no  formed  oggs,  nothing  but  fatty  masses.  In  187-1,  I  en- 
deavored to  find  out  how  long  after  the  females  of  the  fall  brood  appeared,  mature 
eggs  were  formed.  The  first  one  was,  seen  16th  August.  On  20th,  1  dissected 
three,  and  in  all,  the  eggs  were  soft  and  miformed  ;  on  2Gth,  they  were  soft,  but 
had  form  ;  on  3d  September,  were  firmer;  on  17th,  were  fully  mature,  and  a  day 
or  two  after,  many  were  laid.  So  that  nearly  a  month  seemed  to  be  required 
for  eggs  to  mature.  At  Coalburgh,  all  the  larvie  have  gone  into  lethargy  at  once 
on  leaving  the  egg.  But  the  late  Mr.  C.  G.  Siewers,  of  Newport,  Kentucky,  a 
first-rate  observer,  with  whom  I  corresponded  about  the  peculiarities  of  dijbdc, 
wrote  me,  30th  October,  1877,  that  two  eggs  gave  two  larvco,  one  of  which  fed 
up  to  and  past  second  moult,  and  had  gone  to  the  base  of  the  plant  to  hibernate. 
In  1881,  28th  October,  he  wrote  that  he  found  a  larva,  ten  days  before,  under 
rotten  wood ;  that  it  was  one  half  inch  long  (which  would  make  it  past  third 
moult).  To  see  if  it  would  feed,  he  trimmed  a  violet  stock  and  laid  it  by  the 
larva.  On  26th,  he  went  again  to  the  woods  and  found  the  larva,  which  had  eaten 
lioles  in  two  leaves  and  then  hidden  itself  in  a  crevice  so  that  only  its  spines 
protruded.  It  may  be,  therefore,  that  some  larva)  in  West  Virginia,  from  eggs 
lirst.  laid,  pass  three  or  four  stages  in  the  fall,  and  so  begin  the  next  year  a  month 
ill  advance  of  the  main  body  of  the  species.  This  will  account  for  the  early 
itutterllies.  But  why  June  femtales  have  not  laid  eggs  is  not  ea.sy  to  conjecture. 
Mr.  Siewers  wrote  in  1876,  that,  on  24th  June,  he  took  a  pair  in  copulation  ; 
they  separated  in  the  net ;  he  kept  the  female  five  days,  and  till  she  died,  got  no 
eggs,  and  found  none  in  the  abdomen.  On  25th  June  he  caught  another  pair, 
which  separated  after  three  hours,  and  the  result  was  the  same. 

As  1  have  said,  females  are  often  to  be  seen  flying  late  in  the  fidl,  and  until 
frosts  destroy  them.  This  is  long  after  all  males  have  disappeared.  I  believe 
these  females  to  be  barren,  or  who  have  not  had  an  opportunity  to  mate,  and  .so 
live  much  longer  tlian  the  rest  of  their  sex,  for  the  females  of  all  species  of 
Ijutterfly  die  very  soon  after  their  eggs  are  exhausted. 

I  have  rarely  seen  a  larva  of  Cybele  in  natural  state,  but  on  two  occasions 
found  one  hibernating  at  the  top  of  the  root  of  a  viul?t  plant  which  I  had  dug 
lip  to  set  in  pot  for  my  larvse.  Once,  in  March,  I  found  one  on  under  side  a  grass 
leaf  in  a  bit  of  sod  I  had  taken  up,  and  it  must  have  spent  the  winter  there. 
0:i  10th  May,  1888,  a  mature  larva  was  found  on  the  under  side  of  a  lath 
which  was  lying  on  the  ground.  This  larva  died,  but  had  it  pupated,  the  imago 
would  have  come  out  about  10th  June. 

The  caterpillars  feed  on  every  kind  of  wild  or  cultivated  violet  or  pansy,  and 
the  flowers  are  eaten  with  avidity.  In  moulting,  the  skin  bursts  below  the  head, 
along  2  to  4,  and  the  three  pairs  of  legs  are  extricated  first,  the  head  being  bent 


ARGYNNIS  XI. 

hack  by  the  tension  of  the  skin  on  dorsum,  so  that  the  legs  are  Hfted  up  in  the 
iiir,  with  much  strugglinj;;  to  free  the  head  and  to  burst  the  skin  along  dorsum. 
The  spines  lie  Hat  and  back  and  rise  slowly  as  the  skin  slips  off  them,  and  the 
bristles,  which  are  in  pencil,  separate  slowly  as  they  dry.  At  first  every  spine  is 
yellow  to  base  and  the  head  also  dull  yellow,  but  all  become  dark  in  a  few  hours. 
The  June  butterllies  are  particularly  fond  of  asclepias  flowers,  and  may  often  be 
picked  otT  by  the  finger,  seeming  besotted  with  the  licjuid  they  feed  on,  in  the 
same  way  as  TurmiH  and  other  Papilio.s. 

Mr.  Scudder  says,  But.  N.  E.  p.  5G1,  that  Cijhde  is  single-brooded  in  New  Eng- 
land, appearing  the  last  of  June  ;  that  the  eggs  are  laid  about  middle  of  August, 
and  the  insects  are  on  the  wing  till  middle  of  September,  or  occasionally  later. 


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GRAPTA  I. 


GRAPTA  INTERROGATIONIS,  1-6. 

Gmpla  Tnterrogationis,  Fabricius. 

Form  FAnnicii,  E.lw.,  But.  N.  A.,  I,  pi.  89,  p.  113.     1872  ;  Scndder,  But.  N.  E.,  T,  p.  319. 
Form  U.MUR08A,  Liiitner  ;  EJw.  1.  c,  I,  pi.  38,  p.  111.     1872 ;  Scudder,  I.  c.     1889. 


1889. 


TnE  preparatory  stages  of  this  species  were  but  imperfectly  described  in  Vol. 
1,  and  therefore  I  now  give  them  fully. 

Egg.  —  Conoidal,  the  base  flattened  and  rounded  ;  marked  by  from  eight  to 
eleven  thin  vertical  ribs,  which  near  the  base  are  low,  but  from  about  the  middle 
begin  to  rise,  increasing  gradually,  and  terminate  around  the  rim  of  the  summit 
with  an  incurved  slope ;  these  ribs  have  their  sides  scooped  in  grooves  perpen- 
dicular to  the  surface,  the  grooves  enlarging  as  the  rib  deepens ;  micropylo  in 
(Centre  of  a  rosette  of  six  minutij  pentagonal  cells,  outside  of  which  are  two  and 
partly  three  rings  of  larger  cells,  irregularly  five-sided  ;  color  pale  green.  Dura- 
tion of  this  stage  three  to  four  days  in  summer,  in  April  and  May  about  ten 
days,  depending  on  the  weather.  (Figs,  a  to  a'".)  (The  egg  of  Umbrosa,  Fig.  b, 
pi.  38,  Vol.  I,  is  not  good,  nor  even  of  proper  shape,  though  drawn  by  so  excel- 
lent an  artist  as  Mr.  Konopicky.) 


Young  Larva.  —  Length,  at  24  hours  from  egg,  .1  inch ;  cylindrical,  even 
from  2  to  middle,  then  tapering  slightly  to  end,  the  dorsum,  falling  rapidly  on 
tlie  last  .segments ;  on  2  is  an  oval  chitinous  patch  on  which  are  eight  tubercles, 
four  on  either  side  the  mid-dorsal  line,  three  in  front,  and  one  behind  and 
between  the  upper  pair,  each  with  long,  tapering  black  hair,  turned  forward 
over  the  head  ;  on  each  segment  from  3  to  13  are  six  conical  tubercles,  forming 
as  many  longitudinal  rows,  three  on  either  side,  a  dorsal,  sub-dorsal,  and  lateral ; 
on  3  and  4  they  aro  nearly  in  cross  line,  the  lower  one  on  each  and  the  cor- 
responding one  on  2  replaced  by  a  pair  of  minute  ones  close  together,  on  2  a 
little  above  the  line ;  but  from  5  to  13  in  triangle,  the  dorsal  one  standing  on 
the  front  ridge,  the  sub-dorsal  on  the  rear,  the  lateral  a  little  before  the  middle 


GRAPTA   I. 

of  the  segment,  all  these  except  the  laterals  on  2  to  4  with  long  tapering  hairs, 
those  on  front  segments  turned  a  little  forward,  on  tlie  middle  upright,  after  6 
more  or  less  recurved ;  the  hairs  on  2  to  4  are  short,  turned  down  and  for- 
ward ;  on  2  to  13  is  a  row  of  minute  tubercles  running  with  and  behind  the  spir- 
acles except  on  2,  two  to  the  segment  on  2  to  4  and  on  13 ;  on  2  the  pair  stand 
before  and  a  little  above  the  spiracle,  oblique  to  the  line,  and  the  hairs  of  these 
are  unequal,  the  upper  one  being  one  third  as  long  as  the  other,  turned  down 
and  forward ;  the  other  hairs  of  this  row  are  turned  down  and  back  ;  along  base 
from  2  to  12  is  a  row,  also  minute,  two  to  the  segment,  the  middle  ones  nearly 
in  horizontal  line,  on  other  segments  the  hinder  one  a  little  elevated,  the  hairs 
short,  depressed ;  at  base  of  each  pro-leg  a  fine  depressed  hair,  on  13  four  such 
in  line  ;  on  3  and  4  similar  hairs,  but  from  minute  tubercles;  on  13  a  chitinous 
sub-oval  shield  on  which  are  eight  tubercles  and  hairs,  two  dorsals  in  front,  two 
on  rear,  two  at  each  side,  corresponding  with  the  sub-dorsal  and  lateral  rows ; 
color  of  body  at  first  whitish-yellow,  semi-translucent ;  feet  and  legs  same ;  some 
examples  have  the  dorsum  crossed  by  brownish  patches  alternating  with  the 
yellow  of  the  intermediate  segments ;  as  the  stage  proceeds  the  color  changes  to 
red-brown  with  white  on  dorsum  of  4,  6,  8,  and  10,  individuals  varying,  how- 
ever ;  head  rounded,  very  little  broader  than  high,  the  top  depressed  slightly  ; 
color  shining  black  ;  furnished  with  several  small  black  tubercles,  in  four  pretty 
regular  cross  rows ;  one  row  near  top  of  four,  of  which  the  largest  is  in  front 
on  the  middle  of  the  lobe,  the  other  round  the  side  ;  one  across  middle  of  eight, 
one  below  this  of  six,  all  these  minute ;  and  one  over  mandibles  of  fo"'-,  still 
small ;  each  tubercle  with  its  short  black  cif^nressed  hair.  Duration  of  tL  j  stage 
three  days  in  May,  two  in  summer.     (Figs.  6-6*.) 


After  Ist  noidt :  Length  .14  inch  soon  after  the  moult,  in  24  hours  .20  inch ; 
slender,  even ;  color  red-brown,  with  indistinct  whitish  lines ;  of  these,  a  wavy 
line  runs  with  second  laterals ;  from  base  of  each  first  lateral  is  an  oblique  line 
outward  to  the  front  of  the  segment,  and  from  each  dorsal  are  two  such  lines, 
one  on  either  side ;  armed  with  seven  rows  of  spines,  one  dorsal,  and  three  on 
either  side,  as  in  t'le  genus;  these  are  short,  stout,  black,  beset  near  top  with 
short  branches,  with  .some  spinules  on  the  sides ;  on  dorsum  of  2  is  a  transverse 
row  of  four  short,  simple  spines ;  .as  the  larva  approaches  second  moult,  the  bases 
of  the  dorsal  and  first  lateral  spines  become  white  or  yellow,  or  reddish-yellow, 
while  the  color  becomes  more  red,  and  the  lines  become  more  distinct ;  legs  and 
feet  dark  brown  ;  head  rounded,  depressed  at  top,  the  vert'ces  a  little  produced, 
each  bea^-'ng  a  stout,  thick,  black  process,  with  conical  spine  at  top,  and  shorter 
ones  around  the  base  of  this  ;  color  black,  with  many  black  hairs.  Duration  of 
this  stage  from  two  to  three  days. 


GIIAPTA  I. 

After  2d  moult :  Length  .24  inch  ;  color  black,  the  lines  as  before,  with  the 
addition  of  one  running  with  lower  laterals,  more  distinct,  often  macular ;  spines 
as  before,  but  variable  in  color ;  in  some  examples,  all  are  black  except  the 
dorsals  and  first  laterals  on  4,  G,  8,  10,  where  they  are  reddish-yellow  ;  some 
have  the  spines  on  these  rows  light,  except  on  9,  11,  and  12  ;  usually  the  second 
laterals  are  black  and  the  lower  row  is  pale  yellow ;  in  all  cases  the  tips  are 
black ;  as  the  stage  proceeds  the  color  of  body  changes  to  olive-brown,  and  the 
lines  become  more  conspicuous;  head  as  before,  much  covered  with  white  simple 
spines.     Duration  of  this  stage  from  two  to  three  days. 

After  3d  moult:  Length  .5  inch;  color  black,  with  cream-white  lines,  quite 
macular ;  spines  very  varitable ;  some  examples  have  every  spine  of  the  upper 
live  rows  reddish  to  reddish-yellow,  the  lower  laterals  pale  yellow ;  some  have 
the  dorsals  and  first  laterals  from  3  to  11  red,  the  rest  and  all  of  second  laterals 
black ;  some  have  the  body  color  vinous  instead  of  black,  with  no  black  spines, 
tlie  upper  rows  very  red  anteriorly,  the  lower  laterals  yellow  ;  the  linos  yellow  ; 
head  either  deep  brown  red;  or  decided  red  in  the  vinous  larvae,  the  processes 
red,  with  spines  both  red  and  black  ;  the  spines  on  face  yellow  or  white.  Dura- 
tion of  this  stage  two  to  three  days. 


After  4th  moult ; 


Length  .9  inch. 


In  two  to  three  days  is  fully  grown. 


Mature  Larva.  —  Length  1.3  to  1.5  inch  ;  cylindrical,  stout ;  the  color  very 
variable ;  some  are  dull  black  with  white,  yellow,  and  red  tubercles  on  the  cross 
ridges,  and  longitudinal  lines  and  bands  of  red  and  yellow  ;  there  being  a  band 
along  the  basal  ridge,  a  stripe  running  with  second  laterals,  an  oblique  line  from 
base  of  each  first  lateral  outwards  to  the  front  of  the  segment,  and  one  from 
either  side  of  each  dorsal  also  to  the  front  of  t'r.i  segment ;  some  are  very  black, 
the  tubercles  yellow,  no  lines  or  stripes  above  the  basal  ridge  ;  some  are  russet, 
the  lines  and  stripes  obliterated,  the  tubercles  yellow  and  red  ;  and  there  are 
intormediaie  variations  ;  under  side  black-brown  ;  spines  long,  slender,  tapering, 
with  several  spinules  at  top,  one  being  a  continuation  of  the  spine,  the  others 
arranged  somewhat  irregularly  ;  these  are  of  about  equal  length  in  the  several 
rows ,  others,  which  are  shorter,  are  found  on  the  sides  of  the  spines,  and  are 
particularly  numerous  on  the  upper  rows  of  the  anterior  segments  ;  the  dorsals 
liave  five  main  spinules,  the  first  laterals  six,  the  second  and  lower  laterals  four 
and  five ;  in  most  examples  the  dorsals  and  first  laterals  are  red,  except  on  3, 
where  they  are  red  with  black  bases,  and  on  11  and  12,  where  they  are  usually 
lilack,  the  red  being  deepest  on  anterior  segments ;  the  second  laterals  are  some- 
times all  red,  and  the  lower  row  \»  always  yellow  (but  in  the  varieties  of  this 


GRAPTA   I. 

larva  there  is  great  variation  in  the  color  of  the  spines  from  deep  red  to  yellow) ; 
over  the  feet  from  2  to  10  is  a  simple  red  spine ;  on  2  is  a  dorsal  row  of  six 
simple  black  spines;  spiracles  conspicuous,  black  in  white  rings;  head  obovoid, 
ratlicr  flattened,  deeply  cleft,  the  vertices  high,  and  each  bearing  a  stout  and 
black  process,  ending  in  a  long  spur,  with  live  others  about  its  base,  each  hair- 
tipped  ;  the  face  covered  with  simple  spines  and  tubercles,  some  minute ;  on  each 
side  below  vertex  are  four  long  spines,  black,  the  rest  are  mostly  white,  each 
with  hair  ;  color  either  deep  red-brown  or  red,  about  the  ocelli  a  large  black 
patch.     From  -Ith  moult  to  pupation,  live  to  six  days. 

Chrysalis.  —  Length  1  inch,  greatest  breadth  .3  to  .32  inch ;  cylindrical ; 
lioad  case  prolonged,  compressed  transversely,  at  each  vertex  a  long  conical 
process ;  mesonotum  elevated,  the  carina  prominent,  thin,  nose-like,  more  rounded 
on  the  anterior  side  than  in  Comma,  followed  by  a  deep  depression ;  wing  cases 
raised,  flaring  at  base,  compressed  in  middle,  with  a  prominent  point  on  the 
margin  on  dorsal  side ;  on  the  abdomen  three  rows  of  tubercles,  those  corre- 
sponding to  the  dorsal  row  of  the  larva  minute,  to  the  first  laterals  large  and 
conical,  the  pai''  in  the  middle  of  the  series  particularly  prominent;  those  in  the 
excavation  gilded  ;  color  variable,  in  shades  of  brown  from  light  yellow  to  dark, 
often  clouded  with  olivaceous  or  lilac;  sometimes  a  dark  green  stripe  on  t^.e  side 
of  abdomen  beyond  wings.  Duration  of  this  stage  from  seven  to  eleven  days, 
according  to  the  weather. 


'o 


IxTERROG.\Tioxis  is  botli  sexually  and  seasonally  dimorphic.  Mr.  Scudder, 
But.  N.  E.,  I,  329,  has  thus  spoken  of  this  peculiarity :  "  The  two  forms  differ  so 
greatly  and  constantly  from  each  other,  not  only  in  coloring  but  in  the  form  of 
the  w^ings,  and  even  in  the  abdominal  appendages,  that  they  have  been  consid- 
ered distinct  species  ;  in  each  form,  too,  the  sexes  differ  considerably  in  the 
coloration  of  the  under  surface  of  the  wings,  so  that  the  species  includes  four 
sots  of  individuals,  which  may  be  distinguished  quite  as  readily  as  a  great  many 
acknowledged  species  of  the  best  studied  faunas."  /.Iso,  page  317  :  "  Here  is  an 
insect  where  there  are  two  very  distinct  forms  in  each  sex,  and  in  each  of  which 
the  sexes  are  readily  distinguished  by  the  coloration  of  the  wings  ;  they  differ  in 
the  brightness  and  variegation  of  the  lower  surface  of  both  wings,  and  the  ob- 
scurity of  the  upper  surface  of  the  hind  pair,  .  .  .  not  only  differ  in  the  mark- 
ings of  the  wings,  but  also  in  their  form,  and  in  the  structure  of  the  genitalia." 

Part  9,  Volume  I,  which  contained  the  two  Plates  of  this  species,  appeared  early 
in  1872.  I  had  established  the  fact  of  seasonal  dimorphism  the  preceding  summer 
by  raising  larvae  of  th-;  June  and  July  broods  from  eggs  laid  by  the  form  Usr- 
BROSA,  in  both  cases  finding  the  two  forms  among  the  resulting  imagos.     In  the 


GRAPTA   I. 


Canadian  Entomologist,  X,  p.  69,  1878,  I  gave  a  statement  of  farther  observa- 
tions to  date,  and  said  that,  at  Coalburgli,  W.  Va.,  there  were  three  broods  of 
the  imago  annually  in  descent  from  the  hibernators,  and  an  effort,  more  or  less 
successful,  towards  a  fourth,  depending  on  the  temperature  in  the  fall  months 
and  the  consequent  length  of  the  mild  season.  That  some  individuals  hiber- 
nated, and  the  femaliS  surviving  laid  their  eggs  in  the  last  days  of  April  or  earl}' 
in  May.  B'rom  these  eggs  came  butterflies  the  last  of  May  or  first  of  June. 
That  the  second  laying  occurred  in  June  and  the  butterflies  therefrom  appeared 
early  in  July  ;  that  the  third  laying  took  place  the  last  of  July  and  the  butter- 
flies appeared  in  September,  some  as  early  as  the  first,  others  late  in  the  montli. 
That  females  of  this  brood,  which  is  the  third  of  the  year,  laid  eggs  about  the 
middle  of  September,  and  the  butterflies  from  them  came  out  in  Octol)er.  But 
that  the  larva9  wore  now  liable  to  be  caught  by  cold  weather  and  destroyed,  or 
the  food  plant  was  cut  off,  and  so  they  starved,  the  result  being  that  few  coidd 
reach  chrysalis  and  imago.  And  that  I  was  inclined  to  think  that  the  butterflies 
of  the  third  brood  did  not  hibernate,  and  the  continuance  of  the  species  here 
depended  on  the  few  individuals  which  survived  from  the  earlier  imagos  of  the 
fourth  brood.  In  no  other  way  could  I  account  for  the  scarcity  of  this  species  in 
spring  as  compared  with  G.  Comma.  There  then  followed  a  statement  of  the 
several  lots  of  eggs  I  had  bred  from  up  to  end  of  1877. 

Four  years  later,  in  same  magazine,  XIV,  p.  201,  1882,  I  brought  the  history 
to  date,  and  stated  that  the  hibernating  form  was  Fahricii,  but  that  I  had  seen 
one  Umhrosa  flying  so  early  in  the  year  that  it  also  must  Iiave  hibernated. 
That  on  the  only  occasion  on  which  I  had  been  able  to  get  a  hibernated  female 
of  Fahricii  to  lay  eggs  in  confinement,  the  result  was  wholly  the  other  form, 
Umhrosa.  That  eggs  laid  by  the  females  of  Umhrosa  of  the  first  brood  in 
descent  from  the  hibernators  had  produced  either  a  mixed  brood  or  all  Umhrosa. 
That  eggs  laid  by  the  females  of  Umhrosa  of  the  second  brood  in  descent  from 
the  hibernators  had  also  produced  a  mixed  brood,  v/ith  a  greater  proportion  of 
Fahricii  than  in  the  preceding  brood  ;  and  that  eggs  laid  by  Umhrosa  of  the 
third  brood,  or  larvoe  found  late  in  the  year,  had  in  all  cases  produced  Fahricii 
only.  Also  that  all  the  butterflies  so  far  seen  late  in  the  year  had  been  of  the 
form  Fahricii. 

I  now  bring  the  observations  spoken  of  together,  and  supplement  them  with 
others  to  end  of  1888.  As  will  be  seen,  the  eggs,  save  in  one  instance,  have 
been  laid  by  Umhrosa  females.  Thai  is  because  in  all  these  years  (since  1870) 
I  have  found  no  Fahricii  females  to  breed  from,  while  from  July  to  September, 
in  every  year,  Umhrosa  is  in  abundance.  Nearly  all  the  Fahricii  I  have  seen 
have  been  late  in  the  fall,  though  the  result  of  breeding  in  summer  shows  that 
there  must  be  many  Fahricii  flying. 


m 


GRAPTA   I. 

FiusT  Bkood  :  Eggs  laid  by  Fabricii. 

1877,  28th  April,  ol)tained  eggs  from  $  FnhricH  in  confinement.  Result, 
about  4tli  June,  21  Unibrosu.  This  was  the  only  ?  Fabricii  1  have  ever 
been  able  to  take  and  breed  from.  (Where  the  word  "  about"  is  used,  a  few 
days  before  and  after  the  given  date  is  meant.) 

Second  Brood. 

1871,  4th  June,  eggs  laid  by  $   Umhrosa  in  confinement.     Result,  about  1st 

July,  11  Umhrosa,  6  Fahrkli. 
18G9,  5th  June,  found  larvtc.     Result,  about  25th  June,  26  Umhrosa. 
1873,  June,  found  larva).     Result,  last  of  .same  month,  19  Umhrosa. 
1870,  4th  July,  found  eggs.     Result,  10th  August,  1  Umhrosa,  2  Fahrkli. 

1878,  27th  May,  obtained  eggs  from  ?  Umhrosa  in  confinement.  Result, 
about  22d  June,  54  chrysalids,  from  which  came  38  Umhrosa,  11  J  27  ? , 
and  16  Fahricii,  14  J  2  ?  . 

1879,  3d  June,  eggs  from  ?  Umhrosa  in  confinement.  Residt,  about  21st 
June,  16  pupa},  which  were  placed  on  ice.  From  these  came  but  3  5  4  ? , 
all  Umhrosa. 

1879,  20th  to  28th  July,  found  eggs  and  larva;.      Result,  65  Umhrosa,  28  J 

37  ?  ,  4  Fahricii,  3  J  1  ?  . 
1879,  20th  July,  eggs  from  $  Umhrosa  in  confinement.     Result,  21  Umhrosa, 

7S  14$. 
1881,  7th  July,  found  larvee.     Result,  8  Umhrosa,  2  $  6  ?  . 

1887,  23d  June,  eggs  from  ?  Umbrosa  in  confinement.  Result,  about  13th 
July,  41  pupa;,  from  which  22  Umhrosa,  12  $  i  ?  ,  9  Fahricii,  8  J  1  ?  . 

1888,  24th  July,  eggs  of  ?  Umhrosa  in  confinement.  Result,  about  9th 
August,  10  Umhrosa,  9  J  1  ?  . 


That  is. 

11  Umbrosa  to    6  Fabricii. 

26 

n 

19 

a 

1 

a 

"     2        " 

38 

a 

"  16        " 

7 

a 

65 

a 

«     ^        « 

21 

a 

8 

i.i 

22 

« 

"     9        " 

10 

<( 

Total,     228  Umbrosa  to  37  Fabricii  ; 


GUAPTA   I. 


or  of  the  former  8G  per  cent.,  of  Fuhric'd  14  per  cent.    Of  the  eleven  brooil.'< 
.six  produced  Umhrosa  only,  five  both  forms. 
Tiiiiu)  Bkood. 

1870,  1st  August,  found  larvae.    Result,  about  13th  September,  6  Umhrosa,  ](. 
Fabricii 

1871,  29th  July  to  5th  August,  confined  .several  ?  ?  Umhrom.     Result,  about 
1st  September,  03  Umhrosa,  34  Fabricii. 

1877,  15tli  August,  found  larvae.     Result,  about  22d  September,  2  Umhrom. 
9  Fabricii, 

1878,  16th  August,  eggs  from  ?  Umhrosa  in  confinement.      Result,  about  19tii 
September,  1  ?  Umhrosa,  20  Fabricii,  7  5  13  ?  . 

1881,  2d  and  3d  August,  found  eggs  and  larvae.    Result,  about  1st  September. 

46  Umhrosa,  17  J  28  ?  ,  6  Fabricii,  5  $   1  ?  . 
1887,  10th  to  15th  August,  found  larvae.    Result,  from  16th  to  22d  September, 
6  Umhrosa,  9  Fabricii. 

That  is,     6  Umbuosa  to  16  Fabi!1c'II. 

63        "         "    34        " 

2        "         ''9        " 

1        "         "    20        " 

46        "         "     6        " 

6        "         "9        " 

Total,     124  Umbros/V  to  94  Fabricii  ; 
or  Umhrosa  bl  per  cent.,  Fabricii  33  per  cent.     Every  lot  produced  both 
forms. 
Fourth  Brood. 

1872,  lOtli  October,  found  larvae  past  third  moult.    Result,  8th  to  18th  Decem- 
ber, 4  Fabricii. 

1879,  1st  September,  eggs  from  5  Umhrosa  in  confinement.     Result,  to  8th 
October,  25  Fabricii,  10  J   15  ?  . 

1879,  on  19th  and  26th  September,  2  J  Fabncii. 
1887,  8th  October,  from  three  found  larvae,  3  Fabricii,  2  J  1  $ . 
1878,  8th  September,  found  larvae.     Result,  about  3d  October,  10  Fabricii, 
66  4?. 

That  is,    4  Fabricii. 

25 

2 

3 

10 


Total,     44  Fabricii,  no  Umbrosa. 


GUAPTA  I. 


Thin  goes  to  show,  therefore,  that  in  the  first  brood  from  the  hibernators  the 
loiiii  Umhrosa  was  produced  to  tlio  total  exclusion  of  Fahrkii.  Although  this 
lirood  was  raised  but  in  one  instance,  we  may  conclude  with  much  probability 
that  tiie  result  in  several  instances  would  be  the  same,  inasmuch  as  where  the 
species  is  but  two-brooded,  the  first  in  descent  from  the  hibernator  is  Umhrosa, 
with  very  rarely  an  exception.  In  the  second  brood  [Tmbrosa  preponderated 
largely,  as  8G  to  14,  and  six  lots  produced  that  form  only,  five  lots  both  forms. 
In  the  third  brood  there  were  fewer  Linbrusu,  the  proportion  being  as  57  to  4.'], 
aii<l  every  lot,  whether  raised  from  eggs  or  from  found  larvoo,  was  made  up  of 
both  forms.     In  the  fourth  brood  all  were  Fubricii. 

I  tliink  it  probable  that  .some  few  of  the  later  individuals  of  the  third  brood 
iiibernate.  I'iiis  would  account  for  an  occasional  UmbroHn  seen  late  in  the  year 
or  early  in  the  spiing,  and  wiiicli  therefore  would  be  a  hibernator.  Also  it  would 
preserve  the  species  when  the  fall  is  cold  and  unpropitious  for  the  production  of 
a  fourth  brood,  as  it  apparently  .sometimes  is.  The  .season  of  1888,  at  Coalburgh, 
duriuL;  all  September,  was  cold  and  wet,  and  the  leaves  of  Elm  and  Hackberry 
fell  i-arly  in  October,  so  that  no  larva  of  a  fourth  brood  could  have  ."eached  pupa 
on  those  plants  —  and  in  the  fall  there  are  no  other  food  plants.  If  the  species  is 
not  extinct  the  coming  spring  (1889),  it  would  seem  to  be  becau.se  some  imagos 
of  tiie  third  brood  were  able  to  hibernate. 

In  Florida  there  must  be  at  least  four  full  broods  of  Literrof/atlonis,  as  the 
sea.son  is  much  longer  at  each  end  than  in  West  Virginia.  On  28th  September, 
1880,  I  received  twenty-five  half-grown  larvic  from  Indian  River,  sent  by  Dr. 
Wm.  Wittfeld.  These  wore  passing  the  fourth  moult  on  8th  October,  and  be- 
tween the  12th  and  17th  November,  IG  Fubricii  came  out,  and  no  Umbrosa. 
( Hy  an  oversight,  in  Can.  lilnt.,  XIV,  p.  206,  this  is  stated  as  25  instead  of  16.) 

Individuals  sometimes  occur  which  are  internu  diate  between  the  two  forms 
of  this  species.  One  such  I  have  seen  from  the  collection  of  Miss  Morton,  and 
another  I  am  told  is  in  the  collection  of  Mr.  Neumoegen.  The  shape  is  of 
Fubricii,  and  the  color  of  under  surface  as  well,  but  the  hind  wings  on  upper 
surface  have  the  black  of  Umbro^n. 

It  is  interesting  to  compare  the  history  of  a  species  like  the  present  in  several 
localities,  especially  with  the  more  northern.  In  the  lowlands  of  New  York, 
Interrofjatiojtis  seems  to  be  three-brooded.  Miss  Morton  says  there  are  three 
brooils  at  Newburgh.  On  June  11,  1886, 15  to  20  larvaa,  one  third  grown,  were 
founil.  All  the  butterflies  from  these,  coming  out  from  July  7th  to  20th,  were 
Fiiibrosa.  This  was  the  first  brood.  All  butterflies  seen  on  the  wing  the  last 
half  of  August  were  Umbrosa,  and  Miss  Morton  considered  them  to  be  the  second 
brood.  All  seen  the  last  part  of  September  and  in  October  were  Fabricii,  the 
third  brood. 


GIIAPTA   I. 


Professor  Lintner,  in  Trans.  Am.  Ent.  See,  II,  p.  315,  1800,  say.s  of  the 
.-ipecius:  "During  the  first  week  of  July,  1861,  there  were  brougiit  to  ine,  at 
Sciioiiarie,  N.  Y.,  ll  larva)  and  chry.salida.  The  larvjf  were  mature  and  in  a  day 
or  two  pupated.  Tiie  imagines  proved  to  be  every  one  of  the  '  biaci<  variety ' 
I  rmhrosa),  o  J  11  ?  ."  This  of  course  was  tlie  first  brood.  "  About  the  middle 
of  July  several  other  seemingly  identical  larva;  were  taken  by  me,  which, 
ciiierging  the  last  of  the  month,  gave  the  ordinary  Interrof/ationis  (Fohririi)." 
This  would  be  the  second  brood.  '*  1  collected,  on  August  10th,  two  chry.salids 
luid  twenty  larva)  from  one  half  inch  to  nearly  full  size.  During  the  ensuing  two 
wi'i'ks  many  additional  larvaa  were  taken  by  me,"  etc.  As  the  result,  about  110 
[iilcrrof/atlonii  {Fahrkii)  were  obtained  and  not  a  .single  Cnibrom.  Those 
would  bo  the  third  brood,  in  the  .same  paper,  Mr.  Lintner  speaks  of  the  rarity  of 
L'luhrom,  and  says  "  it  seldom  falls  into  the  hands  of  a  collector."  This  was  at 
Schoharie,  in  the  heart  of  the  Hop  region,  and  was  written  before  the  seasonal 
dimorphism  of  the  species  was  known,  and  when  the  two  forms  wore  recognized 
us  distinct  species, 

Mr.  Scuddor,  E.it.  N.  E.,  I,  p.  330,  says  there  are  bnt  two  broods  in  New 
England.  "  The  eggs  laid  by  the  hibernating  females  produce  nearly  but  not  all 
Umhrosa,  and  the  eggs  of  the  last  brood  almost  invariably  only  FuhrkU.''  And 
lie  gives  the  experience  of  Professor  Carl  Braun,  of  Bangor,  Maine,  as  decisive. 
But  the  experience  of  Mr.  F.  11.  Sprague,  in  eastern  Massachn.setts,  also  given, 
sL'oins  to  show  that  in  that  State  there  are  three  broods.  '•  Mr.  Sprague's  expo- 
riiMice  tells  the  same  story,  excepting  in  1887,  when,  he  writes  me,  '  the  August 
lirood  was  mixed,  about  evenly  divided  between  the  two  forms.'  He  adds  that 
the  later  ones,  which  he  looks  on  as  a  third  brood,  were  Fabric'd,  though  an 
rmJ)i'osn  was  reared  the  last  week  of  August;  .so,  too,  I  bred,  about  the  middle 
of  October,  a  single  male  of  the  form  Umhrosa."  Mr.  Sprague's  observations  go 
to  .show  that  the  first  brood  is  Umhrosa,  the  second  mixed,  the  third  Fahricii. 
Mr.  Lintner's  second  brood  came  out  all  Fahricii,  and  Miss  Morton's  all  Umhrosa. 
It  is  inucli  to  be  wished  that  a  series  of  careful  observations  of  this  species,  with 
Ifrcoding  from  the  egg,  could  be  made  in  the  region  of  three  broods,  as  in  Now 
Vork,  for  satisfactory  comparison  with  those  to  the  north  and  the  south,  the  two 
and  four-brooded  regions. 

I  wrote  Professor  Braun  for  the  particulars  of  the  broods  raised  by  him  at 
Bangor.  On  the  12th  Juno,  188G,  he  shut  up  a  female  Fahricii,  and  by  19th 
(keeping  the  insect  alive  by  feeding  it  molasses)  there  were  110  eggs.  These 
hatched  from  27th  to  30th  June,  and  the  larval  stages  required  17  days,  the 
pupal  5.  This  brings  the  emergence  of  the  images  to  middle  of  July.  The 
result  was  Umhrosa,  except  2  J  Fahricii     This  was  the  first  brood  in  descent. 


GUAPTA  I. 

I'rot'e.sHor  Braun  writes  that  the  anme  year,  by  10th  August,  ho  had  24  eggs 
laid  by  Uvibrom,  and  the  biitterllies  from  them  came  out  between  tl'O  20th  and 
25th  September,  and  were  all  Fabricii  He  adds  :  "  There  are  only  two  broods 
of  this  insect  in  Maine." 

As  stated,  Mr.  Sciidder  had  an  Umbrosa  from  pupa  in  October.  Miss  Morton 
saw  a  fresh  Umbrona  in  nortlieastern  New  Jersey,  14tli  October,  1888.  I 
myself  have  seen  an  L'inbrosa,  at  Coalburgh,  which  had  hibernated.  But  these 
are  exceptions  to  the  rule  that  the  last  brood  of  the  year  from  Maine  to  Florida, 
in  regions  where  there  are  two,  three,  and  four  broods,  is  Fabricii. 

According  to  Mr.  Scudder,  Interroyalwtm  is  very  rare  north  of  the  boundary 
hue  of  the  United  States,  ami  then  only  in  Ontario  and  Quebec,  in  the  latitude 
of  New  I*liigland.  So  that  nowhere  in  its  territory  is  the  species  represented  by 
a  single  form. 

•  Where  a  species  is  already  two-brooded  and  the  length  and  wnvrnt'i  of  tlte 
season  permits  a  third  brood,  the  original  liibernating  form  would  seem  to  be  the 
one  to  lay  eggs  from  whicii  would  come  the  hibernating  imagos.  In  the  present 
case,  Fabricii  being  the  hibernator  where  there  are  but  two  broods,  the  first  in 
descent  will  be  Unihrosa,  the  second  Fabricii,  this  last  hibernating.  If  there 
are  to  be  throe  brtods,  the  Fabricii  would  seem  to  be  the  form  to  lay  eggs,  and 
these  might  be  expected  to  produce  Umbrosa  as  the  hibernators.  If  a  fourth 
brood  was  reached,  Fabricii  would  be  the  hibernator  as  it  was  at  first,  when  the 
species  was  two-brooded.  That  is,  we  should  expect  the  odd  broods  to  be  Um- 
brosa, the  es'en  Fabricii.  But  it  is  found  that  in  all  latitudes,  in  New  England, 
in  Virginia,  in  Florida,  the  original  winter  form  remains  the  winter  form,  and 
the  middle  one  of  three  broods,  or  the  second  and  third  of  four  broods,  are  made 
up  of  both  forms.  These  interior  broods  seem  to  be  interpolated  between  the 
original  summer  and  winter  broods.  Apparently,  the  heat  of  summer  disposes 
to  Umbrosa,  while  the  tendency  to  alternate  produces  Fabricii,  and  the  result  is 
a  mixed  brood.  But  late  in  the  season,  one  tendency  overcomes  the  other,  and 
the  last  brood  everywhere  is  Fabricii. 


In  Vol.  I,  I  gave  the  food  plants  as  Hop,  Elm,  Nettle,  and  Boehmeria.  To 
these  I  add  Hackberry,  Celtis,  of  any  species,  but  the  preference  is  for  the  two 
first-named.  Hop  early  in  the  season.  Elm  in  August  and  September.  I  have 
near  my  hou.se  a  preserve  of  Elm  sprouts  which  are  cut  down  in  Jidy,  to  be 
soon  replaced  by  a  fresh  growth.  It  is  on  the  tender  terminal  leave-  of  these 
that  the  female  prefers  to  lay  her  eggs,  usually  on  the  under  side  of  the  leaf, 
either  singly  or  in  strings  of  two  to  eight.     I  had  supposed  the  number  of  ribs 


ORAPTA   I. 


in  all  cgijs  laid  by  one  female  was  the  Hame,  but  Mrs.  Peart  found  that  in  a  string 
I  sent  her  the  topmost  egg  had  eleven  ribs,  while  all  the  rest  had  but  nine,  as 
shown  on  the  Plate,  B'ig.  ii*.  The  young  larva?  do  not  consume  their  egg  shells. 
as  many  species  do.  They  eat  holes  in  the  leaf,  each  for  itself,  and  during  the 
first  two  stages  feed  about  the  margins  of  these.  During  all  stages  they  are 
Miiprotocted,  except  as  they  lie  beneath  the  leaf.  They  are  not  gregarious  as  a 
rule,  though  doubtless  where  the  species  is  abundant,  and  the  food  plant  local, 
their  numbers  may  suggest  gregariousness.  But  so  many  as  are  hatched  on  the 
leaf  keep  together  for  two  or  three  stages,  then  scatter  about  the  plant. 


GRAPTA  INTERUOGATIONIS. 


ON    Till':  EFFKCT  OP  COLD  AIMMJEI)  T< )  THE  CHRYSALIDS  OF  GRAPTA 

INTKUROCJATIONIS. 


iNTDituoriATioxis  luis  provcd  sn.sccptil)lc  to  tlic  iiifliionce  of  cold.  In  Psjclie, 
\'iil.  Ill,  p.  b"i.  ISSO,  I  roliitoil  this  at  lon;.,^tli.  Tlio  smiiL'  lU'Coiint  was  ;j;ivfii  in 
llic  Appendix  to  Woismann's  "Stndios  in  (iio  Theory  of  Ucsccnt,"  Part  I,  p.  I  I'J. 
iSSO,  London.  I  have  tlionght  it  well  to  publish  Plates  of  the  species  ail'ected, 
showing  tlie  elianges  brought  al)out,  and  the  present  is  the  (irst  of  the  scries. 
Figs.  1,  2,  show  the  upper  sides  of  tlie  normal  male  and  female.  Fig.s.  3,  4  J  G  ?  , 
I'lianged  examples.  Eggs  of  form  Uiiibroxa  were  obtained  from  females  in  con- 
linoment,  June,  1879.  As  the  chrysalids  formed,  at  intervals  of  from  six  to 
twenty  hours  after  pupation,  they  were  placed  in  tlie  ice-box.  At  fourteen 
(liiys.  all  but  live  were  I'cmoved,  these  lieing  left  six  days  longer.  Several  were 
loiuid  to  be  dead  at  the  end  of  tlici  fourteen  days.  The  temperature  most  of  the 
time  was  about  35"  Fahr.  (1.7°  C),  but  a  little  higher  each  day,  as  the  ice  melted, 
n'iicliing  then  40"'  to  4."/  Fahr.  (4°  to  7°  C).  From  the  first  lot  were  obtained 
seven  perfect  bntterllies,  3  5  4?,  from  the  twenty-day  lot  five,  4  J  1$.  i\\\ 
were  form  Umhrosa,  and  nearly  all  had  been  changed  in  one  striking  particular. 
In  tlie  normal  (^mhrosn  of  both  sexe.s,  the  fore  wings  on  upper  side  have,  on  the 
costal  margin  next  inside  the  broad  border  of  the  hind  nuirgin,  iind  separated 
from  it  by  a  considerable  .space  of  fulvous,  a  dark  patch  which  ends  a  little 
below  the  discoidal  nervule  ;  inside  the  same  border,  at  inner  angle,  is  a  similar 
pntcii,  lying  on  the  submedian  interspace.  Between  these  two  patches,  ncross 
iill  the  median  interspaces,  the  ground  is  fulvous,  but  very  .slightly  clouded  with 
black,  often  so  slightly  that  it  would  not  be  noticed.  Now,  in  all  four  of  the 
females  exposed  to  cold  for  fourteen  days,  there  is  present  a  broad  black  band 
which  cros.ses  the  entire  wing,  continuous,  of  uniform  shade,  covering  the  two 
]iatehes  as  well  as  the  intervening  clear  space,  and  almost  confluent  with  the 
marginal  border  from  end  to  end,  only  a  streak  of  obscure  fulvous  anywhere 


GHAPTA   INTERROGATIONIS. 


separating  band  and  border  (Fig.  5).  The  other  spots  on  same  wing  are  not 
at  all  changed. 

In  the  fifth  female,  the  one  from  chry.salis  exposed  twenty  days,  the  band  is 
present,  but  while  it  is  broad  and  crosses  the  space  between  the  patches,  it  is  not 
continuous,  but  includes  on  its  outer  side  a  series  of  obscure  fulvous  lunules. 
While  it  may  have  been  changed,  there  is  no  certainty  of  it,  because  individuals 
are  sometimes  bred  or  taken  having  the  same  peculiarity.  One  such  is  figured 
in  Vol.  I  (Fig.  3,  PI.  39). 

In  al!  the  males,  the  patches  are  diffused,  those  at  the  apices  almost  coalescing 
with  the  borders.  In  the  three  from  fourteen  days'  exposui'e  the  patches  are 
connected  by  a  narrow  band  (Fig.  3).  In  the  four  from  twenty  days  this  band 
is  macular  but  decided  (Fig.  4).  As  in  the  females,  all  the  change  is  limited  to 
the  extra-discal  area  of  fore  wing.  In  the  females  no  change  was  noticed  on 
under  sides.  In  tlie  males,  perhaps  none  also  in  the  markings,  but  it  was  stated 
in  the  first  account  that  the  colors  of  all  were  intense,  with  more  red  than  in  a 
series  of  natural  examples.  But  the  delicate  shades  are  evanescent,  and  to-day 
I  do  not  see  the  peculiarities  I  noticed  two  years  ago.  For  this  reapon  no  figure 
of  the  under  side  is  given. 

It  appeared,  therefore,  that  fourteen  day,^  was  as  effective  in  producing  change.*- 
as  a  longer  p(  riod.  In  fiict,  the  most  decided  change  was  found  to  have  takon 
place  in  the  females  which  were  exposed  the  shorter  period.  Also  that  cold,  in 
case  of  this  GrapLa,  changed  certain  markings  only,  and  that  the  females  were 
most  susceptible  to  the  influence. 

In  1878,  I  had  put  chrysalids  of  Grapta  Comma  on  ice  at  from  ten  minutes  to 
six  hours  after  pupation,  some  therefore  being  quite  soft  and  none  fuU^'  hard- 
ened, and  lost  every  one  of  them.  This  led  me  to  expose  the  Jnterrogationis  in 
1879,  at  from  six  to  twenty  hours  from  pupation,  after  hardening  had  taken 
place. 

One  object  I  had  in  view  in  these  experiments  was  to  learn  whether  exposing 
the  summer  chrysalids  would  result  in  producing  the  winter  form  of  the  butter- 
fly {Fahric'd).     But  ail  were  Umhrosa. 

I  should  have  continued  these  experiments  in  subsequent  years,  but  at  Coal- 
burgh  we  rarely  have  ice. 


GRAPTA  I. 


GRAFT  A  COMMA. 

Ornptn   Comma,  Flarris. 

Foiiii  Harhisii,  Edw.,  Can.  Ent.,  V,  p.  184.      1873  ;  Comma,  Edw.,  Bit.  N.  A.,  I,  101,  pi.  36.     1.S71 ; 

id.,  Can.  Ent.,  XIV,  p.  i89.      1882;  Fernald,  But.  Maine,  p.  52.     1884  ;    Feneli,  But.  Eastern  U.  S., 

p.  185.     1886  ;     .SciidiJer,  But.  N.  E.,  I,  p.  332.     1889. 
Form  Dryas,  Edw.,  Trans.  Am.  Ent.  Soc,  III,  p.  17.     1870  ;  id.,  But.  X.  A.,  I,  p.  109,  pi.  37.      1871- 

Scudder,  1.  c.     1889. 


The  stages  of  this  species  also  were  imperfectly  described  in  voliimo  I. 

Egg.  —  Colloidal,  the  base  flattened  and  rounded  ;  marked  I  /  from  eight  to 
t'levesi  thin  vertical  ribs,  which  near  the  base  are  low,  but  from  about  the  middle 
begin  to  rise,  increasing  gradually,  and  terminate  about  the  rim  of  the  summit 
witii  an  incurved  slope;  these  have  their  sides  grooved  as  in  Interrogationis  ; 
the  niicropyle  in  centre  of  a  rosette  of  minute  five-sided  cells,  about  which  are 
two  or  three  rings  of  larger  cells  ;  color  ])ale  green.  (Fig.  c.)  Duration  of  this 
stage,  at  Coalburgh,  W.  Va.,  five  days  in  April,  four  in  July. 

YouxG  Lauva.  —  Length,  12  hours  from  egg,  .08  inch  ;  in  shape  and  clotliiag 
in  all  respects  like  Intcrrorjat'ionis,  as  before  described  ;  color  whidsli-g,  I'cn  ;  feet 
and  legs  green;  head  rounded,  the  top  depressed  .sliglitl\-;  culur  dark  brown. 
I  Fig.  d.)     Duration  of  this  stage,  four  days  in  April,  two  days  in  July. 

After  1st  moult :  Length  .13  inch  ;  color  either  brown-black  or  lilack  with 
whitish  lines  at  the  junction  of  the  fiogmonts  ;  the  spines  yhort,  st.ut,  black,  and 
set  with  .short  divergent  bristles  ;  in  the  individuals  which  have  white  lines,  on 
segments  4,  6,  8,  10,  the  spines  spring  from  whitish  tubercles,  on  the  other  seg- 
ments from  black ;  in  the  black  examples  all  tubercles  are  black ;  on  2  are 
four  small  spines  in  cross  row  on  the  chitinous  band  ;  a  row  of  small  .spines  over 
.cj^..  aid  feet;  feet  bl.nck,  pro-legs  olivaceous;  head  round,  depressed  at  top,  the 
vertices  a  little  produced,  each  bearing  a  short,  thick  process  with  ,sho''t  spines 
at  top ;  color  of  head  and  processes  dark  brown ;  many  black  hairs  over  face 


GRAPTA   I. 


springing  from  bliiclc  tubercles, 
in  Aujirust. 


Duration  of  tliis  stage,  three  days  in  April,  two 


After  2d  moult :  Length  .3  to  .33  inch  ;  sPir.ft  shape  ;  color  dark  olive-brown 
or  black-brown  or  reddish-brown,  individuals  varying ;  the  spines  longer,  and  at 
one  third  from  ihc  top  give  off  branches  ;  the  posterior  end  of  each  segment 
after  2  crossed  by  two  or  three  fine  whito  lines;  in  front  of  the  medio-dorsal 
row  of  spines  are  two  oblique  divergent  whitish  bars,  and  one  such  bar  from  base 
of  each  spine  in  first  lateral  row  on  outer  side ;  the  spines  vary  largely  in  color, 
some  larvae  having  all  the  spines  black,  some  have  the  dorsal^  and  first  lateral 
rows  on  5th,  7th,  9th  segments  white,  the  rest  black  ;  some  have  white  from 
4  to  11 ;  .some  ha\e  white  on  9  only  ;  on  2  a  collar  of  black  simple  spines  ;  head 
broader  than  high,  the  top  rather  square,  not  much  depressed,  the  processes 
larger,  but  similar  to  preceding  stage,  crowned  with  six  points,  one  in  middle, 
the  rest  about  it ;  surface  glos.sy  black,  with  many  simple  spines,  of  different 
sizes,  usually  all  black,  but  some  examples  .show  a  few  white  among  the  black ; 
each  with  long  hair.  To  next  moult,  in  May  three  days,  in  August  two  days  or 
somewhat  loss. 


After  3d  moult :  Length  .38  to  .4  inch  ;  color  black,  crossed  on  the  posterior 
end  of  each  segment  with  two  or  three  lines  or  stripes  of  white,  sometimes  more 
or  less  macular  and  varying  much  in  width  ;  the  oblique  marks  on  dorsum  as 
before,  more  conspicuous ;  a  yellow  band  runs  along  base  in  line  with  lower 
lateral  spines,  and  the  posterior  part  of  each  segment  above  this  band  shows  an 
oblique  bar,  and  some  white  spots  and  points  ;  the  spines  as  before ;  the  modio- 
dorsal  row  always  white  ;  those  of  first  lateral  row  usually  white,  but  sometimes 
on  3  are  black,  or  partly  black  ;  some  examples  have  the  second  lateral  row 
wholly  black,  others  white,  or  .some  of  the  last  spines  are  parti-colored  ;  head  as 
before,  the  white  spines  predominating  largely.  To  next  moult,  in  May  three 
days,  in  August  two  days  or  somewhat  less. 

After  4th  moult :  Length  .8  inch  ;  in  three  days  reaches  maturity. 

Mature  Larva.  —  Length  1  inch  ;  cylindrical,  stout ;  the  color  varies  much, 
some  examples  being  cream-white,  some  greenish-white,  with  almost  no  mark- 
ings, or  the  markings  are  obsolescent ;  others  are  velvet-black,  the  dorsum 
cros.^ad  by  white  stripes  on  the  posterior  edges  of  the  segments,  with  two  white 
divergent  bars  meeting  at  a  small  angle  in  fron*^^  of  each  dorsal  spine  and  run- 
ning to  the  anterior  edge  of  the  segment,  and  with  a  similar  oblique  !..ir  from 
each  spine  of  the  first  lateral  row  on  the  lower  side  of  it ;  along  base  is  a  raised 


GRAPTA  I. 

yellow  ridge,  and  from  this  up  to  second  laterals  the  ground  is  crossed  by  aiibre- 
viatcd  white  stripes  or  patches,  particularly  on  the  last  half  of  the  segments ; 
above  this  the  side  is  black ;  but  individuals  vary  in  the  extent  of  this  Ijlack 
area,  and  sometimes  the  same  area  is  vinous-red  ;  the  spiracles  black  in  broad 
white  rings;  at  the  bases  of  the  second  later.als,  fi'om  9  to  11  or  7  to  11,  is 
usually  a  fulvous  or  orange  patch,  varying  in  extent ;  the  spines  long,  tapering, 
each  with  from  three  to  five  spinules  a  little  below  the  summit  and  one  which  is 
the  prolongation  of  the  spine  itself ;  those  of  the  dorsal  and  upper  lateral  row 
are  largest  and  longest,  each  with  five  spinules,  besides  one  or  two  lower  down, 
and  some  very  small  ones  nearer  base  ;  those  of  second  lateral  row  are  of  medium 
length,  with  four  branches ;  and  those  of  the  lower  row  are  shortest  and  have 
three  and  four  branches ;  in  the  green  and  white  varieties  all  the  spines  and 
branches  are  whitish  or  yellow,  in  the  black,  the  spines  are  yellow,  mostly  black- 
tippeo,  but  those  of  first  lateral  row  are  sometimes  black  to  their  bases,  those  of 
^'^ond  row  sometimes  wholly,  sometimes  but  partly  black  ;  2  has  a  collar  of  six 
.■5Mnple  spines,  and  two  others  are  on  ea.liside;  under  side  either  greenish  or 
biown-yellow ;  head  rather  square,  higher  than  broad,  with  high  vertices;  in 
the  light  examples  the  color  of  head  is  dull  pink,  in  the  dark  ones  black,  shining, 
sometimes  with  a  forked  whitish  stripe  down  front;  on  each  vertex  a  short,  stout 
process,  cylindrical,  compressed  in  the  middle,  broad  at  the  top,  crowned  by  five 
equal,  blunt-tipped  spines  around  a  sixth  in  the  middle ;  each  with  hair ;  these 
processes  are  black  in  the  black  larva),  and  in  the  light  ones  either  -  ed  or  red 
with  black  tops;  face  and  whole  head  thickly  covered  with  simple  whitO  spines  of 
variable  length,  all  white,  except  that  sometimes  there  are  one  or  two  of  the 
longer  ones  on  side  face  below  the  vertex  which  are  black,  or  black  and  white  ; 
along  back  of  head  and  down  the  sides  is  a  row  of  these  spines  close  set.  From 
fourth  moult  to  pupation  five  days. 


Ch"  v;,j.:  d'.  —  Length  .8  to  .9  inch;  greatest  breadth  .24  to  .26  inch;  cylin- 
dric  ■  i,,!  Case  high,  compressed  transversely  ;  at  each  vertex  a  long,  conical 

pro  I  \.  'io  nesonotum  elevated,  the  carina  very  prominent,  thin,  nose-like, 
followed  ;  ■;  ;i  Ji.'op  excavation;  wing  cases  raised,  flaring  at  base,  compressed  in 
middle,  witii  n  point  on  the  margin  ;  on  the  abdomen  three  rows  of  tubercles, 
those  corresponding  to  the  dorsal  row  of  the  larva  small,  to  the  first  laterals 
largo  and  conical,  fbc  pair  in  the  middle  of  the  sories  particularly  prominent,  and 
those  in  the  exca\,iUon  silvered,  gilded,  or  bronzed,  varj'ing  ;  color  variable, 
many  examples  being  dark  brown,  with  lighter  or  with  yellow-brown,  and  much 
reticulated  with  dark  lines;  others  are  deai'.  leaf  brown  ;  others  are  light,  up  to 
doiid-white,  shaded  slightly^  with  yellow-brown,  with  a  bronze  lustre  over  the  wing 
'■■.="  and  anterior  dorsal  parts.     Duration  of  this  stage  about  seven  days. 


GRAPTA   I. 

The  two  forms  of  this  species  were  figured  and  described  in  Volume  I  as 
distinct.  In  Canadian  Entomologist,  V,  p.  184,  1873,  I  gave  the  result  of 
breeding  larva)  from  eggs  laid  by  a  female  Dryas,  at  Coalburgh,  the  same  year. 
Among  the  imagos  both  Comma  and  Dryas  appeared,  and  seasonal  dimorphism 
was  estal)lished.  In  Vol.  VI,  p.  157,  1874,  I  showed  that  eggs  laid  by  Comma, 
later  called  form  Harrisii,  produced  Dryas.  So  that  either  form  produced  both 
forms.  In  Vol.  X,  p.  09, 1878, 1  gave  a  statement  of  all  ob,servations  to  date,  and 
said  that  at  Coalburgh  there  were  three  broods  of  the  butterfly  annually,  and 
the  individuals  of  the  third  hibernated.  That  the  hibernating  females  deposited 
their  eggs  last  of  April  or  early  in  May,  and  the  first  brood  of  the  butterflies 
came  from  chrysalis  about  1st  June :  but  should  the  weather  be  cold  during 
May,  then  from  middle  to  last  of  Jun  '^\''*  the  second  laying  of  eggs  took 
place  in  July,  between  lutli  and  30th,  ai.  butterflies  from  these  appeared 

last  of  August  or  early  in  September.  Thu;  le  third  laying  of  eggs  occurred 
in  September,  and  the  butterflies  from  them  came  out  in  October.  That,  so  far 
as  appeared  from  breeding,  or  from  observations  in  the  field  running  through 
many  years,  the  last  laying  of  eggs  produced  Harrisii  only,  and  that  the  series 
began  in  the  spring  with  eggs  laid  by  females  of  that  form  exclusively.  That 
the  result  of  the  eggs  laid  by  these  hibernating  Harrisii  had  in  all  cases  been 
Dryas,  with  a  single  exception,  when  a  male  Harrisii  appeared.  That  the  next 
brood  of  the  season,  the  eggs  having  been  laid  by  Dryas,  had  sometimes  con- 
sisted wholly  of  Dryas,  but  in  otiiers  of  both  forms.  Harrisii  considerably  out- 
numbering Z^r^as.  That  the  third  brood,  eggs  laid  by  Dryas,  had  given  Harrisii 
only  and  closed  the  season. 

In  same  magazine,  XIV,  p.  189,  1882,  I  brought  the  history  down  to  date. 
It  appeared  that  in  difl;erent  years  there  wf  s  variation  of  at  least  a  month  in  the 
laying  of  eggs  by  the  hibernating  females,  depending  largely  on  the  state  of 
the  Aveathor.  and  consequently  nearly  or  quite  a  month's  difference  in  the  ap- 
pearance of  the  first  brood  of  the  butterflies  of  the  year. 

I  now  bring  together  all  these  observations,  with  others  to  end  of  1887. 


First  Brood  :  Eggs  laid  by  Harrisii. 

1SG9,  18th  June,  from  chrysalis  came  1  J  Harrisii. 

1871.     Between  10th  and  18th  May,  found  larvaj.     Result,  from  20th  May  to 
2d  June,  7  Dryas. 

1873,  20th  May,  found  larvae.     Result,  about  20th  June,  4  Dryas. 

1874,  10th  May,  obtained  eggs  from  female  in  confinement.     Result,  about 
27th  June,  34  Dryas. 


GRAPTA  I. 

1875,  14th  May,  obtained  eggs  as  last  described.     Result,  about  18th  June, 
19  Dry  as. 

1882,  17th  April,  obtained  eggs,  etc.     Result,  about  22d  May,  12  Dnjas. 
1886,  16th  May,  found  larva).     Result,  1st  June,  2  Drijus. 
That  is,  78  Duyas  to  1  Hakrisii. 
Secoxd  Brood  :  Eggs  laid  by  Dryas. 

1870,  July,  found  larvaj.     Result,  2  Dryas. 

1873,  30th  July,  obtained  eggs  from  female  in  confinement.    Result,  about  1st 
September,  6  Dryas,  about  50  Harrls'd. 

1876,  29th  July,  obtained  eggs,  etc.     Result,  about  14th  August,  5  Dryas. 
1886,  25th  July,  came  from  chrysalis,  from  found  larvce,  2  Ilarrlsii,  1  Dryas. 
That  is,  14  Dryas,  52  Harrisii. 

Third  Brood  :  Eggs  may  have  been  laid  by  either  form. 

1870,  last  of  September,  found  70  larvaj.     Result,  in  October,  all  Harrisii. 


The  butterflies  of  the  first  brood  then  have  come  from  chrysalis  from  20th 
May  to  18th  June,  in  different  years.  Of  the  second  brood,  from  25th  July  to 
2d  September ;  of  the  third,  about  middle  of  October. 

The  caterpillars  vary  much,  as  shown  on  the  Plates  in  Volume  I,  some  being 
very  black  at  maturity,  others  greenish-white.  But  the  color  does  not  indicate 
the  form  of  the  imago.  From  one  lot  of  larvos  in  June  came  19  Dryas,  though 
eleven  of  the  larvie  were  black,  eight  white. 

Comparing  the  behavior  of  the  species  with  what  is  in  New  England  ;  accord- 
ing to  Mr.  Scudder,  the  first  brood  comes  from  chrysalis  at  the  end  of  June  and 
to  middle  of  July,  the  second  from  about  25th  August  to  last  of  September. 
This  may  be  regarded  as  the  history  in  northern  New  England.  In  the  Catskills 
of  New  Yoi'k,  at  Hunter,  elevation  about  2000  feet,  I  have  found  vv/o  broods, 
from  about  20th  August,  all  the  individuals  seen  being  Harrisii,  in  midsummer 
Dryas.  In  the  lowlands  of  New  York,  I  think  there  are  three  brouds,  but  no 
one  seems  to  have  carefully  observed  about  this.  Mr.  Lintner,  at  Schoharie,  took 
both  forms  24th  July,  when,  if  there  were  but  two  annual  broods,  only  Dryas 
should  have  been  flying. 

The  winter  form  Harrisii  is  found  as  far  to  the  north  as  Fort  Simpson,  Mac- 
kenzie River,  whence  I  formerly  received  several  examples  (as  stated  in  Vol.  1), 
in  a  large  collection  of  butterflies  made  during  one  or  two  seasons  by  Mrs.  Ross. 
As  no  Dryas  appeared,  it  is  to  be  presumed  that  this  form  did  not  fly  there,  and 
that  the  species  was  ono-broodod  only.  And,  according  to  Mr.  James  Fletcher, 
the  recent  collections  made  under  the  auspices  of  the  Canadian  Government 


GIIAPTA  I. 


give  L'vulcnco  in  the  same  direction.'  It  appears  also  that  in  Maine,  at  least  in 
the  interior  and  beyond,  only  llarrlti'd  is  I'oiuid.  Professor  Brau'i  tells  me  that 
neither  he  nor  any  collector  known  to  him  in  the  vicinity  of  Bangor  has  ever 
taken  or  seen  Dryus,  though  JIarris'd  is  not  uncommon.  And  he  did  not  rec- 
ognize examples  of  Drijus  which  I  sent  him.  Professor  Fernald,  in  his  Butter- 
Hies  of  Maine,  speaks  of  the  species  a.s  two-brooded,  but  he  writes  that  he  is  not 
now  certain  of  that,  and  has  himself  never  known  a  Drijus  to  have  been  taken 
in  Maine. 

In  V' ',  I,  I  gave  the  food  plants  as  Hop,  Nettle,  and  false  Nettle  (Boehmeria). 
To  this  I  add  Elm  and  cultivated  Gooseberry,  on  which  last  plant  I  saw  a  female 
lay  an  egg,  14th  April,  1886.  According  to  Mr.  Scudder,  Professor  Packard  also 
gives  Currant  and  Basswood  (Tilia).  But  at  Coalburgh  the  eggs  are  almost 
always  laid  on  IIojj  and  Boehmeria,  and  either  singly  or  in  small  clusters,  more 
or  less  of  them  in  strings  of  from  two  to  half  a  dozen  or  more  (on  one  occasion, 
a  female  confined  in  a  bag  over  Hop  laid  forty-eight  eggs,  nearly  all  in  strings, 
one  of  nine,  two  of  eight,  one  of  seven,  and  others  of  less  number),  standing  at 
right  angles  to  the  surface  of  the  leaf.  The  under  side  of  the  terminal,  tender 
leaves  is  selected,  but  on  Hop,  the  stem  also.  The  newly  hatched  larva  eats  a 
hole  in  the  substance  of  the  leaf,  and  during  the  first  stage  feeds  about  this.  For 
the  (irst  two  stages  it  is  exposed  just  as  the  larva  of  Iiilcrrogationls  is,  but  at  the 
second  moult  behiives  dill'erently  from  that  species,  which  makes  no  shelter  for 
itself  at  any  time.  In  August,  1882,  I  watched  threa  larvas  of  Comma  to  learn 
at  exactly  what  stage  tliey  began  to  protect  tliemselv3s,  placing  them  as  soon  as 
hatched  on  a  plant  of  l}cx3hmeria  set  in  Hower-not  and  in  my  room.  Very  shortly 
after  the  second  moult  tliey  had  got  to  the  bases  of  the  third  pair  of  leaves  from 
the  top,  two  on  ono  leaf,  one  on  the  other,  and  were  engaged  in  drawing  the 
>  iges  of  the  leaves,  next  base,  down  with  silk  spun.  To  effect  this,  they  had 
bitten  off  the  principal  rib  on  either  side  the  mid-rib,  very  near  the  edge  of  the 
leaf,  and  had  also  cut  acro.ss  to  the  edge.  Tliis  leaf  naturally  curves  the  otlicr 
way,  so  that  the  caterpillars  were  working  at  a  disadvantage  on  the  convex 
side.  But  notwithstanding  this,  they  had,  in  course  of  an  hour,  bent  down  the 
edges  anil  bound  tliem  together  for  one  half  inch  from  base.     Next  morning  all 

*  Mr.  Sciidder,  Hut.  N.  IC.  p.  .I.ts,  makes  this  ri'-  received  a.  few  butterflies  from  Rupert  House,  three  or 

mark  resi)C(:tirig  the  ocouiienci'  of  Comma  on  M.ic-  four  Marhaon-Atiaska,  a.ni\  one  Cliioiiohas  C(i/(ii.<,  car- 

kenzie  Kiver  ;  "In  tliu  north,  Edwards  records  it  from  ried  overland   by  Mr.  Drexlur  in  his  note-book,  and 

Fort  Simpson,  Mackenzie  Uiver,  whicli  is  too  far  in  from  no  otlier  quarter  in   northern  Britisli  America, 

advance  of  its  ordinary  ran<;e  to  1)C  probal)le  ;  as  lie  The  Comma  came  frnui  Mackenzie  River.    Mr.  Bernard 

had  butterflies  from   the  fort  of  the  same  name  on  C.  Ross  afterwards  lolil  mo,  when  in  Now  York,  tlnit 

Alliany  River,  and  .Tenner  Weir  reports  it  from  Moose  the  summer  at  Fort  Simpson  was  hot,  even  if  short. 

Factory  near  there,  the  more  southern  fort  is  the  prob-  and  that  melons  had  ripened  witliin  the  walls  of  the 

able  locality  meant."     To  this  I  would  say  that  I  once  fort. 


GRAPTA  I. 

were  resting  under  their  completed  awnings,  two  under  one,  as  at  first,  and  had 
fod  off  the  tip  end  of  the  leaf.  I  had  to  transfer  them  to  a  larger  plant,  and  the 
next  day  found  two  under  one  leaf,  which  had  been  brought  together  during  the 
night.  The  third  larva  was  on  the  upper  side  of  its  leaf  and  had  closed  that 
next  base.  Later,  this  larva  had  dx-awn  down  the  top  of  the  plant  and  was  con- 
cealed very  much  after  the  manner  of  the  larva  of  P.  Atalanta,  which  uses  this 
same  plant.  Here  it  passed  the  fourth  moult.  By  which  it  appears  that  these 
larvic  can  adapt  themselves  to  circumstances.  I  noticed  that  at  the  older  stages 
the  ribs  were  not  bitten,  nor  were  the  edges  of  the  leaf  cut,  the  larva  being  able 
to  draw  down  the  edges  and  sides  witliout  that  aid.  When  lying  imder  the 
shelter  they  are  at  the  inmost  part,  and  are  curled  up  much  like  figure  6.  I 
have  occasionally  found  two  larvas  under  one  tent  on  Hop.  So  far  as  1  know, 
pupation  does  not  take  place  under  the  tent,  but  the  larva  seeks  a  suitable  and 
protected  place  at  a  distance. 

The  nearest  ally  of  Comma  is  G.  Satyrus,  figured  with  its  larva  in  Vol.  I, 
p].  40,  a  species  common  in  the  Pacific  States  to  the  Rocky  Mountains,  and 
which  has  occasionally  been  taken  as  far  to  the  east  as  Montreal,  Canada.  An  ex- 
ample has  also  been  taken  in  the  Adirondacks  of  Now  York,  by  Mr.  W.  W.  Hill. 
1  received  a  large  number  of  chrysalids  of  Satyrus,  perhaps  fifty,  from  Mr.  H.  K. 
Morrison,  sent  from  Olynipia,  W.  T.,  and  not  one  gave  imago.  Each  was  filled 
with  multitudes  of  dipterous  larviw.  If  this  pest  is  found  elsewhere  as  at 
Olympia,  it  would  seem  that  the  Grapta  has  a  severe  struggle  for  existence. 
Sali/riis,  like  Comma,  is  seasonally  as  well  as  sexually  dimorphic,  the  second 
form  being  Marstas,  figured  in  Vol.  H,  pi.  34.  The  larva)  much  resemble  those 
of  Comma  and  protect  themselves  in  precisely  the  same  manner.  These  are  the 
only  American  species  of  the  genus  known  to  have  this  peculiar  habit. 


I  placed  twenty-six  chrysalids  of  Comma,  at  from  ten  minutes  to  six  hours 
from  pupation,  on  ice,  and  kept  them  at  a  low  temperature  for  eighteen  and 
twenty  days.  All  were  killed,  and  since  then,  for  want  of  ice,  I  have  been 
unable  to  repeat  the  experiment.  Perhaps  better  results  would  have  been 
obtained  had  the  pupoe  been  from  twelve  to  twenty-four  hours  old. 


\ 


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At\ 


I  . 


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NEVADENSIS     :   2    9      HALCYONE     3  4    9. 

APHROD I TE 

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ARGYNNIS  V. 


ARGYNNIS   NEVADKNSIS,   1.  2. 

Ariiijnuii  Nevadeim^,  Kilwunls,  ^  (not  ?  ),  liul.  N.  A.,  Vul.  I,  ji.  9;t,  pi.  33.     1871.  ;  fJedilo!.,  Can.  Ent.,  Vol. 

XIX,  p.  2:12.      18H7. 

Fkm.vlk.  —  Expands  from  2.2  to  about  2.(J  iiiclios. 

Upper  side  pule  yellow  -  t'lilvoiis,  ol'tfu  very  liylit ;  the  .■^ubmarginal  upots 
piiier  tiiiiii  tlie  grountl,  a.s  are  often  tlie  spots  on  secontlaries  which  correspond 
to  the  second  .silvered  row  beneath. 

Under  side  of  primaries  as  in  the  male,  but  often  ([uite  red  at  ba.se  and  along 
inner  margin;  the  apical  area  and  hind  margin,  and  all  of  secondaries,  mottled 
with  pale  olive  -  green  on  yellow  ground  ;  the  silver  spots  large.     (Figs.  1,  2.) 


At  tlie  time  the  Plate  in  Volume  1  was  published,  1871,  scarcely  anything 
was  known  of  this  species,  beyond  the  fact  that  Mr.  Henry  Edwards  had  taken 
a  few  examples  in  Nevada,  about  Virginia  City  and  Lake  Wa.shoe.  The  female 
li^ured  was  .sent  by  him  as  belonging  to  the  male,  but  was  afterwards  found  to 
lie  uf  A.  Coronis,  which  is  illustrated  in  both  sexes  in  the  ])resent  Volume. 

Nfa'ADExsis  proves  to  be  a  widespread  species.  Mr.  H.  K.  Morrison  brought 
great  numbers  of  it  from  Nevada,  Wyoming,  and  Montana  ;  I  received  ex- 
amples from  the  boundary  line,  Montana,  hy  Dr.  Coues ;  also  from  Douglass 
County,  Wa,shington,  and  from  Utah;  and  Captain  Gamble  Geddes  also  reports 
it  at  Calgarry,  N.  W.  Territory. 


ARGYNNIS  V. 


ARGYNNIS   IIALCYONE,  3,  4. 

Argynnis  llakijnne,  Ivlwar.l.s  $,   Hut.  N.  A.,  Vol.  I,  p.  83,  pi.  28.     1869. 

Fkmale.  —  Expands  from  3  to  8.25  inches. 

Closely  like  the  male  in  color  and  marking.'*,  as  described ;  but  some  examples 
are  of  a  deep  brown-red.  The  silver  spots  are  large.  Those  of  the  second  row 
roumi  or  broud  oval  mostly.     (Figs.  3,  4.) 


Haix'VONE  ^  as  described  twenty  years  ago  from  two  examples  of  the  male 
sent  nie  by  the  lute  B.  D.  Walsh,  which  had  been  taken  somewhere  in  Colorado 
by  Dr.  Velie.  It  was  many  years  before  I  saw  another,  on  Mr.  Morrison's  return 
liom  a  collecting  trip  in  southern  Colorado.  From  him  1  had  a  few  specimens, 
mostly  females.  Some  years  ago,  Mr.  E.  A.  Dodge  sent  me  a  male  taken  in 
the  same  State,  but  with  no  note  of  locality.  And  in  1880,  Mr.  David  Bruce 
sent  a  male  from  Golden.  The  species  is  still  a  very  rare  one  in  collections,  but 
1  think  somewhere  in  the  south  or  southwest  of  Colorado  and  the  adjacent  parts 
of  Utah  and  Arizona  it  will  some  day  be  found  in  abundance. 


ARGYNNIS  V. 


ARGYNNIS  APHRODITE,  a-h. 

Ari/'/nnis  Aphrodile,  Fabrieiiis  ;  Edwards,  But.  N.  A.,  Vol.  I,  p.  71,  pi.  22.  ISCS;  id.,  Can.  Ent.,  Vol.  VI, 
p.  121.  1874  :  Fernald,  But.  Maine,  p.  39.  1881  ;  Frciicli,  But.  Ea.«t.  U.  S.,  p.  157.  1886  ;  Scudder,  But. 
N.  E.,  p.  563,  1)1.  4,  figs.  1,  2.      1889. 

Both  sexes  of  Apiiroditp:  are  figured  in  Volume  I.  The  prep.aratorv  stages 
have  never  been  described  or  figured,  with  the  exception  of  the  egg,  young  larva 
and  chrysalis,  in  But.  N.  E.     I  now  give  the  complete  history. 

Egg.  —  Conoidal,  truncated  and  depressed  at  top  ;  in  general  like  Cyhclc,  but 
narrower  at  base,  or  higher  in  proportion  to  the  width ;  marked  by  about 
eighteen  pi-ominent,  vertical,  slightly  w.avy  ribs,  part  of  which  extend  from  base 
to  summit  and  form  about  the  latter  a  serrated  riin,  the  others  ending  ii-regu- 
larly  at  three  fourths  or  more  the  distance  from  base ;  the  rounded  spaces 
between  the  ribs  crossed  by  nearly  cqui-distant  fine  ridges;  microjjyle  in  the 
centre  of  seven  minute  five-sided  cells,  about  which  are  two  or  three  row.s  ol 
larger  cells,  irregular,  but  mostly  five-sided.  (Figs,  a,  a-.)  iration  of  this  stage 
15  to  22  days. 

Young  Larva.  —  Length,  at  twelve  hours  from  the  egg,  .06  iiicli ,  cylindri- 
cal, somewhat  stoutest  in  middle;  color  dull  green,  semi-translucent;  marki'd  by 
eight  longitudinal  rows  of  dark,  sub-triangular,  flat,  tuberculous  spots,  three  of 
which  are  above  the  spiracles  on  either  side  and  one  below ;  these  bear  small 
tubercles,  in  the  upper  or  dorsal  row  two,  in  the  next  two  rows  one,  in  the 
lowest  row  four,  each  giving  out  a  long,  tapering,  clubbed  hair  ;  on  front  of  2 
is  a  larg"  dorsal  spot,  sometimes  divided  into  two,  bearing  three  tubercles  on 
either  side  the  mid-dorsal  line  ;  on  the  two  following  segments  the  three  spots 
are  nearly  in  verticil  row;  on  5  to  L3  those  of  upper  row  are  near  the  fronts  of 
the  segments,  of  the  next  row  to  the  rear,  of  the  third  row  a  little  in  front  of 
the  middle  ;  color  yellow-green  ;  under  side,  feet  and  legs,  more  green  ;  head  a 
little  broader  than  2,  rounded,  ilattened  frontally,  a  little  bilobed,  with  many  long 


ARGYNNIS  V. 

hairs;  color  black-brown.     (Figs,  b,  b'-.)     The    larva   hibernates    at   this  stage, 
direct  from  the  egg. 

After  first  moult:  length,  at  twelve  hom-a,  .14  inch;  shape  of  Cybele ;  color 
gra^'-greon,  mottled  with  olive-groen  anil  brown  ;  spines  as  in  the  genus,  black 
from  groenisli  bases,  each  ending  in  a  short  black  spinule,  and  with  .several  others 
al)out  the  sides ;  under  side  more  green  ;  feet  black,  pro-legs  brown-green ;  head 
sub-cordato,  the  vertices  rounded  at  top  of  each,  to  the  front,  a  little  conical 
process;  furnished  with  many  black  hairs;  color  shining  black-brown.  (Fig.  c.) 
To  next  moult  seven  to  ten  davs. 


After  second  moult:  length,  at  twelve  hours,  .2  inch,  color  dark  greenish- 
brown,  mottled  in  shades;  tlie  spines  black,  and  also  the  bases,  except  that  the 
upper  row  have  a  little  yellow  on  the  outer  side,  the  lower  row,  and  those  of 
middle  row  on  3  and  4,  a  little  yellow  all  rounil  ;  under  side  brown-green;  head 
shaped  as  before,  shining  black.  (Fig.  (/.)  Duration  of  this  stage  five  to  eight 
days. 

After  third  moult :  length,  .36  inch  ;  color  dark  brown,  the  spines  black  ;  those 
oi"  lower  row  and  tlie  anterior  two  of  middle  row,  dull  reddish-yellow  at  base,  the 
rest  of  both  rows  very  slightly  tinted  sane;  head  as  at  previous  stage,  black, 
with  many  long  hairs.     (Fig.  e.)     To  next  moult  six  or  seven  days. 

After  fourth  moult:  length,  .55  inoii  ;  color  (lull  black;  all  spines  black,  the 
lower  row  dull  yellow  at  base  ;  head  as  before,  but  dull  black  over  front,  reddish- 
yellow  behind.     (Fig.  /.)     To  next  moult  about  six  days. 

After  fifth  moult :  length  one  inch      Ileached  maturity  in  about  seven  days. 

Mature  Larva.  —  Length,  at  rest,  L6  inch,  in  motion,  1.9  inch;  cylindrical, 
slenderer  than  Ciihele,  somewhat  thickest  in  middle  segments,  each  segment  well 
rounded  ;  color  blackish-brown,  with  a  velvet  black  patch  about  iiase  of  each  spine, 
making  six  longitudinal  macular  velvety  bands  ;  the  .spines  of  dorsal  rows  on 
2  no  longer  than  others,  a  little  turned  forward  ;  all  spines  slender,  beset  with 
black  bristles  ;  the  bases  of  lower  row  dull  reddish-yellow,  the  others  black,  but 
those  on  anterior  segments  greenish  ;  under  side  dark  brown  ;  feet  black,  pro-legs 
brown  ;  head  small,  as  broad  as  high  ;  suli-cordate,  the  front  flattened,  the  back 
much  rounded,  the  vertices  sub-conic,  each  on  its  anterior  side  bearing  a  small 
conical  process ;  the  face  much  covered  with  black  hairs  of  irregular  lengths ; 


ARGYNNIS  V. 

color  of  front  dull  black,  of  back  reddish-yellow.  (Fig.  7.)  In  five  or  six  days 
from  maturity  the  larva  suspendn,  and  in  from  thirty-six  to  sixty  hours  pupates. 
Time  from  fifth  moult  to  pupation  twelve  to  fourteen  days. 

Chrysalis.  —  Length  one  inch,  breadth  at  wing  cases  .35,  at  abdomtn  .32 
iiicli ;  greatest  depth  .4  inch  ;  cylindrical,  a  little  compressed  laterally ;  shape  of 
('i/hele,  rather  more  slender,  the  head  case  a  little  narrower;  head  case,  and 
anteunne  and  tongue  cases,  .shining  brown-black,  the  first  of  these  a  little  mottled 
with  brown-yellow  ;  the  wing  cases  light  yellow-brown,  crossed  by  very  miiny 
line  dark  brown  streaks,  and  with  a  patch  of  same  color  near  shoulder,  another 
on  disk,  and  a  large,  broad  patch  near  to  and  along  hind  margin  ;  abdomen  gray 
and  brown  in  transverse  bands ;  on  dorsum  the  gray  area  is  serrated,  the  points 
reaching  the  front  of  each  segment ;  on  sides  and  beneath  the  bi-own  and  gray 
areas  are  about  equal,  the  gray  in  rear.  (Fig.  h.)  Duration  of  this  stage  seven- 
teen to  twenty  days. 

Another  chrysalis  was  olive-brown,  the  anterior  parts  much  covered  with  dark 
brown  dashes;  the  wing  cases  pink-tinted,  and  dark  next  hind  margin,  the  whole 
(inely  reticulated  with  dark  brown  streaks ;  the  anterior  part  of  each  abdominal 
segment  black,  in  a  cross  band,  the  posterior  edges  irregular,  rather  erose  than 
serrated. 


In  the  text  to  Argynnis  Diana,  Vol.  II,  p.  147,  1870,  T  gave  a  general  account 
of  raising  larva3  of  ApnROi:)iTK.  I  have  since  then  several  times  bred  the  species 
from  eggs  obtained  at  Coalburgh,  W.  Va.,  carrying  the  larvae  through  the  winter 
in  a  refrigerating  house.     In  all  cases  they  went  into  lethargy  direct  from  the 

In  1888, 1  obtained  eggs  from  a  female  confined  over  violet,  on  28d  Sopteiyber. 
These  hatched  15th  October,  and  the  larva)  were  sent  to  Clifton  Springs,  New 
York,  whence  I  received  two  survivors,  IGth  April,  1889.  These  were  placed  at 
once  on  a  plant,  set  in  flower-pot.  and  covered  by  a  muslin  bag.  One  was  seen 
no  more,  but  the  other  fed  r.nd  passed  its  first  moult  24th  April;  the  second. 
1st  May;  the  third  on  Gth,  the  fourth  on  I2th,  the  fifth  on  18th;  suspended 
30th,  and  pupated  2d  June.  The  imago  came  forth  19th  June,  a  female,  after 
seventeen  days  in  pupa.  The  only  peculiarity  I  noticed  in  this  larva  was,  that 
when  about  to  pupate,  it  made  for  itself  a  tejit  of  the  leaves  of  the  plant  by 
weaving  them  loosely  together,  so  low  down  that  when  in  suspension  it  would 
nearly  touch  the  ground.  Not  knowing  what  was  going  on,  I  pulled  one  leaf 
oil'  and  the  larva  fell.     The  same  afternoon  it  had  fixed  itself  under  another  leaf. 


ARGYNNIS  V. 


five  inclies  above  ground,  and  with  no  attempt  to  bring  other  leaves  abont  it. 
Tliero  it  pupated.  Jt  may  be  tliat  tlie  making  of  a  tent  for  pupation  is  the  usual 
habit  of  the  species  in  natural  state,  and  it  may  also  be  a  habit  of  the  genus. 
But  in  confinement  I  have  not  before  observed  it  in  any  species.  Usually  my 
Argynnis  larva3  have  8UK;pended  from  the  sides  or  top  of  the  bag. 

i^inoe  the  Plate  of  this  species  was  given  in  Vol.  I,  18G8,  much  has  been 
learned  of  its  distribution.  It  is  not  connnon  in  the  Kanawha  V^iliev,  West  Vir- 
ginia, where  Ci/hele  is  abundant.  I  never  have  seen  it  in  June,  when  many 
Ci/lji'le  arc  flying,  but  every  year  I  see  a  few  examples  in  September.  To  the 
eastward  of  my  home,  some  fifty  miles,  among  the  mountains,  elevation  20U0 
feet  and  more,  I  have  reason  to  think  it  is  common  enough,  and  perhaps  re- 
places Ci/bcle ;  for  some  years  ago.  Professor  Julius  E.  Meyer  brought  .several 
Aphrodile  and  no  Ci/hele  from  a  day's  collecting  in  Fayette  County.  Probably  it 
is  found  in  the  mountains  all  the  way  to  .southern  North  Carolina.  Mr.  E.  M. 
Aaron  has  taken  it  at  Asheville,  and  has  received  it  from  Macon  County,  in  same 
State.  He  has  taken  it,  he  tells  me,  in  various  parts  of  middle  and  eastern 
Tennessee,  and  knows  of  its  having  been  taken  in  northern  Alabama.  IIow  far 
to  the  westward  it  flies  is  uncertain,  because  it  has  been  confounded  by  myself, 
Mr.  T.  L.  Mead,  and  others,  with  Arg.  Clprh,  Edw.,  a  nearly  allied  species  that 
abounds  in  the  Rocky  Mountains  from  New  Mexico  and  Arizona,  through  Colo- 
rado and  Montana  into  British  America;  and  with  anotlier,  A.  ..l/ct'.s'^'s,  Edw., 
whic'li  inlial)its  Illinois  and  beyond,  to  Nebraska.  It  tiierefore  happens,  from  the 
confusing  three  species  togetlier,  tliat  the  western  limits  of  Ap/irodite  are  as 
yet  undetermined.  In  Papilio,  Vol.  Ill,  p.  161,  1883,  I  gave  Judith  Mountains, 
Montana,  as  a  locality,  but  I  had  Cipris  in  view.  So  1  think  it  possible  that 
Ciprls  was  the  species  taken  by  Captain  Geddes,  at  Edmonton,  Alberta,  and 
l)y  Professor  Dawson,  at  Woody  Moimt,  Assiniboia.  Aplirodlte  is  stated  by  Mr. 
Scudjiler  to  be  common  in  parts  of  Ontario,  and  in  Queijec,  along  the  lower 
St.  Lawrence  ;  also  in  Nova  Scotia ;  but  is  wholly  absent  from  the  White 
Mountain  region  of  New  Hampshire,  being  replaced  there  by  Argynnis  Atlantis. 


PEGALA     1    2   rf,  3  4    9,       69     VAR . 
A  L,  O  P  E    VAR  .  6 .  7  rf    8   9  . 


> 


> 


■  "t  --': 


■«: 


■1^- 


SATYRUS  r. 


SATYRUS   PEGALA,    1-5:  8. 


Siihjriis  Per/iila  (pe-gft'ln),  Fiibriiiu'i,   Syst.  Krit.,  p.  4!)4.     1775.     I'Mwiinls,    I'nu'.  Knt.   Soc.,  Phil.,  Vol.  VI, 

p.  lil.'i.     IKfiG;  id.,  Can.  Knt.,  Vol.  XII,  p.  r,.      1S80. 
Alii/ii' f  viir.,  I!()i.s(liival  iiiid  Luconle,  Lcp.  tU:  I'Aincr.,  pi.  22H,  p.  69.     ISS.I. 
KoltM  l'i;iiALK,  J.  »,  Siiiilli,  Bull.  15rookl)ii  Knt.  Soc,  Vui,  VI,  p.  128.     1884. 

M,\LK.  —  Expands  from  2.4  to  nearly  3  iiu'lifs. 

Upper  side  (lark  brown  ;  liind  inargiii.s  V)or(lere(l  by  two  fine  darker  parallel 
lines,  a  little  within  which  is  a  stripe  of  same  color  ;  ])rimarics  have  an  extra- 
discal  deep  ociire-yellow  transverse  band,  broaiiest  anteriorly,  inei.sed  on  ba.sal 
side  at  the  upper  median  nervule  ;  on  this  i.s  a  single  black  ocellus,  lying  across 
the  di.scoidal  interspaces,  with  a  small  central  cluster  of  blue  scales,  ii  few  of 
which  are  often  replaced  l)y  wdiite  ;  occasionally  there  is  a  lilack  dot,  or  even  a 
small  blind  spot,  suggesting  a  second  ocellus,  in  middle  of  second  median  inter- 
space. 

Secondaries  have  a  black  ocellus  on  second  median  interspace,  in  3'ellow  ring, 
with  .small  white,  or  blue  and  white,  pupil;  fringes  of  both  wings  concnlored. 

Under  side  yellow-brown,  with  a  gray  tint,  most  decided  on  apical  area  of 
primaries  and  beyond  di.sk  of  secondaries;  the  band  repeated,  paler;  the  ocellus 
r(>peated,  a  little  enlarged,  the  cluster  of  scales  enlarged,  often  elongated  into  a 
blue  nebulous  streak,  having,  in  the  end  toward  ba.se,  a  solid  nucleus  of  white  ; 
tl'.e  marginal  lines  and  stripe  conspicuous ;  the  brown  area  covered  densely  with 
abl)reviated  dark  streaks,  which  over  bases  and  disks  form  somewhat  concentric 
l)r()ken  rings,  limited  without  by  a  common  dark  stripe;  this  on  prinuiries  edges 
the  band,  on  secondaries  is  irregularly  sinuous,  throwing  out  a  rounded  projec- 
tion against  cell,  followed  by  a  rounded  sinus  on  second  mediiin  interspace;  the 
ocelli  are  six,  in  two  groups  of  three,  each  on  a  patch  of  clear  dark  brown,  one 
across  the  lower  subcostal  and  discoidal  interspaces,  the  other  across  the  median  ; 
these  are  either  round  or  oval,  individuals  varying,  the  middle  one  of  each  group 


SATYIIUS   I. 

larj,'c'st ;  each  in  yellow  rln;^,  and  with  l)hio  or  Ithio  anil  white  pupils,  the  chistcr.s 
viiryin^f  sonu-tiint's  us  (loscriboil  on  primaries. 

l{()il\-  concoloreil  with  wings;  le;:;s  and  [»uipi  diiric  hrown;  anteiuiljU  brown, 
(inely  iinnnliilcd  witli  white;  ohib  t'orriiyinoiis.     (Figs.  1,  2.) 

Fkm.vM';.  —  Expands  about  tliree  inches. 

Upper  side  color  of  male;  tiii^  band  broader;  the  ocelhis  Hometimes  large, 
with  largu  centml  cluster;  some  examples  have  an  additional  spot,  like  some 
males,  and  occasionally  there  is  a  second  ocellus  <piite  as  large  as  the  first,  and 
as  conspicuously  pupilled.  Under  side  more  gray,  sometimes  very  light  on  .sec- 
ondaries; there  is  also  a  trace  of  a  brown  stripe  on  isamo  wings  near  base,  par- 
ticularly uin'odd  ccdl.     (Figs.  3,  1,  vars.  5,  8.') 


This  species  varies  in  respect  to  the  ocelli  of  both  Hurfaces.  In  my  paper 
referred  to,  in  the  Canadian  Entomologist,  I  stated  that  I  had  before  me  twenty- 
nine  exiimples,  being  all  1  had  in  my  own  collection,  or  could  borrow  from  cor- 
res])oiideiits.  Of  these,  twenty-one  were  msdes,  eight  females.  Of  the  males, 
fourteen  had  one  ocellus  ou  fore  wing,  two  had  an  ocellus  and  a  small  black 
spot,  si.\  had  the  ocellus  and  a  niere  point.  Beneath,  seventeen  had  six  ocelli  on 
hind  wing,  three  hid  live,  anil  one  had  (Ivo  on  one  wing  and  six  on  the  other. 
All  had  the  ocellus  on  upj)er  side  of  bind  wing. 

Of  the  females,  live  had  one  ocellus  only  ;  one  had  one  and  a  small  ."pot,  while 
two,  one  of  which  is  lignrcd  on  the  IMate  (5),  had  two  large,  equal,  and  consj)ic- 
uously  pupilled  ocelli.  On  nnder  side,  six  had  six  ocelli,  one  had  five,  and 
one  hud  live  on  one  wing  and  six  ou  the  other.  "  The  uniformity  of  these  char- 
acters—  the  ocellus  at  inner  angle;  always  present,  and  the  number  of  small 
ocelli,  which  are  scarcely  ever  le.ss  than  si.x  and  never  less  than  live  —  in  so 
many  examples  brought  from  various  quarters,  contrasts  strikingly  with  the 
great  variability  of  Alope  and  jVcphc/e  in  the  same  points"  (p.  54). 

One  of  the  two-eyed  examples  seems  to  have  been  figured  by  Boi.sdnval  and 
Leconte,  after  Abbot,  for  AJnpc.  Dr.  lioisduval  says  in  the  text  that  he  regards 
Pcf/ala  as  a  one-eyed  variety  of  Al(>j>e.  In  my  copy  of  the  work,  the  larva  is 
represented  as  having  the  dorsum  green,  the  side  white,  divided  longitudinally 
by  a  narrow  gray  band.  This  white  may  have  originally  been  colored  yellow, 
as  Mr.  Smith  says  his  copy  of  the  book  .shows  yellow,  with  green  over  the  gray 
band.     But  all  this  is  quite  unlike  Alopc,  and  its  co-form  Nephcle,  as  may  be 

'  Fi'j;.  8,  oil  the  Plate,  represents  u  fore  wiiij^  of  Pcijala,  variety,  from  Florida,  and  the  reading  at  bottom  is 
int'orruct. 


SATVUrS   I. 


.seen  on  roforrinj?  to  Voliunc  II,  I'latc  ll,KI^j.  h.  Tlio  wliol(«  surfucc  licro  is 
jfiTOii,  I'Xcc'pt  11  narrow  stripi-  of  yellow  iiloii^  Itaso,  an«l  ii  siilulorsal  liiiiit  yellow 
liiu'.  Tilt'  liirva  of  Ah)i>e,  I'oiiii  O/i/tii/ms,  I'hite  I'J,  Fij,'.  a,  in  green,  hut  Iium  (lie 
siiliiIoi'Mal  lino  (lovolo[ie(l  into  a  Htripo  as  conHpiouous  an  tho  basal,  'i'lie  clirysalis 
of  noi.-iilnv.ir.s  plate  lian  two  ocellar  proiiiinenccs,  iiuu'li  iis  in  NconvinpliM 
ft'( niiiiit,  wliilo  the  heat]  case  of  Alupc  is  trunoaled  and  ronndeil,  with  no  pro- 
jectionH. 

I  have  tried  in  vain  for  years  to  obtain  cj;gs  of  Piijahi,  in  order  to  become 
iici(uiiinted  with  all  the  preparatory  stages,  rnlil  w(>  know  to  iIk*  conti'arv.  1 
snpposi!  tho  eoloring  of  the  larva  and  the  shape  of  the  eiirys;dis,  as  given  by 
Aid  'f,  umst  bo  regarded  as  correct.  Though  1  oidy  know  of  tlieso  by  IJois- 
dnval's  fignres  spoken  of. 

I  wiis  inforineil  by  that  veteran  lepidopterist,  the  late  Mr.  .lames  Ridings  of 
I'hilailelphia,  who  collected  one  season  in  (leorgia.  after  1  became  ncqiininted 
with  liiui,  that,  in  its  habits,  I'tijuht  dilTercd  considerably  from  .l/oy>c,  flying  in 
the  pine  forests  and  alighting  on  the  l)ark  of  trees.  When  disturbed,  it  womM 
lly  about  for  a  while,  and  eventually  return  to  the  same  .spot.  It  seemed  to  him 
to  resemble  Del)is  I'ortldiidia  in  habits  rather  than  AInpc. 

Mr  William  H.  Asliniead,  when  a  resident  of  .laeksonville,  Florida,  wrote  me: 
"•  t'cijfiiii  is  quite  common  in  hummocks,  along  fences,  ami  in  the  outskirts  of 
forest,  lioin  about  the  middle  of  .July  to  October,  When  chased  they  f!\  high 
and  alight  on  the  side  of  a  tree,  and  are  seldom  .seen  in  ojien  fields."  [Ahipe  ami 
Xi'/ihclc  lly  slowly  and  low,  and  I  have  never  heard  of  their  alighting  on  trees.) 
Dr.  A.  W.  Chapmiin  wrote  from  Appalnchicola :  "  Pe(/ahi  is  or  was  common  in 
the  open  pine  woods  back  of  this  city.  It  seemed  to  like  .'i  hot,  sandy  exposure, 
l)ut  1  never  .saw  one  in  my  g.arden  or  in  the  fields.  They  always  alight  on  the 
naked  bodies  of  the  pines,  with  head  up,  down,  or  sideways," 

This  .species  seems  to  be  very  nearly  restricted  to  the  southern  part  of  the 
Gulf  States,  It  has  been  taken  in  a  single  instance  by  Mr.  T.  L.  Mead,  in  middle 
Florida,  at  Oviedo,  Orange  County.  He  sent  me  a  male  caught  in  his  peach 
orchard,  the  present  year  (1880);  and  writes  as  follows:  "  The  only  examples 
seen  were  the  one  sent  you  and  one  other.  I  s.nw  them  in  the  orchard  on  the 
fallen  fruit.  When  disturbed,  and  at  other  times,  they  hid  in  the  dense  foliage  of 
the  orange  trees.  In  company  with  them  were  some  Liincnitis  Kros  and  an 
Apatura."  So  far  as  I  know.  Prf/ala  has  not  before  been  taken  much  to  the 
south  of  Jack, son vi lie.  How  far  to  the  northward,  along  the  coast,  it  Hies,  I  am 
not  advised.     I  formerly  received  examples  from  St.  Simon's  Island,  Georgia. 

Wh.at  I  spoke  of  as  *'  a  diminutive  Perjala  (as  if  from  a  starved  caterpillar)" 
in  Can,  Ent.  XII,  52,  sent  me  by  Professor  Lewis  R.  Gibbes,  of  Charleston,  S. 


SATYRUS   I. 


Carolina,  I  now  believe  to  have  been  a  variety  of  Alopc.  Rev.  Dr.  John  G. 
Morris  tolil  nio,  in  18S0,  tliat  he  had  never  known  pKjdla  to  have  been  taken 
along  the  coast  of  Virginia  or  Maryland.  At  the  .<<aine  time,  Profe.ssor  C.  V.  Riley 
made  in(iiiiries  of  le[)i(io[)terists  in  Washington,  and  all  agreed  that  the  species 
was  unknown  there.  A  siniihir  inquiry  made  the  present  seiison  received  a 
similar  re[)ly.  I  could  not  hear  that  it  was  found  in  middle  and  northern 
Georgia  or  in  north  Mississip|)i,  on  corresponding  with  collectors.  And  the  late 
Messrs.  ]5oll  and  Ik'lfrage,  lou--  resident  in  Texas,  ami  pioi'essional  collectors, 
could  give  me  no  information  about  P-jjdJa,  iiougli  Mr.  Relfragesnid  that  Alope 
was  conunon  where  he  lived,  in  Bo.sque  County.  Mr.  Heiligbrodt,  at  Bastrop, 
said  that,  at  times,  Alope  had  been  common,  but  he  did  not  know  Pegahi.  But, 
on  tlie  other  hand,  Mr.  Otto  Meske,  of  Albany,  N.  Y.,  wrote  that,  in  187G,  he 
received  a  single  Peijahi  from  Bastrop,  the  only  one  he  ever  saw  from  Texas. 
This  may  have  been  a  one-eyed  Alope,  for  occasionally  an  Alope  with  but  one 
ocellus  is  taken  in  the  Northern  States. 

But,  on  the  other  hand,  Mr.  William  II.  Ashmead  writes  me  that  he  saw  two 
examples  of  I'vcjala,  the  present  season,  at  Alum  Springs,  Rockl)ridge  County, 
Virginia,  "one  of  which  alighted  on  the  side  of  an  oak  tree  not  four  feet  from 
me,  and  I  had  a  most  excellent  opportunity  for  seeing  it.  It  astonished  mo  to 
see  this  species  so  far  north,  and  I  pointed  it  out  to  my  little  daugiiter,  who 
was  walking  with  me  at  the  time,  and  .said  :  'See,  there  is  a  beautiful  butterfly, 
like  what  we  have  iu  Florida.' "  The  locality  is  about  loO  miles  southwest  of 
Washington,  among  the  mountains.  It  is  almost  impossii)le  to  get  information 
about  butterllies,  at  the  present  day,  in  any  of  the  Southern  States,  except 
Florida  and  Texas.  Fifteen  and  even  ten  years  ago,  there  were  several  persons, 
in  dilTerent  Mates,  to  whom  I  could  apply  for  information.  Now  I  do  not  know 
of  one.  The  late  II.  K.  Morrison  lived  among  the  mountains  of  North  Carolina, 
and  year  after  year  nuvde  collections  of  butterflies  for  sale,  but  1  have  never 
heard  that  he  took  Pefjnhi  anywhere,  certainly,  in  his  own  State.  I  have  no 
idea  that  this  species  is  found  from  Alum  Springs  .southward,  or  that  its  presence 
in  the  locality  mentioned  is  other  than  accidental. 

What,  then,  is  the  form  which  lias  been  taken  somewhat  abundantly  in  certain 
parts  of  New  Jersey;  by  Mr.  E.  M.  Aaron,  at  Mt.  Holly,  in  1882,  by  Mr.  J.  B. 
Smith,  "  in  the  pine  barrens."  1883,  and  by  Or.  Henry  Skinner,  at  Cape  May, 
1889?  It  is  small  (Figs.  0,  7).  the  size  of  Alope-MarUlmn,  id  looks  like  that 
form.  But  many  exarui)les  have  but  one  ocellus;  others  have  one  and  a  point  in 
place  of  the  second.  Dr.  Skinner  writes  that  there  are  all  sorts  of  intergrades 
up  to  iirdoubfed  Alope,  and  they  fly  together.  He  has  sent  me  a  male,  on  which 
the  band  is  yellow,  not  ochraceous.    On  fore  wing  there  is  a  single  ocellus,  and  on 


SATYRUS   I. 


iiiider  side  of  hind  wing  *.hore  is  also  but  a  single  ocellus.  The  absence  of  more 
or  less  of  these  ocelli  on  hind  wing  is  a  peculiarity  of  Alope,  but  not  of  J'a/ahi. 
\n  tlie  former,  a  large  percentage  of  individuals  have  but  one,  two,  and  three 
I  ■(•('Hi.  and  many  indeed  none  at  all.  1  regard  these  New  Jersey  examples  as 
stviclly  variations  of  Alope.  If  the  whole  group,  in  North  America,  has  sprung 
from  J'fiijiila,  as  I  consider  probable,  these  cases  of  single  ocellus  appearing  at 
the  east,  in  the  territory  of  Alope,  or,  at  the  west,  in  that  of  Arinne,  are  owing 
to  reversion.  But  I  have  spoken  of  this  matter  at  length  in  Volume  II,  and  need 
sav  no  more  here. 


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EREBIA  III. 


EREBIA  EPIPSODEA,   1-7. 

EivUiii  Epipmdea,  Butler,  Cutalo;j;ue  of  Satyrida;  of  Biiliah  Museum,  p.  80,  pi.  2,  fig.  9.     1868  ;  Mead,  Ke- 

poi-t  WlieeliT  Expedition,  Vol.  V,  p.  776.      1871. 
IViMlm,  Kdwards,  Trans.  Am.  Knt.  Soc.,  Vol.  Ill,  p.  273.     1871. 
Viir.  Hkucki,  Elwea,  Trans.  Ent.  Soc.,  London,  ISS'J,  Part  II,  p.  326. 


Male.  —  Expamls  1.6  to  1.9  inch. 

Upper  side  dark  velvety-brown  ;  primaries  have  a  submarginal  patch  of  bright 
ri'il-fiilvoiis,  broad  on  the  lower  subcostal  and  discoidal,  narrow  on  the  median, 
iiitL'r.spaccs,  containing  from  two  to  four  black  ocelli,  one  being  in  each  of  the  dis- 
coidal interspaces,  one  in  the  second  median,  and  if  there  be  a  fourth,  it  is  in  the 
upper  median;  the  third  and  fourth,  one  or  both,  are  usually  mere  dots;  some- 
times the  larger  of  these  ocelli  are  pupilled  with  white,  but  often  all  are  blind. 

Secondaries  have  a  submarginal  row  of  fulvous  patches,  four  or  less,  some- 
times immaculate,  at  others  with  a  central  black  dot  in  one  or  more  of  them; 
but  sometimes  with  pupilled  ocelli  as  large  as  the  lower  one  on  primaries. 
Fringes  concolore<l. 

Under  side  of  primaries  dark  brown,  often  with  a  faint  tint  of  fulvous  over  the 
disk ;  the  patcli  repeated,  the  spots  also,  the  upper  pair,  one  or  both,  usually 
i-'iilarged. 

iSecondaries  brown,  with  broad  discal  band  of  darker  hue,  the  inner  edge 
(if  .same  irregularly  sinuous,  the  outer  sinuous,  partly  crenate ;  the  basal  and 
marginal  areas  paler,  with  a  sprinkling  of  gray-white  scales,  as  shown  in  the 
lluure  of  the  female,  4  ;  in  many  examples  the  entire  wing  is  nearly  of  one 
sliade,  and  the  markings  are  ob.-^olosoont  as  in  Fig.  2  ;  the  spots  of  upper  side 
io]K!ated,  each  within  a  slight  ring  of  fulvous. 

Body  brown-black  ;  palpi  same  ;  fore  legs  same,  the  others  gray-buff  ;  antennae 
Inown  aliovo,  gray-white  below;  club  brown  above  and  below,  the  sides  and  tip 
fulvous.     (Figs.  1,  2,  5.) 


EREBIA   III. 

Female.  —  Expands  1,8  to  2  inclica. 

Similar  to  the  male  in  color  and  marking.s,  except  that  the  ocelli  are  enlarged, 
and  are  often  very  conspicuous  (Fig.  5);  the  tint  of  fulvous  of  under  .side  i.-* 
often  a  decided  color ;  occasional  examples  show  five  ocelli  on  primaries,  the 
fifth  being  in  submedian  Interspace  ;  in  one  under  view,  the  upper  pair  and  the 
fourth  spot  are  large,  the  third  is  small,  and  the  fifth  is  of  half  the  diameter  of 
the  third,  and  all  five  have  white  pupils.     (Figs.  3,  4.) 

Var.  BuL'CEl.  This  dilTers  from  the  type  in  having  no  ocelli  on  either  wing  ; 
and  the  under  side  of  secondaries  of  nearly  uniform  shade,  with  little  or  no  trace 
of  a  band.  But  in  some  examples  which  show  no  ocelli  on  upper  side  of  pri- 
maries, there  are  black  points  on  one  or  both  surfaces,  in  the  discoidal  inter- 
spaces.    (Figs.  C,  7.) 

Egg.  —  Sub-ovoidal,  a  little  flattened  at  base,  the  top  depressed  and  a  little 
convex;  broadest  just  above  base,  narrowing  towards  sunnnit ;  about  one  fifth 
higher  than  broad  ;  marked  by  about  thirty-five  vertical,  .«omewhat  sinuous, 
ridges,  most  of  which  extend  from  base  to  the  rim  of  summit,  but  a  few  from 
base  one  third  to  one  half  up,  or  from  sunnnit  as  far  down,  and  join  the  main 
ridges ;  these  are  high,  narrow  at  top  and  flattened  or  rounded,  the  sides  sloping. 
a  little  incurved,  the  bottom  of  the  depression  rounded  ;  the  micropyle  is  in  tlie 
centre  of  a  rosette  of  several  concentric  rings  of  minute  cells  ;  color  chalk- 
white.  (Figs,  a,  fr.)  Duration  of  this  stage  about  twelve  day.s.  The  egg  resem- 
bles that  of  Mafjdakna  in  sculpture,  but  is  less  regularly  ovoidal,  and  the  base 
is  flattened. 


Young  Larva. — Length,  at  twenty-four  hours  from  the  egg,  .11  inch  ;  thick- 
est .interiorly,  tapering  very  gradually  on  back  and  sides  to  7  or  8,  then  more 
rapidly,  the  dorsum  arching  to   13,  whieii  ends  bluntly,  without  tails ;  furni.shed 

with  three  rows  of  blackish,  sul>conical 

te 
b- 


'r^T^Ttr'^''*y'7*^'iiv''7rT<^  tubercles,  each  of  which   gives   a  white 

'  X'l"l''i1)'''L{ ''' I  ?    V 1 '^  '      ^*^S1      P''ocess;    these    rows    are    dorsal,    sub- 
^'P-f 'jWrVV-^rxji^^A^^^)^     dorsal,  and  lateral  ;  on  2  there  is  an  atl- 


■tf  r  /- 


^^T^- 


:tmn':^ttx\m 


ditional  tubercle  back  of  and  between 
those  of  two  upper  rows,  and  another  a 
little  below  and  behind  the  lateral;  and 
there  are  two  in  front,  in  vertical  line. 
a  little  above  the  spiracle  ;  on  3  and  4 
the  three  tubercles  are  nearly  in  vertical  line,  but  from  5  to  12  they  are  in  tri- 
angle, the  dorsal  one  in  front,  the  sub-dorsal  at  rear,  the  lateral  a  little  before 


H    |v    \     \ 


ERERIA   in. 

tlio  middle  of  tlio  segment;  on  13  arc  two  rows  witli  six  tubercles,  niude  from 
tlic  (lorsiil  and  sub-dorsal,  which  here  come  nearly  into  line,  a  lateral  on  either 
side,  in  front,  and  six  around  tiie  end,  projecting  hoi'izoutally  (Kigs.  //',  b*); 
the  interior  four  small,  with  somewhat  shorter  processes ;  the  processes  on  2 
nre  thickly  clubbed  (Fig.  h''),  on  the  following  segments  to  lli  are  longer  and 
sciircely  clubbed  (Fig.//'),  on  13  cylindrical,  and  still  longer  (Fig.  b');  along 
liiisc  a  row  of  minute  tubercles  with  .short  hairs,  two  to  each  segment  on  2  and  5 
to  1'!.  one  on  each  of  the  rest;  color  greenish-white,  with  a  mid-dor.«al  brown 
lino.  .Tud  three  similar  equidistant  lateral  lines,  the  space  between  tlie  second 
Mini  tiiird  specked  with  black  or  dark  brown;  under  side,  feet  and  legs  paler; 
hcMil  a  little  broader  than  2,  suI)globular  ;  covered  with  shallow  pits,  marked  by 
a  few  low  subconical  tubercles,  blackish,  each  with  light  hair.  (Fig.  b;  cross 
section,  middle  segments,  //-.)     Duration  of  this  stage  six  to  .seven  days. 

After  first  moult:  length,  at  twelve  hours,  .2  inch  ;  nearly  same  shape,  thick- 
est at  2,  tapering  gradually  to  11,  thou  rapidly,  curving  roundly  to  extremity, 
1.3  ending  in  two  short  conical  tails  (Fig.  c") ;  the  tubercles  similar  to  those  at 
first  stage,  but  much  more  numerous,  bent,  arranged  irregularly  in  both  horizon- 
tal .ind  cross  lines,  those  on  2  decidedly,  on  segments  to  12  slightly,  club-shaped 
(Fig.  c'),  on  13  nearly  cylindrical,  gradually  thickening  towards  end  (c");  color 
greenish-yellow,  as  are  also  the  under  side,  feet  and  legs ;  a  mid-dorsal  blackish- 
brown  stripe,  on  the  side  three  narrow,  equidistant,  brown  stripes  ;  the  basal  ridge 
yellowish,  and  under  it  a  brown  line ;  head  as  before,  subglobular,  pitted,  with 
many  fine  tubercles,  and  short  processes  and  hairs;  color  green-yellow.  (Figs, 
c,  <:'-,  section  of  side  and  dorsum,  segment  7.)     To  next  moult  about  ten  days. 

After  second  moult :  length,  at  twenty-four  hours,  .28  inch  ;  sliape  as  before, 
tails  as  before  ;  the  tubercles  and  processes  much  more  numerous;  color  green- 
ish-yellow ;  a  mid-dorsal  heavy  brown  stripe,  three  light  ones  on  side,  equidis- 
tant; the  ba.sal  ridge  more  yellow,  and  beneath  it  another  brown  stripe;  under 
side,  feet  and  legs  pale  green;  head  as  before,  yellow-green.  (Fig.  d;  rf^,  cross 
section.) 


After  third  moult:  length,  at  twenty-four  hours,  .38  inch;  sen rccly  differs 
from  the  last  preceding  stage,  the  tubercles  still  more  numerous,  bent  close  to 
the  body.     (Fig.  e,  section  of  .side  of  .segment  7  ;  c^,  across  dorsum  of  .same.) 

Some  weeks  after  the  moult,  one  of  the  larvns  having  reached  the  length  of  .6 
and  two  of  about  .5  inch,  they  became  lethargic,  and  were  taken  to  Clifton 
Springs,  New  York,  and  placed  in  the  refrigerating  house  there,  the  temperature 


EUKIUA    III. 

of  which  is  supposed  to  ho  ahont  40°  Fur.,  i\w.  yoar  round.  T  rocoivod  them 
ajfiiiii  ')th  April  follow  in  jj;,  two  iilive  and  healthy.  During  the  night  of  14th- 
15th  April,  one  pas.sed  a  moult. 

At  fourth  moult:  length,  twelve  hours  after,  .OTj  inch  ;  color  over  dorsal  area 
hrownish-green,  the  sides  ])ale  hrown-yellow  ;  the  ini<l-dorsal  band  intense^  hhuik  ; 
a  pale  hlack,  almost  faded  out,  sub-dorsal  line,  a  stripe  of  pale  black  on  middle 
of  side;  the  basal  ridge  more  yellow,  and  under  it  a  macular  black  line  ;  gradu- 
ally, as  the  stage  progressed,  the  brown  passi-d  away,  and  by  the  sixth  ^\l\y  from 
the  moult,  the  l)ody  was  decidedly  green,  as  shown  in  Fig./''.  At  about  twelve 
days  from  fourth  moult,  the  larva  was  fulh  grown. 

M.\Tt'i!K  Lauva.  —  Length  one  inch;  body  stout,  thickest  in  middle,  arched 
dorsally,  the  last  segments  curving  rapidly ;  1.']  ends  in  two  short  bUmtly 
rounded  sub-conical  tails  (Fig./*),  the  space  between  nearly  i  right  angle; 
whole  surface  densely  covered  with  line,  sharp,  conical  tui)ercl«  .  each  giving  a 
short  tapering  process  (Fig./")  or  hair;  color  a  delicate  yellow-green,  the  under 
side  more  green,  as  are  also  the  pro-U'gs;  llu-  legs  brown-yellow  ;  the  mid-dorsnl 
band  narrow,  widest  on  middle  .segments;  higli  on  the  side,  a  rather  indistinct 
yellowish  stripe  ;  the  basal  ridge  greenish  ;  head  snb-globo.sc,  covered  with  shal- 
low brown  pits  ( the  lithographic  artist  has  represented  the  face  in/"  as  if  cov- 
ered with  raised  tui)ercles,  and  the  mistake  was  not  noticed  in  time  to  correct  it); 
color  pale  yellow-brown,  the  ocelli  black.  (Fig./,  side  view  oa  in/").  From 
fourth  moult  to  pupation  about  seventeen  days. 

CiiUY.sAus.  —  Length  .48  inch;  breadth  across  mcsonotiun  .IC,  acro,ss  abdo- 
men, .18  inch;  cylindrical,  abdomen  stout,  conical,  the  ventral  outline  nearly  as 
much  curved  as  the  do'sal,  eniliug  in  a  short  spur,  which  is  furnishcfl  it  anil 
near  the  bluntly  rounded  tip  with  a  few  very  short,  straight  bristles  (Figs,  rf, 
</,(/);  head  case  short,  projecting  little  beyond  base  of  mcsonotum,  but  pro- 
duced on  ventral  side  considerably,  so  that  the  ventral  outline  from  sununit  to 
middle  of  wing  cases  is  nuieh  excavated  (the  entire  ventral  outline,  from  sum- 
mit to  eremaster  forms  a  double  curve);  the  top  narrow,  a  little  convex,  the  sides 
notched  ;  mesonotum  low,  scarcely  at  all  carinated,  rounded  both  ways,  followed 
by  a  shallow  excavation  ;  color  whitey-brown,  nuich  specked  with  brown-yellow, 
especially  on  dorsal  side  ;  the  head  case  and  juesonotum  marked  by  abbreviated 
brown  streak.s,  the  most  conspicuous  of  which  are  three  converging  on  the 
carina  and  sides  of  mesonotum;  the  antennae  and  tongue  cases  also  indicated  by 
black  lines;  the  wing  ca.ses  have  eleven  or  twelve  black  longitudinal  streaks. 


KUKIU A    III. 

roacliiiig  tlio  hind  margin-*;  tlio  altilonion  crossed  hy  brown  linos  at  tin'  jimrtiona 
of  the  scjfiiuMits,  ;nid  dotti'd  loii^itiid  naliv  wilii  l)lacl\  in  ddisal  iinil  laicral  lines, 
two  dois  to  tlio  ,si-gnu:nt.  (Figs,  y,  y-,  ij\  enlarged.)  Duration  of  this  stage  ten 
davs. 


Ki'ii'soDKA  was  first  known  to  inc  in-  examples  taken  hy  Mr.  T.  L.  Mead,  in 
(.'oloiado.  JiSTl.  lie  says,  in  Keport  of  the  Wheeler  Expedition: '' This  sjjeoies 
iniial)its  the  mountains  of  Colorado  helow  tiinher  line,  specimens  were  hroiight 
from  Fairplay  hy  the  l'].\j)e(lition.  it  begins  to  appear  aliout  the  fiist  week  in 
.luiie.  is  common  by  the  nuddle  of  that  month,  and  remains  imtil  the  last  of 
July." 

Si'viual  examples  were  received  in  1SS.T,  liy  ]\Ir.  William  M.  Courtis,  from 
Juilith  Mountains,  Montana,  at  about  4,001)  feet  elevation,  in  July.  From  Mr. 
Kiiiest  Stevenson,  at  Walla-Walla,  .southeast  Washington,  came  some  unusually 
large  specimens,  late  in  June,  1885 ;  others  from  Spokane  Falls,  in  east  Wasli- 
ini,'tou.  l)y  Dr.  W.  J.  Holland.  I  have  al.  o  received  litis  species  from  St.  Michaels 
and  Nushagak,  .MasUa;  and  have  received  eggs  from  Mr.  Thomas  K.  He,ni.  at 
fji^Lxan,  Alijcrta.  On  tin;  other  han<l,  I  have  not  seen  Eplpnoihn  from  south 
Colorailo,  or  New  Mexico,  or  Arizona,  or  Utah,  nor  from  the  Sierra  Xevaila  range 
anywhere.  So  far  as  appears,  it  is  confined  to  the  Rocky  .Moimtains  frof  middle 
Colorado  northward  to  the  Arctic  sea,  but  Hies  over  the  lowlamls  in  its  northern- 
ni()>;t  range,  ami  may  there  have  a  wide  di>iribntion.  Many  examples  from 
(Jolorado  are  sniidl,  the  wings  expanding  less  than  any  seen  from  Alaska  ;  an<l 
llie  largest  have  come  from  Washington.  Throughout  its  territory  the  two 
principal  varieties  .seem  to  bo  foimd,  the  l)ande<l  and  not  banded. 

.Mr.  Butler  described  the  species  from  two  individuals  ••  from  Uocky  Moun- 
tains," but  the  locality  was  not  stated. 

Mr.  Hruce  writes  :  "  I  first  met  with  Ej)i/jso(len  in  I'latte  Canon,  Colorado,  at 
about  9,000  feet  elevation.  It  frequents  damp  and  boggy  places  where  the  grass 
grows  rank  and  coar.se.  In  such  situations,  up  to  nearly  12.")00  feet,  I  found  it 
ratlier  common.  In  one  place,  at  the  highest  altitude  iiiuned,  a  small  sfream  of 
iiuiddy  water  from  a  mine  had  been  conveyed  in  wooden  troughs  which  emptied 
into  a  basin-like  depression;  in  this  place,  being  always  moist,  the  gra.ss  and 
llou'ers  grew  luxuriantly,  and  many  species  of  bntterllies  were  in  profusion. 
h)i'/i'<(>(l((i  was  plenty,  and  in  almost  all  the  examples  I  cai)tured  here,  the  ociili 
on  upper  wings  were  absent.  Many  had  none  on  lower  wings,  others  showed 
1)1  lok  points  more  or  less  minute. 

"This  variety,  which  Mr.  Elwes  has  called  E.  BiuiCEi,  I  see,  is  probably  pecul- 
iar to  these  high  stations,  where  I  have  found  it  during  three  seasons,  for,  in  the 


ERKUIA   III. 


vallov  lu'low,  tluTC  was  ii  imrrow,  lio^'iiy  tract,  more  than  n  iiiilo  loiij:;.  wIrtc 
J'Jjiijixodtd  was  pli-ntiliil ;  l)iit  1  loiiiiil  iioiio  of  tlie  viiricty  .spok'Mi  of.  'I'lio  only 
variation  lliuru  was  niarked  Ity  tlic  altscMicu  of  llio  band  on  umlui'Midu  hind  wingx, 
and  tliia  was  oonlincd  to  fmv  imlividiials. 

"  J<J/i!/tsiiif< n  has  a  rather  ((iiick,  joiky  Ihnht.  It  i.s  not  very  roadlly  capturod, 
lor,  although  it  never  ap[)L'ar.s  to  he  in  a  j^ieal  hurry,  it  (lies  close  to  tiie  ground, 
and  i.s  always  just  ahead,  dodging  under  every  bush,  and  around  every  grassy 
luunuiock,  as  if  in  earnest  search  <if  .sonielhing.  It  takes  long  flights  without 
going  far  away,  and  seldom  alights  on  (lowers.  Directly  the  sim  is  obscured,  it 
dives  in  the  grass,  like  almost  all  tlie  mountain  diurnals.  All  the  Erebias,  as 
well  as  the  alpine  species  of  Chionobas,  '  play  possum,'  and  pretend  to  be  lifele.'fis 
when  ca])tureil,  and  will  lie  in  or  under  the  net,  or  on  one's  haml,  some  moments 
in  that  condition.  I  have  foimd  J'J/iIj)si)il(ti  from  June  'Jth  to  the  end  of  August, 
in  the  front  IJange,  in  Colorado;  at  the  latter  date  it  was  badly  worn." 

Mr.  Elwes  say.s,  Tr.  Ent.  Soc,  Lond.,  1881),  I'art  II,  p.  334:  "I  Imveasin- 
gle  specimen,  ami  Mr.  (lodman  has  a  similar  one,  collected  by  Bruce  in  Cashier 
Valley,  Sunnnit  County,  Colorado,  at  lli.dOd  feet,  which  are  considered  by  JJrucc 
and  \V.  II.  Edwards  to  bo  a  variety  of  J'J/)lj>s(tilci(,  thougii  it  is  so  dilTercnt  from 
it  that,  had  I  more  specimens,  I  shouhl  be  inclined  to  consider  it  a  dilllient 
species,  more  especitUly  as  J'Jj)!pstnli<t  does  not  appear  to  extend  to  such  ;irent 
elevations,  or  to  vary  much  ;  though  its  range  of  allituiie  is  very  great.  I  have 
taken  it  in  Maho  at  about  U.OOO  feet  elevation,  and  in  the  Yellowstone  Park  at 
5,000  to  0,000  feet,  and  have  it  from  Colorado,  taken  by  Bruce,  as  high  as  {\'M) 
feet.  The  specimens  above  mentioned  are  somewhat  smaller,  and  with  rounder 
wings,  than  the  average  of  J'Jjiij)sa(l((i,  but  are  best  nuirked  by  the  entire  ab- 
sence of  ocelli  on  either  wing  or  on  either  surface,  and  the  partial  disappearance 
of  the  red  band."  In  the  Synopsis  of  same  paper,  page  32G,  Mr.  Elwes  puts  this 
under  the  species  name  as  "  ?  Var.  BurcEi." 

Mr.  Bean  writes  :  ■•  At  Laggan,  L'jiijtxoclen  is  moderately  conunon  in  .June  and 
early  July.  fre(iuenting  open,  grassy  Ihits  of  the  Bow  Biver  valley,  at  an  altitude 
of  about  0,000  feet.  It  is,  in  my  experience,  rarely  found  on  the  mountains,  but 
I  took  a  single  male,  the  past  .season,  on  a  mountain  ridg<',  at  7.800  feet,  or  about 
oOO  feet  above  the  tree  line.  This  specimen  does  not  dill'er  from  tho.se  of  the 
valley,  ;5,000  feet  below.  The  form  you  mention  (lintcet),  which  partly  lack.s 
the  eye  spots.  I  do  not  find. 

"  Kj)ij)S()(lea  occurred  at  McLean.  altitu<le  1,'JOO  feet,  in  18S4,  though  not  so 
common  as  it  is  at  Laggan.  and  the  localities  were  open  grassy  Hats." 

The  eggs  sent  me  by  Mr.  Bruce,  in  1888,  were  laid  by  a  female  of  this  var. 
Brucei,  not  wholly  destitute  of  spots,  there  being  two  or  three  black  points  on 


KUKiilA   III. 


lore  wingH,  as  in  V\g.  G.  TIjc  oiitconic  wuh  a  .'^iiiglo  male,  truo  ty|Ht  K/ilpsoilai, 
siiiii'fly  biintled  IjfiiL'ath,  out  ul  oliryHiili.-i  llilli  Muy,  188S.  TIiIm  in  liown  on 
till!  Plate,  Fig.  1.  Tlio  eggn  wore  laid  81I1  July  and  liatclii'd  liOtli.  On  'Jijlli, 
tlit'ie  wore  seven  young  larvie.  The  lirst  one  |)ii.s.sed  first  moult  '27tli  Jidy.  the 
■<ecoiid  moult  4tli  August,  the  third  moult  liStli  August.  The  others  lingered 
in  their  stages,  but  l>y  loth  Septeud)er,  live  hud  passed  third  moult.  They  were 
at  nil  times  kept  out  of  doors,  and  cool  weather  now  coming  on  they  ceased 
feeding  gradually.  On  2'.)th  October.  1  i'otmd  liut  thri-o  larvie.  all  in  lethargy, 
two  of  the  (ive  having  disappeared,  in  Noviniber,  1  took  them  to  (Jlifton 
Springs,  aH  before  stated.  (Jn  Dth  April,  liSSS,  I  received  them  again,  two  alive 
and  wide  awake  as  I  opened  the  box.  These  were  at  onee  placed  on  grass,  and 
in  five  minutes  thereafter  were  feeding.  On  1-'th  April,  one  jjas.M'd  its  fourth 
moult,  the  other  on  17th.  On  .']()th  April,  1  noticed  that  one  was  bringing 
together  leaves  of  the  grass  and  forming  a  sort  of  loose  cylinder.  It  was  in  the 
middle  of  a  pretty  dense  tuft,  the  leaves  of  which  were  three  to  lour  inches  long. 
On  one  of  these  the  larva  rested,  holding  i)y  its  prologs,  and  was  spinning  a  few 
threads  and  drawing  the  leaves  down  and  about  it.  Before  night  the  inclosure 
was  complete.  Nearly  a  score  of  leaves  were  held,  mainly  by  threads  at  top 
and  boltoni,  that  is,  above  anil  below  the  larva,  imiking  a  pretty  clo.se  covering, 
but  open  by  spaces  so  that  most  of  the  side,  and  the  head,  were  exposed  to  view. 
The  larva  rested  head  up,  back  arched.  Mr.  Scudder.  in  Hut,  N.  E.,  has  well 
characterized  this  structure  as '•  an  imperfect  cocoon."  I'lipatiou  took  place  on 
the  night  of  lst-2d  May.  Some  hours  after,  when  the  eliiysidis  had  hardened, 
I  cut  away  the  leaves  one  by  one.  There  were  lifteen  of  them,  and  the  jjupa 
rested  upright,  its  lower  end  one  and  a  half  inch  above  ground,  in  an  angle 
iormed  by  three  leaves.  As  I  cut  one  of  these,  it  turned  over  and  fell,  showing 
itself  to  be  unattached.  In  fact,  the  cremaster  was  found  to  be  furnished  with 
but  straight  bri.stles,  very  short  (Kig.  f/'),  and  there  were  no  hooks  by  which 
attachment  coulil  be  had.  As  before  stated,  a  male  of  the  typical  form  came 
from  this  chry.salis  on  12th  May. 

I  had  received  young  larviu  of  this  species  from  Mr.  Bean,  at  Laggan.  2r)th 
July,  ISSCi,  they  having  hatched  en  mute.  1  lost  all  but  one  of  these.  It  ]>assed 
first  moult  2d  August,  the  second  moult  lOih  August,  and  soon  after  became 
lethargic.  1  kept  it  at  Coalburgh,  and  brought  it  into  the  hou.se  middle  of  Janu- 
ary, ISST,  apparently  healthy.     But  a  month  later  it  unaccountal)ly  disap]ieared. 

.Mr.  Bruce  had  also  sent  eggs  from  Colorado  which  reiu'hed  me  2Hth  July, 
188G.  From  these,  five  larvic  reached  second  moidt.  and  went  into  hil)ernation, 
and  (lii'd  during  the  winter.  From  the  behavior  of  the  difl'erent  lots  of  hirvno,  it 
appears  that  hibernation  may  take  place  at  either  second  or  third  moult. 


EIIEBIA    III. 


Tills,  therefore,  is  the  complote  history  of  an  Erehia  from  o<r<^  to  imago,  and. 
so  fur  as  I  know,  tiie  (ir.st  such  that  Ins  over  heen  |iulilisiu'il  of  one  of  the  genus. 
To  get  (h'uwiujis  of  the  several  stages,  it  wiis  necessary  lo  send  iheui  to  Mrs. 
Peart,  at  I'hihidelphia,  through  tlie  mail.M,  .some  five  liuiulrud  niik-s,  with  risk  of 
loss  or  <hiniagir.  Imleetl,  the  second  larva  was  in  Philadelphia  in  its  last  stage, 
ami  heing  returned  to  me,  imperfectly  pupati-d  on  the  way,  and  died. 

Till!  genus  Krehia  comprises  many  cpecics.  nearly  all  of  which  are  Enropenn 
anil  Asiatic.  Dr.  StaiKiii;  ,er.  in  ]S7I,  ennmerateil  forty-eight,  many  of  them 
horeal.  others  alpine,  the  latter  found  as  far  to  th>'  south  as  the  Pyrenees.  Alps. 
Caucasus,  and  Himalayas,  (ireat  Britain  is  credited  with  three  species,  and.  in 
Hnckler's  Larviu  of  Ilritish  Butterllies,  Vol.I,<m  Plate  VI.  are  figured  the  matm-e 
larva  and  pupa  of  one  of  these,  E.  lilnndiuK.  and  the  young  larva  of  another,  K. 
(^t.<tsii)j}c.  In  the  text,  Mr.  Pmckler  relates  tiiat  he  raised  the  larva  of  JJhtiuliiiii 
from  the  <'gg,  ohtaining  pupa  nid  imag.) ;  and  a  hrief  description  of  the  scvend 
Htagcs  M  given,  that  of  the  Lirval  heing  imperfect,  as  nothing  is  caifl  of  the  sev- 
eral moidts.  Nor  is  it  told  liow  the  larvu  pupated.  Nevertheless,  the  plate  rep- 
resents the  ])upa  resting  nearly  upright  on  a  tuft  of  grass,  hut  not  at  all  inclosed. 
It  looks  very  much  like  the  pupa  of  h'/ii/isotJid.  So  an  incomplete  <h:-.-criptiiin  is 
given  of  the  stages  of  Citxniojx ,  l)Ut  how  pupation  took  place  is  not  told,  nor  is 
there  a  ligure  to  show.  The  young  larva  as  ligureil  has  foikeil  tails,  and  there- 
fore, I  apprehend,  it  must  have  heen  drawn  after  the  (irst  moidt. 

In  North  America  are  eight  or  nine  species,  three  at  least  of  which  are  saiti  to 
he  old  world,  namely,  7)/iiiliiriiK.  Dis  •olthdln,  and  JJixrt.  One  species  heretofore 
erroneously  credited  to  North  .Vmerica,  on  the  authority  of  Doiihleday,  E. 
Vi'Sfti/Hs,  helongs  to  the  Andes,    u  Soulh  America. 

The  group  is  a  very  interesting  one.  and  together  with  Chionohas.  and  .some 
others,  emhraces  those  monihors  of  the  Hhopalocera,  or  Diurnals,  which  are  near- 
est the  Ileterocera,  or  Moths,  alliod  to  thi'in  in  important  characters  in  each  of 
the  four  stages.  The  resend)lance.'i  of  the  larvie  and  p»,p:i'  are  particularly  strik- 
ing. The  latter  are  desiitnto  of  cremastril  hooks  in  Ereliia,  in  ("hionohas,  even 
of  i)ristle.s,  and  pup-.iion  takes  |)laci!,  sometimes  on  the  hare  ground,  sometimes  in 
or  on  the  ,sod,  in  one  case,  as  we  have  seen,  in  an  imperfect  cocoon  ;  sometimes  in 
a  real  cocoon  heneafh  the  surface  of  the  ground  ;  or  the  larva  goi'S  into  the 
ground  and  pupates  naked,  in  a  cavity  made  l)y  the  movements  of  its  hody.  after 
the  manner  of  nearly  all  tlie  Sphingidie.  Before  this  Volume  closes,  I  propose 
to  illustrate  these  phases,  in  several  species,  and  to  make  it  plain  that  in  the  ar- 
rangement of  the  Diurnals  iIk-  Satyrin;e  are  naturally  at  the  hottom  of  the  series, 
instead  of  at  the  'op,  where  .some  recent  systeMuilists  have,  without  sullicient 
gronnd,  placed  them. 


EXPLANATION   OF  THE  PLATE. 

Ki'irsoDKA,  1.  2  <?,  n,  I  9,  ,1  ^  ;  vnr.  IJudcei,  G,  7  i. 

(I   Ivid  ;   It'  iiiicro|)j  lo,  inuijiiilicd. 

/<  Yoi;N(i  Lauva  ;  b'  doisuin  of  two  segineiiU,  roagiiiliai. 

//  I2tli  niitl  KUh  JK^gmoiit,  niclu  view  ;  b*  tlorHiim  uf  I.'). 

//  proncitit  of  2(1  Hegmuiit,  b'  sumo  uf  midillu  sigiiieiit, 

A'  saint)  of  13. 

f    siiclioii  of  sf^imciit  7.  after  litt  moult,  HJilo ;  r'  (li)rsura. 

(•'  ilorial  viiw  of  l.'J ;  c'  prorpss  of  ilnrAUin,  niiiWIe  m'jjidi'iiI  ;  r*  of  13. 

li  Larva  itt  2il  inuiilt,  ina^iiitiud  ;  (t'  acctiou  of  middlt*  scginiMit  acroos  dorsum  ;  (/*  hidu  view  of 
l."<  ;  (/*  proeesH  on  dorsum,  middle  segment. 

f    «"'ctio:;  t..i  seguieiii  7  alter  .'Id  iiioull,  Mde ;  <•'  dorsum  ;  i'  process  on  dorsum,  middle  segment. 

7''  Larva  at  six  il.iys  after  4tli  muuli.  luagiiifiod. 

/'  Mat  1  UK  Lapva,  natural  sij>.e  ;  /'  lieail  t  ./"*  dorsal  view  of  111  ;  /'  side  view  same;  /"  tuber- 
cle und  proeuss  of  doraiim. 

ff  (.^MavsAi.is,  as  fortned  in  lutt  of  ({rass.  a  little  cidarged  ;  y*.  y' same,  eonsiderably  eniurged ; 
g*  cruuiikfter,  side  view  ;  g''  same,  under  side  ;  jf"  procossua  on  cremailer. 

NoTi:.  —  Since  the  foregoing  pa|M'r  was  printed,  I  have  jeen  tlie  Cneadian  Kntoraologist  for 
DiTiuiber,  IH.-*;),  and  lourii  tlieiefrom  (Vol.  XXI,  p.  2;lH)  that  Dr.  Henry  Skinner  has  received 
e\urii|)les  of  Ki'ii'HUDRA  I'Aught  in  Assiniboa,  HlN)nt  iWt  nilcs  west  of  Wiuni|M'g  ;  and  with  them 
one  of  the  var.  linucKi,  mentioned  as  var.  bikk-ocellata. 


I 


r-i 


^^^^^^^ 


*^ 


ai_,(:e;stil.-      :  2   r^  -^  4  9, 

••i.l'lnihr-,/  .        /ft.,       /"'n,/r,,,i/     w  •. 


///  ^// 


',!„  I    !"',:,.,„//•. 


.,      ■/,,,/.;/.. 


Ht 


0 


:W^: 


^  'Mrk 


TtO). 


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•  'y'-'^- 


ARGYNNIS  VI. 


ARGYNNIS  ALCESTIS,   1-4. 

,\r.ii)nni»  Alceilu,  Eilw.,  Tr.  Am.  Kill.  Soc,  V.,  p.  28i).  I87«.  M.,  ("on.  Ent.,  Vol.  XII.,  p.  69.  18;!>. 
Wurthinaton,  Can.  Ent.,  Vol.  X.,  p.  37.  1878.  Fri'iiili,  Hull.  East.  U.  S.,  p.  IS8.  1886.  SiuildiT, 
limt.  N.  E.,  Vol.  III.,  p.  1802.     188'J. 

M.vLE.  —  Expands  about  2.8  inches. 

Upper  side  bright  fulvoiis,  but  .slightly  ob.scured  at  base ;  hind  margins  bor- 
(Icicd  by  two  piindlt'l  linos,  tiie  spots  on  inner  side  of  which,  on  priinnries,  are 
liiiiate  next  apex,  el.sowhere  serrate,  on  secondaries  lunate,  small ;  other  inark- 
iiiifs  as  in  Aphrodite ;  the  mesial  band,  on  both  wings,  broken  into  separated 
spots,  which  on  secondaries  are  very  small ;  fringes  of  primaries  alternately  fus- 
cous and  yellowish,  in  equal  parts,  of  secondaries  yellowish,  with  fuscous  at  the 
tips  of  the  nervules. 

Under  side  of  primaries  bright  cinnamon-red  from  base  to  margin,  the  apical 
area  of  same  hue  as  the  hind  wing,  varying  as  that  varies;  the  black  markings 
repeated  ;  the  upper  five,  and  often  the  sixth,  submarginal  spots  silvered,  and 
two  or  three  silver  spots  subapical. 

Secondaries  of  one  color  from  ba.se  to  margin,  either  dark  chocolate-brown,  as 
in  hkilla,  or  deep  ferruginous-brown,  with  no  mottling  on  the  disk,  and  therefore 
in  contrast  with  the  allied  species  Apliroilite  and  ('IjiriH;  ocrnsionally,  in  the 
middle  of  the  space  between  the  two  outer  rows  of  silver  spots  is  a  narrow  strip 
or  a  streak  whi^h  shows  a  pale  subcolor,  but  washed  by  the  prevailing  color  of 
tiie  wing  ;  the  spots  well  silvered ;  the  seven  of  the  outer  row  sub-triangular, 
edged  on  basal  side  with  darker  ferruginous  ;  the  setond  row  has  the  lirst  three 
and  fifth  and  si-xth  nearly  equal,  sub-ovate,  the  fourth  small,  sub-triangular,  the 
seventh  and  eighth  sub-lunate,  the  eighth  sometimes  wanting,  or  obsolescent ;  in 
the  third  row  are  five  spots,  the  first  sub-rotund,  the  .second  and  fifth  small,  long 
oval,  the  third  sub-pyriform,  large,  divided,  with  a  black  edging  on  the  ba.sal 
side  of  the  outer  segment,  the  fourth  rather  small,  lunate  :  all  these,  as  well  as 
ilie  .spots  of  the  second  row,  heavily  edged  with  black  on  basal  side;  in  the  cell 
Mie  either  one  or  two  round  spots,  and  below  cell  an  oval,  all  ringed  black  ;  a 
spot  without  black  at  base  of  cell,  and  another  at  base  of  subcostal  interspace  ; 
also  at  the  origin  of  costal  interspace  is  an  elongated  silver  spot  edged  with 
lilack,  and  frequently  the  costal  margin  next  base  has  very  little  or  no  silver; 
inner  margin  lightly  silvered. 

liody  above  red-fulvous,  brown  tinted  ;  beneath,  the  thorax  but!  with  fulvous 


ARGYNNIS   VI. 

liaiiH ;  loj^H  reddish  buff;  palpi  buff,  fulvoiis  in  front  nnd  at  tip;  antenmu  black, 
fulvous  beneath  ;  club  black  tipped  with  ferruginous.     (Figs.  1,  2.) 

Femat-e.  —  E.Kpands  about  3  inches. 

Upper  side  darker,  more  red,  much  more  obscured  at  base  ;  the  marginal  lines 
heavy  and  on  primaries  more  or  less  confluent ;  on  same  wings  the  submarginal 
spots  are  heavy  and  rest  on  the  lines  ;  all  the  markings  and  inscriptions  heavy, 
the  mesial  band  connected  ;  on  secondaries  this  band  is  cither  made  of  separated 
spots,  or  the  posterior  half  is  connected,  the  rest  separated. 

Undor  side  of  primaries  liery  red,  the  apical  area  as  on  the  hind  wing,  the 
silver  spots  large ;  the  sixth  spot  more  or  less  silvered,  and  .sometimes  the  sev- 
enth partly;  often  there  is  a  dash  of  silver  on  the  ba.sal  .side  of  the  rounded 
spots  in  the  lower  three  interspaces,  and  narrow,  lanceolate  spots  of  silver  are  in 
the  lower  s>ibcostal  and  both  discoidal  interspaces  between  the  marginal  and 
discal  rows  (this  excess  of  silver  is  very  unusual  in  the  genus) ;  secondaries,  as 
described  for  the  male,  of  either  olive  or  dark  red-brown,  solid  color  ;  the  silver 
spots  as  in  male  in  nunil)er  and  shape,  enlarged  ;  the  costal  and  inner  margin,- 
more  extensively  silvered.     (Figs.  ,*},  4.) 

Ego.  —  Conoidal,  truncated,  and  depre.ssed  at  top  ;  in  general  like  Aphrodite. 
but  taller  than  l)road,  and  taller  in  proportion  to  the  width  at  ba.se,  the  sides  less 
convex  (comparing  some  of  the  allied  species,  in  Alcestis  the  breadth  is  to  the 
iieight  as  80  to  ',)('),  in  Aphrodite  as  80  to  1)0,  in  ffihde  as  80  to  80)  ;  marked  by 
eighteen  prominent,  vertical,  slightly  wavy  ribs,  about  half  of  which  extend  from 
base  to  summit,  and  form  around  the  latter  a  serrated  rim  ;  the  remainder  end 
irregularly  at  three  fourths  nnd  upwards  distance  from  base  to  summit,  some- 
times squarely  at  one  of  the  crosM  ridges,  but  usually  curve  towards  and  unite 
with  the  long  ribs;  the  rounded  interspaces  separated  by  nearly  ecjuidistant 
line  cross  ridges;  color  when  first  laid  greenish  yellow  (Fig.  «).  Duration  of 
this  stage  twenty-five  to  thirty  days. 


YouN<}  Larva.  —  licngfli  at  twelve  hours  from  the  egg  .08  inch  ;  cylindrical, 
stoutest  anteriorly,  tapering  backward,  the  dorsum  sloping  considerably  ;  color 
brownish  green,  semitransluceni ;  marked  by  eight  longitudinal  rows  of  dark, 
sub-triangular,  llat.  tuliercidous  spots,  three  of  which  are  above  the  spiracles  on 
either  side,  and  one  below  ;  the.se  bear  small  tubercles  ;  in  tlie  iipper,  or  dorsal, 
row  two,  in  the  next  two  rows  one.  in  the  lowest  row  four,  each  giving  out  a 
long,  tapering,  clubbed  hair  ;  on  front  of  2  is  a  large  blackish  dorsal  .spot  bearing 
three  tubercles  on  either  side  of  the  mid-dorsal  line,  and  below  it,  in  line  witii 
the  third  row,  is  a  small  spot  with  two  short  hairs  ;  and  near  the  front,  against 
the  spirncle  are  two  points,  each  with  very  .short  hair ;  on  3  luid  4  the  spots  of 


ARGYNNIS   VI. 

the  three  upper  rows  arc  in  vertical  line,  but  from  />  to  1;^  they  are  in  triangle, 
those  of  the  dorsal  row  near  the  fronts  of  the  sej^inents,  the  next  row  to  the 
rear,  the  third  u  little  in  front  of  the  middle  ;  at  the  end  of  13  is  a  large  spot,  or 
doul)le  spot,  with  several  hairs;  the  spots  of  the  infra-stigmatal  row  arc  phuM'd 
on  tlie  middle  of  the  segments,  and  still  lower,  in  a  line  along  the  hase  of  the 
legs,  are  single  points,  with  a  line  hair  each,  hut  two  on  2  ;  under  side,  feet  iind 
legs  less  brown,  more  green  ;  head  a  little  broader  than  2,  rounded,  slightly  bi- 
lol)cd,  with  many  hiiirs ;  color  dark  brown  (Fig.  b).  Most  of  tlie  larva-  became 
lethargic  direct  from  the  egg,  but  about  ten  per  cent  proceeded  to  lirst  moult 
untl  farther.     The  first  moult  was  reached  at  eighteen  days  from  hatching. 

After  first  moult:  length  .15  inch;  shape  of  Aji/innl'itt' ;  color  yellow-greon, 
tli(-  dorsum  mottled  with  brown,  especially  about  the  bases  of  the  spines;  spines 
its  in  the  genus,  long,  tapering,  black,  beset  with  short  and  fine  black  bristles, 
those  of  the  second  row  rise  from  either  pale  yellow  or  greenish  tubercles,  all 
others  from  black  ones;  head  sub-cordate,  the  vertices  rounded  ;  at  top  of  each, 
to  the  front,  a  little  conical  process;  color  black,  the  hairs  black.  To  next 
moult,  in  the  Fall,  five  to  seven  days,  in  the  Spring,  fourteen  to  twenty-three. 

After  second  moult :  length  .22  inch  ;  shape  as  before,  color  black-brown,  the 
sides  paler  than  dorsum  ;  the  spines  black  ;  the  buses  of  the  dorsal  row,-,  pale  bulf 
on  outer  side,  but  black  on  the  dorsal  side,  those  of  second  row  black,  of  third 
l)ulf ;  the  intermediate  ones  on  3  and  4  yellow  ;  head  shaped  Oii  before,  black 
(Fig.  c).     To  next  moult,  in  the  Fall,  six  days,  in  the  Spring,  seven  to  twelve. 

After  third  moult ;  length  .3  inch  ;  color  velvety  black,  with  a  tint  of  brown ; 
tlie  outer  side  of  bases  of  dorsal  spines  now  dull  yellow ;  those  of  second  row 
have  very  little  yellow,  and  of  third  have  yellow  at  base  and  a  little  way  up  the 
stem  ;  color  of  front  head  shining  black,  but  the  buck  is  yellow  (Fig.  d).  To 
next  moult,  in  the  Spring,  eleven  to  fourteen  days. 


After  fourth  moult :  length  X)  inch  ;  color  as  at  last  previous  stage  ;  spines 
liliick,  both  dorsals  and  those  of  the  second  row  very  slightly  reddish  yellow  at 
lm.se  ;  those  of  the  third  row  and  the  intermediate  spines  of  3  and  4  are  all 
orange  at  base  and  nearly  halfway  un;  head  as  before,  black  in  front,  orange  at 
back.  At  ten  days  after  the  moult:  length  .0  inch;  not  changed  in  color,  the 
spines  now  deep  red  (Fig.  e).  (The  length  nuirk  on  the  plate  represents  the 
length  at  the  moidt,  not  at  ten  days  after,  when  the  drawing  was  made,  and  should 
not  have  been  present).     To  next  and  the  last  moult  fourteen  and  fifteen  days. 


AUOYNNIS   VI. 

After  fifth  moult:  length  1  inch;  at  from  fourteen  to  twenty  dayn  from  the 
moult  was  fully  grown. 

jMati'UE  L.vuva. —  Length  l.t  inch  ut  rest;  greatest  breadth  acrotw  middle 
Hogincnt,  .3  inch;  cylindrical,  of  even  thickness  from  5  to  II,  eadi  wgmcnt 
rounded  ;  color  velvety  hhick  ;  the  HjjincH  disposed  us  in  the  genus,  long,  slender, 
tnporing;  the  dor,><als  on  'J  direott'd  forward,  but  are  not  longer  than  the  others ; 
nil  are  bowit  M'ith  many  short  l)lack  bristles  ;  those  of  dorsal  rows  are  greenisii 
brown  at  base,  except  on  .3  and  4,  where  they  are  didl  yellow  ;  those  of  second 
and  third,  as  well  as  the  intermediate  row,  .ire  dull  yellow  at  base  and  halfwav 
up,  the  tops  l)lack  ;  under  side  i  ml  prolegs  brown,  the  feet  black  ;  head  sub-cor- 
date, llattencd  frontally,  the  Imck  rounded,  the  vertices  conical,  each  at  top  bear- 
ing a  little  process  or  siiarp  tuberculatiou  which  is  turned  forward  ;  on  the  face, 
many  fine,  short,  black  hairs  ;  color  black,  the  back  either  reddish  yellow  or  dull 
yellow,  individiuds  varying  (Fig./).  From  fifth  moult  to  pupation  from  twenty- 
two  to  thirty-three  days.  The  length  of  the  several  stages  depends  somewhat 
on  the  state  of  the  weather. 

CiiiiVs.vMs.  —  Length  1  inch,  breatlth  across  mesonotum  .33  inch,  across 
al)domen  .3  ;  greatest  depth  ..'id  inch  ;  (ylindrical,  somewhat  compressed  later- 
ally ;  general  shape  of  Aji/iroililr,  i)Ut  more  slender  ;  head  case  nearly  Hat  at 
top,  rounded,  the  curve  being  almost  equal  on  dor.sal  and  ventral  side,  a  minute 
sharp  tuberculatiou  at  each  corner,  the  sides  incurved  ;  mesonotum  pronnnent 
(as  in  the  sub-group),  carinated,  the  sides  ccmvex,  followed  by  a  deep  rounded 
excavation  ;  the  wing  cases  llaring  at  base,  compressed  in  middle  dor.-ally.  ele- 
vated ventrally,  curving  to  the  abdomen  ;  this  is  conical,  and  shows  two  rows  of 
tubercles  which  correspond  to  the  dorsal  tubercles  of  the  larva,  and  extend  to 
mesonotum  and  head  ca.se  ;  a  row  of  small  ones  on  side,  and  another,  more  or 
less  complete,  below  the  spiracles ;  the  whole  surface  finely  corrugated;  color 
red-brown,  irregularly  mottled  black,  the  wing  cases  black  along  the  ncrv.ile.s,  and 
with  a  black  patch  on  disk  (Fig.  g).     Duration  of  this  stage  about  twenty  days. 


Alce.stis  dies  in  southern  Michigan,  northern  Indiana,  and  Illinois,  in  lowu 
and  Ncltraska.  It. seems  to  be  linuted  to  a  narrow  belt  of  latitu<le,  and  is  there- 
fore vastly  more  restricted  in  its  range  than  the  allied  species  Cyhile  and  Apluo- 
ditc,  with  which  it  a.ssociates.  Mr.  Worthington,  in  the  paper  above  cited,  says  it 
is  al)undant  on  the  prairie  west  and  north  of  Chicago,  in  July  and  August,  but 
seems  to  be  local,  **  as  examples  taken  a  few  miles  north,  in  a  timbered  region, 
are  almost  uniforndy  AjiliriMliii-."     He  adds,  "  I  have  been  greatly  surpriseil  at 


AKGYNNIS   VI. 


till)  ivadini'Ms  with  which  a  Mtrong  Aphrodite  upon  the  priiirie  cnn  he  ilistiii- 
jriiislii'd,  wiiile  on  tiio  wiiijr,  from  the  Hiirroiiiuiiiij,'  Alcislin,  <»\viii^  iiiainiy  to  a 
slijrlit  (Uni'it'iU'i'  ill  its  tiianiiur  of  flight,  which  rcwiiililos  that  of  Cijhtle."  Jt  may 
lie  (listingiiishcd  al.xo  from  the  wt'stcrii  Aji/iroilitc  by  its  iiitciiMc  red  poloi'.  nnd 
hv  llic  iiiK^  of  its  uiiiicr  Hiirfacc.  Tlii.s  in  often  oHvact'oiis  hkc  /tlnlin,  <\\u\  iiiilik*' 
iiiiy  other  North  American  ArgynniM,  of  whatever  Hub-gro(i|i.  ami  the  eolor  Ih 
M>lid  on  Hccondaries  from  base  to  inaigin,  with  no  snbmarginal  Itiind  or  any  inot- 
tliii'.'of  yellow  on  the  disk,  such  as  seen  in  A/>/iro(Hf<-  and  (iprix  ;  at  times  the 
L'loiiiid  color  is  blackish  ferniginoiis,  also  solid.  In  all  the  earlier  stages,  from  egg 
to  clirysalif*,  there  are  distinct  dillerencex  from  A/>lirotlile. 

I  have  twice  bred  tlu;  larviv  of  .I/cc.s/m  to  imiigo.  the  eggs  having  been  oli- 
t;iiiied  by  cunlining  th(?  femalcH  over  violet.  Tin-  first  egg.s  were  received  litJih 
Se|iteiulH'r,  1S7<»,  from  Mr.  Tiiomas  K.  Hean,  then  at  (iah'iia,  Illinois.  The  larva* 
hatched  llth  October,  and  at  once  went  into  lethargy.  I  carried  them  through 
the  winter,  at  Coalhnrgh,  but,  with  innch  los.s.  not  yet  having  discovered  the 
advantage  of  a  snowbank  for  hiliernating  larvu>.  During  .lannary,  1S77.  they 
began  to  feed,  and  by  1st  February,  .some  had  (lasBed  their  first  moult ;  on  loth, 
the  Hccoiul  ;  on  27th,  the  third;  on  Htth  March,  the  fourth  ;  2r)tii  March,  the 
fifth  ;  and  pupation  took  place  Iflth  April,  the  imago  appearing  7th  May. 

In  1S77,  I  received  another  lot  of  eggs  from  Mr.  Wtnthinglon,  at  Chicago, 
wliich  began  to  hat<'h  23d  September.  A  .second  lot  received  later  hatched  Ut 
Octolier.  All  the  larvju  at  once  went  into  lethargy,  and  were  kept  in  as  cool  a 
room  as  I  could  give  them.  Several  were  alive  during  .lanuary,  ami  some  were 
leeiling  in  February,  but  one  after  the  other  died,  and  none  reached  the  first 
iimult. 

In  1S7S,  Mr.  Worthington  «cnt  more  eggs,  and  those  were  hatching  fith  Se])- 
tcmher.  iSeveral  of  the  larv.ai  fed  at  once,  and  some  were  pa.ssing  their  first 
moult  on  2')th  September.  I  never  saw  that  lia|)pen  with  any  larvje  of  the 
linger  Argynnis  in  lu}'  po.ssession  except  in  this  one  instance.  But  as  I  have 
related  under  Ci/hr/p,  in  this  Volume,  Mr.  Siewers  had  known  a  larva  ol  that 
species  to  feed  and  pa.s.s  its  sectmd  moult,  ami  had  found  one  wild  that  was 
ileemed  to  have  passed  its  third.  On  1st  October,  some  were  pa.ssing  the  second 
moult,  on  the  7th  of  .«ame  month,  the  third  moult.  1  wa.s  absent  from  home  two 
weeks  just  after  this,  and  on  returning-  Tith  November,  I  found  but  one  of  these 
iMige  larvo!  living,  and  it  seemed  in  lethargy.     But  ten  days  later  it  had  died. 

Of  the  larva?  that  liiberr,  ited  from  the  egg,  two  were  found  to  l)e  alive  on  Oih 
Fel)rimry,  '  ^79,  and  one  passui  first  moult  on  llth  February,  the  other  IStli. 
Tlie  oldest  passed  second  moiili  4th  March;  the  third,  llth  March  ;  the  fourth, 
"11  2oth;  the  fifth,  9th  A[.ril,  a  id  pupated  12tli  May.  The  other  larva  I  had 
sent  to  Mrs.  Peart,  and  had  uo  record  of  its  changes. 


IMAGE  EVALUATION 
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ARGYNNIS  VIII. 


ARGYNNIS   ADIANTE,  1-3. 

Argynnis  Adianle,  Boisduval,  Lep.  de  la  Cal.,  p.  Gl.     I8G9. 

Male.  —  Expands  from  2.3  to  2.4  inches. 

Upper  side  red-fulvous,  lightly  ducted  with  brown  at  ba.se  ;  marked  and  spotted 
with  black  after  the  usual  manner  of  the  group  ;  hind  margins  bordered  by  two 
jiiirallel  lines,  resting  on  which,  on  primaries,  are  small  serrated  spots ;  on 
secondaries  the  corresponding  spots  are  lunate,  and  most  or  all  fail  to  reach  the 
lines;  the  rounded  spots  very  smdl  on  both  wings;  the  other  markings  as  in 
the  group,  but  slight,  and  on  secondaries  extremely  so,  the  mesial  band  being 
reduced  to  little  more  than  a  line,  often  macular;  fringes  yellowish,  fuscous  at 
the  ends  of  the  nervules  on  both  wings. 

Under  side  of  primaries  pale  fulvous  over  basal  area,  and  along  inner  margin, 
taking  in  the  basal  half  of  the  cell,  and  half  the  remainder  along  and  next  the 
median  nervure :  on  this  part  of  the  wing  the  black  markings  are  repeated, 
reduced  ;  the  rest  of  cell,  and  a  space  beyond  cell  on  the  subcostal  and  upper 
median  interspaces  yellow-buff,  the  apical  area  pale  brown-buff ;  the  markings 
oliliterated. 

Secondaries  have  the  basal  area  to  the  inner  side  of  the  second  row  of  spots 
pale  brown-buff,  limited  without  by  a  faint  brown  stripe,  corresponding  to  the 
mesial  stripe  of  upper  side,  the  hind  margin  bordered  by  same  color ;  the  rest  of 
tlie  wing  —  the  extra-discal  area  —  pale  yellow-buff;  the  spots,  which  in  most 
species  are  silvered,  are  here  entirely  without  silver,  yellow-buff  in  color,  faintly 
edged  with  brown  on  the  basal  side. 

Body  above  and  below  concolored  with  the  basal  part  of  the  wings ;  legs  red- 
di-sh  ;  palpi  yellow,  with  red  hairs  in  front;  antennte  fuscous  above,  ferruginous 
below  ;  club  black,  tip  ferruginous  (Figs.  1,  2). 


Female.  —  Expands  2.3  to  2.6  inches. 

Both  sides  as  in  the  male,  and  the  markings  similar ;  in  some  examples  the 


ARGVNMS    VIII. 


l)asal  area  of  primaries  beneath  is  fiery  red,  in  others  it  is  paler,  and  as  in  the 
male  (Fig.  3). 

The  male  figured  on  our  Plate  is  the  original  type  of  Dr.  Boisduval,  sent  me 
by  himself,  and  bearing  his  label  as  "  type  "  Adiantk.  In  his  description  of  this 
male  lie  says  ;  "  The  four  wings  on  upper  side  are  of  a  vivid  fulvous  v/ith  the 
l)hick  spots  disposed  nearly  as  in  the  neighboring  species.  .  .  .  The  female  re- 
sembles the  male.  This  beautiful  Argynnis  was  taken  in  some  numbers  by  M. 
Lorquin,  on  the  edges  of  woods,  in  the  eastern  part  of  California." 

Of  late  }i'ars  Adiante  lias  not  b^en  a  very  common  species  in  collections,  owing 
to  its  local  habits,  apparently.  Professor  J.  J.  Rivers  writes  me  that  "  it  is  found 
above  Los  Gates  in  the  Santa  Cruz  Mountains.  It  also  occurs  at  several  locali- 
ties in  the  same  range,  and  in  Santa  Clara  and  San  Mateo  counties ;  but  it  does 
not  appear  to  be  found  farther  south  than  about  nine  miles  north  of  Santa  Cruz 
city."     Apparently  Dr.  Boisduval  was  mistaken  in  the  locality. 

Dr.  Behr  writes,  March  15,  1890 :  "  Adiante  is  found  in  the  Santa  Cruz  Moun- 
tains, near  Searsville,  extending  lO  Los  Gatos  Creek  and  farther  south.  I  do  not 
know  its  .southern  limit.  If  you  strike  the  right  time,  it  is  common  near  the 
sawmill  on  the  upper  Los  Gatos  Creek,  and  in  an  hour  you  may  catch  several 
dozen.s.  It  is  very  constant,  add  unlike  many  of  the  California  Argynnides, 
develops  neither  variations,  nor  aberrations,  nor  races." 


He 

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A  'V  O  S  S  A  ,       4   i   r- 


'W.-^' 


ARGYNNIS  VIII. 


ARGYNNIS   ATO.SSA,  4-6. 
ArgynnL  Alossa,  new  species. 

Mai,e.  — Expands  2.5  inches. 

UppLT  side  briglit  yellow-fulvous,  the  base  very  lightly  dusted  brown  ;  hind 
nmrgiiis  of  both  wings  bordered  by  a  single  line,  and  that  is  the  inner  one  of  the 
two  usually  seen  in  the  group,  there  being  no  trace  of  the  outer  line  ;  no  black, 
subiiiiu'ginal  spots  on  either  wing,  except  on  primaries,  in  the  lower  three  inter- 
spaces, in  each  of  which  is  a  small  spot  representing  the  apex  of  the  usual  ser- 
ration; nor  are  there  the  usual  rounded  black  extra-discal  spots,  except  on  the 
lower  four  interspaces  of  primaries,  and  of  the.se,  the  middle  pair  only  are  de- 
cided black ;  the  black  subapical  patch  is  also  wanting ;  the  discal  and  cellular 
markings  on  primaries  are  light,  and  very  much  as  in  Adiante ;  on  secondaries 
tlie  mesial  band  is  reduced  to  a  series  of  abbreviated  narrow  bar.'s,  widely  sepa- 
rated ;  the  S-shaped  spot  at  end  of  cell  is  slight ;  fringes  pale  yellow  throughout. 

Under  side  of  primaries  very  pale  fulvous  at  base  to  middle  of  cell,  and  in  the 
P-sh aped  spot,  and  the  basal  part  of  the  median  interspaces;  on  this  area  the 
ijlack  markings  are  repeated,  reduced  ;  all  the  rest  of  the  wing,  in  the  cell  and 
to  apex  and  hind  margin,  pale  yellow-bulf,  the  markings  obliterated. 

Secondaries  wholly  pale  yellow-buff,  the  basal  area  to  the  inner  side  of  the 
.-second  row  of  spots  scarcely  darker  than  the  rest ;  all  the  spots  faint,  and  with 
no  trace  of  silver,  their  inner  edges  slightly  dusky. 

Body  above  concolored  with  the  basal  part  of  the  wings ;  beneath,  the  thorax 
vcllow-bulf,  the  abdomen  reddish-buff;  legs  reddish  on  the  fronts,  yellow  be- 
iiind  ;  palpi  yellow,  the  long  hairs  in  front  red  ;  anteniia3  fuscous  above,  ferru- 
jiinous  beneath;  club  black,  ferruginous  at  tip  (Figs.  4,  5). 


Fkmale.  —  Expands  2.6  inches. 

Upper  side  of  same  hue  as  the  male,  a  little  paler  next  apex  of  primaries,  with 


AUGYNNIS   VIII. 

n  jrniy  I'dj^o  to  the  costa  and  nround  tlio  npox  ;  tlio  Iiiiid  inargiiiH  Ijonlort'il  l)v  a 
siiij^Ic  line,  as  in  the  male,  witli  no  dilTiision  at  the  nervures;  the  niarkiugs  of 
botli  wings  as  in  the  male. 

Under  side  of  ])rimaries  deeper  fnlvons  abont  base;  otherwise  as  in  tiie  niiilc 
(Fig.  0). 

Something  more  than  twenty  years  ago  I  came  into  possession  of  a  strange 
Argynnis.  which  I  was  told  was  North  American,  but  beyond  that  couid  get  no 
int'ormntion  whatever.  No  one  knew  where  it  came  from,  but  it  was  said  to  he 
surely  American.  I  had  never  seen  anything  like  it,  and  believed  it  must  be  n 
foreign  speciies,  but  kept  it  in  my  collection,  hoping  one  day  to  learn  iiioiv 
a'hout  it.  This  was  the  male  figured  on  the  Plate.  In  January  last  (ISDII).  Mr. 
II.  K.  Burri.son,  of  Boston,  Mass.,  sent  me  a  few  Argynnides  for  name,  taken  liv 
him,  in  1889,  in  south  California  and  Arizona,  and  among  them  was  a  fenuih' 
exiictly  corresponding  to  the  male  spoken  of.  On  asking  where  it  came  from. 
Mr.  Burrison  replied  as  follows:  "  It  was  taken  at  Tehachipe,  south  California. 
I  stopped  there  only  a  few  days,  from  July  4th  to  8th,  and  this  and  another  female 
were  found  in  a  little  valley  about  four  miles  from  town,  by  a  small  stream.  1 
saw  othor.s,  but  caught  only  the  two.  If  I  remend)er  rightlj',  the  elevation  was 
al>out  4,800  feet.  I  was  in  haste  to  reach  Arizona  to  meet  by  appointment  the 
friend  with  whom  I  traveled  there,  and  did  not  have  time  to  examine  the  tops 
of  the  mountains  about  Tehachipe,  .so  can  .say  nothing  as  to  the  height  at  which 
the  species  may  be  found." 

1  myself  have  seen  but  the  pair  figured,  but  Mr.  Burrison  reported  to  me  flic 
points  of  the  second  female,  which  agree  with  those  of  the  one  sent  me,  and  now 
figured.  All  three  examples  are  characterized  by  the  peculiar  yellow  color  on 
iipper  side,  by  the  absence  of  the  outer  marginal  line,  and  of  the  usual  marginal 
and  discal  black  spots. 

That  so  strikinf,  a  species  could  have  been  unnoticed  in  a  region  supposed  to 
be  thoroughly  explored  by  lepidopterists,  gives  reason  for  the  belief  that  ninny 
species  of  Argynnis  yet  undiscovered  exist  within  the  United  States  and  Canada. 


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SATYRODES  I. 


SATYRODES   CANTHUS,  1-5. 

Siitiirniles  Cnnlhus,  Boisdiival  and  I."coiite  (not  Linn.).  Lep.  de  I'Amur.,  pi.  60.  1833.  Wc.stwood-Hewit.«on, 
Gun.  I)i.  Luji.,  II.,  p.  375.  1851.  Eilwaids,  Can.  Knt.,  XV.,  p.  64.  1883.  Id.,  XVII.,  p.  112.  1883.  Fer- 
nald.  Him.  Maine,  p.  70.     1884.     French,  Butt.  East.  U.  S.,  p.  232.     188C. 

Il'ii"/urcimi,  Ilan-is,  Ins.,  p.  305,  (!■;.  128.     1862. 

Ew-inlice,  Siriiilder  (not  Linn.),  Butt.  N.  E.,  L,  p.  193,  pi.  1,  fig.  Kt,  pi.  11,  fig.  5.     1889. 


M.VLK.  —  E.xpand.s  from  1.6  to  2.2  inches. 

Upper  side  gray-brown,  the  outer  third  of  both  wings  hght,  but  varying  much 
ill  individuals;  the  darker  portion  of  primaries  limited  without  by  a  fuscous  dif- 
lii-e  .stripe  from  subcostal  to  second  or  third  meuian  nervule,  bending  outward 
on  the  upper  median  nervule  at  nearly  a  right  angle  ;  on  secondaries  there  are 
tiaces,  more  or  less  distinct,  of  a  similar  stripe,  but  narrowed  ;  primaries  have  an 
c.xtra-di.scal,  nearly  straight,  transverse  row  of  small,  round,  fuscous  spots,  usually 
lour  in  number,  standing  on  the  two  discoidal  and  the  median  interspaces ; 
sDinotiines  a  fifth  spot  is  present  on  the  lower  subcostal  interspace,  out  of  line 
with  the  rest,  turned  towards  the  ba.se;  these  spots  vary  in  size,  usually  the 
lower  two  being  largest  and  equal,  the  upper  two  a  little  smaller  and  equal ;  the 
liftli  spot  minute ;  all  surrounded  by  a.  narrow  ring,  paler  than  the  ground  color ; 
but  often  there  is  nothing  of  this ;  -sometimes  tlie  lower  spot  has  a  white  central 
ilot;  secondaries  have  a  corresponding  row  of  six  spots,  sometimes  all  large,  at 
iitliers  small  as  the  spots  of  primaries,  either  without  rings,  or  with  decided 
rings  of  brown-yellow,  the  uppermost  spot,  which  is  usually  the  largest  of  the 
series,  always  without  ring,  and  the  spot  next  angle  always  minute;  fr''i"es  gray- 
liiuwn. 

Under  side  yellow-brown,  the  outer  third  of  each  wing  paler ;  the  two  areas 
separated  by  a  dark  brown  str'pe,  which  in  some  examples  is  sharply  serrate 
throughout  most  of  its  course,  soiiietimes  sinuous  ;  each  wing  has  a  similar  stripe 
covering  the  arc  of  cell,  and  there  is  a  common  stripe  crossing  both  cells  and  the 
interspaces;  the  spots  repeated,  enlarged,  each  in  a  brown-yellow  ring,  which 


SATYRODES   I. 

itself  is  surrounded  b}'  a  dark  ring  and  a  pale  halo,  and  each  has  a  white  pupil ; 
the  anal  spot  duplex,  with  double  pupil. 

Body  above  color  of  wings,  beneath,  the  thorax  and  abdomen  yellow-white,  or 
in  the  darkest  winged  examples,  brown-yellow;  legs  yellow-brown  above,  whitisli 
below ;  palpi  yellow-white  with  brown  hairs  in  front ;  antennae  fuscous  above, 
narrowly  ringed  yellow  or  whitish,  beneath  red-brown ;  club  fuscous,  the  top 
red-brown.     (Figs.  1,  2,  var.  5.) 

Female.  —  Expands  from  1.7  to  2.4  inches. 

In  general  like  the  male,  but  of  paler  hue  ;  the  spots  larger ;  on  the  under 
side  the  inner  rings  are  more  yellow,  and  each  series  of  spots  is  inclosed  by  a 
pale  elongated  ring ;  but  the  uppermost  spot  on  secondaries  is  separated  from  the 
rest  and  has  its  own  set  of  rings.  (Figs.  3,  4.)  Examples  from  Colorado  are 
larger  than  any  from  New  England,  and  somewhat  larger  than  from  Michigan 
or  Illinois.  There  is  ever^'where  great  variation  in  the  color  and  markings  of 
this  species,  but  I  have  never  seen  an  example,  nor  is  there  one  recorded,  that  is 
without  the  rounded  spots  on  upper  side. 

Egg.  —  Subglobular,  much  flattened  at  base,  as  broad  there  as  high  ;  surface 
slightly  rough,  but  without  definite  markings  even  under  a  pretty  high  power; 
but  increasing  this,  there  are  to  be  seen  small  shallow  cells,  and  a  resemblance  to 
eggs  of  the  Neonymphaj ;  color  greenish-white.  (Fig.  a).  Duration  of  this  stage 
about  seven  days. 


Young  Larva.  —  Length  .09  inch  ;  cylindrical ;  segment  2  rounded  and  some- 
what prominent ;  from  3  to  11  tapering  very  gradually,  12  and  13  abruptly,  and 
ending  in  two  short  pointed  tails ;  color  at  first  yellow-white,  in  a  few  hours 
changing  to  pale  green ;  the  upper  surface  shows  six  longitudinal  rows  of  low, 
conical,  black  tubercles,  each  of  which  gives  a  short,  thick,  black  bristle,  thick- 
ened at  the  end ;  on  3  and  4  these  are  in  cross  line,  on  middle  of  the  segment ; 
on  2,  the  tubercles  cf  the  upper  rows  are  advanced  to  front,  and  behind  and  be- 
tween is  an  additional  tubercle ;  that  of  the  lateral  row  is  above  the  line  and  in 
middle  of  the  segment,  and  is  without  bristle,  and  below,  in  front  of  the  spiracle, 
is  a  smaller  tubercle  and  hair,  and  under  it  a  hair  without  tubercle  ;  on  4  to  12  the 
tubercles  are  in  triangle,  as  in  Neonymphse  ;  on  13  is  a  triangle  at  the  front,  two 
at  base  of  tail  corresponding  to  the  upper  rows,  and  longer  than  elsewhere ;  at 
the  end  of  the  tail  a  still  longer  bristle  ;  along  the  base  of  the  body  is  a  row  of 
short  hairs,  two  on  2  and  from  4  to  12,  one  on  8,  4,  springing  from  tubercles  and 
longer  and  tapering,  one  on  13 ;  still  another  row  of  very  short,  tapering  hairs 


SATYRODES   I. 

over  feet  and  legs,  three  on  2,  one  on  3  to  6 ;  two  on  7  to  10,  one  on  11,  12,  one 
on  front  of  13,  and  three  over  the  anal  legs;  feet  and  pro-legs  green ;  head  con- 
siderably broader  than  2,  obovoid,  truncated,  the  top  depressed,  the  vertices  low, 
conical,  excavated  at  summit,  and  in  the  cavity  a  small  tubercle  and  tapering  hair 
(Fig.  h^) ;  other  tubercles  arranged  in  cross  rows,  the  upper  row  of  two  and 
largest,  the  next  of  six,  the  next  of  four,  and  the  lower  row  of  two,  those  of  the 
second  and  third  rows  next  suture  without  hairs ;  other  short  hairs  over  man- 
dibles; the  surface  shallowly  indented ;  color  light  brown ;  ocelli  reddish-brown. 
(Figs,  b,  ¥.) 

At  three  days  from  the  egg,  length  .18  inch ;  color  pale  green,  showing  three 
wiiitish  longitudinal  lines,  one  near  middle  of  dorsum,  one  on  the  verge  of  dor- 
sum, one  on  middle  of  side.  As  the  first  moult  approaches,  the  body  becomes 
broad  as  the  head,  vitreous-green,  the  white  lines  distinct.  (Fig.  b^.)  Duration 
of  this  stage  about  eight  days. 

After  first  moult :  length  .26  inch  ;  slender,  slightly  thickest  in  middle  seg- 
ments ;  the  tails  longer  in  proportion  than  at  first  stage,  slender,  sub-conical, 
pink-tinted,  rough  with  white  pointed  tubercles  and  short  bristles ;  on  the  trans- 
verse ridges  of  all  segments  are  fine,  sharp,  white  tubercles,  each  with  its  short 
wliite  hair,  or  process ;  color  at  first  greenish-yellow  (Fig.  c),  later  changing  to 
pale  green  (Fig.  c^) ;  on  middle  of  dorsum  a  dark  green  stripe  free  from  tuber- 
cles, on  either  edge  of  this  a  line  of  white  tubercles ;  another  line  of  tubercles, 
sub-dorsal,  a  third  along  base  ;  between  the  last  two  are  two  other  fine  white 
lines,  and  one  such  between  the  dorsal  and  sub-dorsal ;  feet  and  legs  green  ;  head 
a  little  broader  than  2,  obovoid,  the  sides  more  sloping,  less  rounded,  than  in 
the  first  stage ;  on  each  vertex  a  long,  tapering  process  or  horn,  tuberculated, 
Itrown-tipped,  and  marked  in  front  by  a  reddish  stripe  which  is  extended  down 
the  side  of  the  face  to  the  ocelli ;  surface  finely  tuberculated  ;  color  of  face  and 
head   'ellow-green.     (Fig.  c^.)     To  next  moult  six  to  nine  days. 

After  .  fjond  moult:  length  from  .34  to  .4  inch;  s<ame  shape;  color  yellow- 
green  ;  til  same  tuberculated  lines ;  head  as  before,  but  narrower  and  higher, 
the  horns  longer  and  nearer  together,  striped  as  before,  but  the  upper  part  pink  ; 
color  of  face  pale  green.     (Figs,  d  to  <P.)     To  next  moult  fourteen  to  eighteen 

days. 


After  third  moult :  length  .55  inch ;  shape  and  color,  at  first,  as  at  preced- 
ing stage ;  but  a  few  hours  after  the  moult,  in  nearly  all  the  examples,  the 
color  changed  to  brown  and  buff;  at  twenty -four  hours  from  the  moult,  length 


SATYIIODES   I. 


T)?! 


nch  ;  oil  middle  of  dorsimi  a  broad  brown  stripe,  on  eitlier  side  of  which  is  a 
biuid  of  reddi.>h-butt',  passing  into  greenish-biilY  on  tlie  outer  side ;  on  the  side 
another  bull'  band,  through  the  middle  of  which  runs  a  brown  line  ;  the  basal 
ridge  butt" ;  head  and  horns  as  at  preceding  stage  (Figs,  e  to  e  *).  A  few  days 
later  the  InifY  larvse  became  lethargic. 

But  one  of  the  green  larva*  proceeded  to  fourth  moult  without  change  of 
color.     From  third  to  fourth  moult,  in  the  Fall,  twenty-six  days. 

After  fourth  moult,  in  Fall :  length  .6  inch  ;  color  green  ;  but  twenty-four 
hours  after  the  moult  had  changed  ;  color  now  yellow-buff  and  red-brown  ;  the 
mid  ^.orsal  stripe  pale  brown,  the  bands  on  either  side  of  it  greenish-yellow  ;  the 
.side  brown,  with  a  dull  green  line  running  through  it ;  head  shaped  as  before, 
the  face  green,  stripes  reddish-brown.  This  larva  became  lethargic  a  few  days 
later,  but  died  during  the  winter. 


After  hibernation,  in  Spring:  the  color  gradually  changed  from  bufY  to  green; 
wholly  dull  green,  with  a  darker  mid-dorsiil  stripe  ;  a  yellow  sub-dorsal  line  from 
horn  to  tip  of  tail  ;  two  obscure  yellow  side  lines  ;  along  base  yellow  ;  tails  green 
to  tips ;  head  pale  yellow,  the  stripes  brown.  Twenty-two  days  after  the  end  of 
hibernation  passed  fourth  moult. 

After  fourth  mou'i,  in  Spring  :  length  .02  inch ;  color  pale  green,  the  mid-dorsal 
stripe  dark  green  ;  the  dor.sal  bands  yellow-white  ;  the*  two  lines  on  side  and  the 
basal  stripe  same  hue  ;  head  emerald-green,  the  horns  reddish,  the  stripe  dark 
brown.  (Figs./ to /^ ;  /'  is  the  natural  size  a  few  days  after  the  moult.)  Dura- 
tion of  this  stage  thirty  days. 

After  iifth  moult:  length  one  inch;  color  green,  striped  with  whitish;  in 
about  twelv;  days  was  fully  grown. 

Matithe  TiAHVA.  —  Length  1.2  inch  ;  long,  slender,  segments  2  and  12  of 
equal  diameter,  the  dorsum  arched  on  middle  segments,  .sloping  evenly  both  ways, 
ending  in  two  long  tapering  tails,  which  are  roughly  tuberculuted  ;  each  segment 
creased  transversely  so  as  to  make  six  ridges,  the  front  one,  from  3  back,  twice 
as  broad  as  any  other  and  flattened,  the  rest  a  little  rounded ;  whole  surface 
covered  with  fine  sharp  tubercles,  each  of  whit,  givos  a  fine  short  hair;  color 
of  body  green  ;  a  darker  mid-dorsal  stripe,  and  on  each  side  of  this  a  pale  green 
dorsal  band,  on  the  outer  edge  a  yellow-green  stripe ;  the  side  covered  by  a  pale 
green  band   through  which  runs  a  yellow  line  ;  along  base  a  yellow  stripe  ;  feet 


SATYRODES  I. 

and  legs  pale  green ;  head  obovoid,  high,  the  top  narrow,  on  eacli  vertex  a  long, 
i;i|)oring,  conical  process  or  horn,  tiie  two  meeting  at  base  ;  whole  surface  rough 
with  fine  tubercles,  each  with  fine,  short  hair;  color  yellow-green,  the  liorns 
rod  ;  down  the  front  of  each  horn  from  near  the  top,  a  brown  stripe,  which 
passes  alongside  of  face  to  the  ocelli,  tapering  to  a  line.  (Figs.  <j  natural  siz.e,  (f 
to  <f  magnified.)  The  length  of  the  period  from  last  moult  to  pupation  1  am 
unable  to  give,  but  it  is  probably  about  ten  days. 

CuKVs.viiiS. — Length  .62  inch;  breadth  across  me.sonotum  .10,  across  abdo- 
mei)  .17  inch;  cylindrical,  slender;  the  edges  of  wing  cases  prominent;  head 
case  a  little  produced,  beveled  transversely  to  a  siiarp  edge,  excavated  very  lit- 
tle at  the  sides,  the  top  incurved,  the  corners  sharp ;  mesoiiotum  prominent,  the 
anterior  side  forming  almost  a  right  angle  with  the  dorsal  side,  carinated,  the 
sides  flat  and  sloping  ;  color  green  ;  the  top  of  head  case  and  dorsal  edges  of 
wing  cases  buff,  a  buff  mid-dorsal  stripe,  and  on  either  side  of  this  another  ;  also 
a  faint  lateral  stripe  on  abdomen  of  same  color.     (Figs,  h,  K',  magnified.) 


Cantiius  flies  in  the  northern  States  from  Maine  to  Wisconsin,  at  least,  and 
Ironi  New  Jersey  and  northern  Pennsylvania  to  Iowa,  Nebraska,  and  Colorado. 
In  the  latter  State  it  has  been  observed  only  in  the  northeastern  part.  Mr.  David 
IJruce  writes  :  "  It  occiu's  near  Estes  Park.  This  region  is  of  about  5,000  feet 
elevation,  and  is  well  watered  by  tlie  Big  Thompson  and  Cache  la  Poudre  rivers, 
and  is  full  of  small  lakes  and  reedy  flats  where  many  of  the  small  waterfowl 
breed  in  numbers.  In  this  locality  Cnnthus  flies  in  abundance.  The  Colorado 
examples  are  of  large  size,  exceeding  any  eastern  ones,  the  males  reaching  2.2 
inches  in  expanse  of  wing,  the  females  2.4  inches,  but  they  do  not  differ  in  other 
lospects  from  their  congeners. 

Until  recently,  this  species  has  not  been  reported  in  the  southern  States,  or 
south  of  the  Ohio  River.  But,  in  P.syche,  Vol.  V.,  p.  348,  May,  1800,  Mr.  El- 
lison A.  Sm3'the,  Jr.,  of  Columbia,  South  Carolina,  relates  as  follows  :  "  While  col- 
lecting Catocalas,  in  September,  1889,  in  a  thick  swamp,  in  Clarendon  Co.,  S.  C, 
near  the  Santee  River,  I  came  to  a  spot  where  a  ray  of  sunlight  penetrated  the 
thick  foliage  far  overhead,  and  there,  in  t!;8  glow,  were  a  great  number  of  Debis 
Portlandla,  havin^^  .  game  of  '  hide  and  seek  '  with  one  another.  I  stood  watch- 
ing their  gambola  for  some  time,  until  I  thought  that  one  of  their  number  seemed 
smaller  and  otherwise  different  from  the  rest ;  in  a  moment  he  lit  close  to  me, 
and  I  saw  to  my  surprise  that  it  was  something  entirely  different,  and  at  the  mo- 
ment I  could  not  place  it.     That  was  enough,  however,  and  I  started  to  capture 


SATYRODES  I. 


it.  But  the  game  was  not  in  my  own  hands.  At  the  first  movement,  off  he  went, 
jerking  in  and  out  aTuong  tiie  cypress  knees  and  live  oak  buttresses,  for  some  dis- 
tance, becoming  invisible  when  he  lit.  Capture  on  the  wing  seemed  the  only 
possible  means  of  securing  him,  and  so  oil'  I  dashed,  into  tree  trunks,  splashing 
through  water,  occasionally  falling  Hat  in  the  mud  over  a  concealed  root ;  but  the 
last  time  I  fell,  my  net  was  over  my  prize,  which  proved  to  be  Canthits.  After  con- 
siderable beating  about,  I  started  another,  whose  final  capture  was  effected  after 
a  repetition  of  my  i  t  chase.  These  were  the  only  two  seen,  though  I  hunted 
the  same  swamp  for  lie  next  day.  This  capture  seemed  strange,  for  that  espe- 
cial swamp  has  been  a  favorite  of  mine  for  over  eight  years,  and  has  been 
searched  thoroughly  by  me.  It  is  the  only  instance,  to  my  knowledge,  of  the  oc- 
currence of  the  species  anywiiere  in  the  southeastern  States." 

On  reading  this,  1  wrote  Mr.  C.  Troxler,  Senr.,  of  Louisville,  Kentucky,  a  col- 
lector of  experience,  but  the  reply  came  that  he  had  never  known  Canlhus  to 
have  been  taken  in  Kentucky.  Nevertheless,  from  the  secluded  habits  of  the 
species,  it  may  perhaps  haunt  many  a  spot  in  the  South. 

In  British  America,  the  species  ranges  from  Nova  Scotia  to  Hudson's  Bay,  and 
westward  nearly  to  longitude  85°,  perhaps  farther.  Mr.  Scudder  speaks  of  a 
colony  far  to  the  north,  at  Great  Slave  Lake.  It  is  said  to  be  not  uncommon  in 
the  Adirondacks  of  New  York,  but  I  have  never  seen  it  in  the  Catskills,  in  the 
same  State.  Mr.  Scudder  tells  us  that,  in  New  England,  it  lives  in  elevated, 
moist  meadows,  and  "  is  so  restricted  to  tliem  that  one  may  sometimes  find  it  in  a 
spot  but  a  few  acres  in  extent,  and  search  in  vain  beyond."  Dr.  Holland  writes : 
*'  I  found  it  very  abundant  at  Saratoga,  New  York,  in  the  grassy  meadows  near 
the  lake.  It  seemed  to  hide  among  the  tall  drooping  tufts  of  marsh  grass,  and  l)y 
beating  these,  I  succeeded  in  startling  forth  a  large  number  of  fresh  specimens, 
male  and  female." 

Mr.  Bruce,  at  Brockport,  western  New  Y'ork,  says  :  "  Canthits  is  common  near 
here,  in  a  genuine  bog  by  the  side  of  the  Erie  Canal.  Another  station  in  this 
State  is  near  Syracuse.     I  never  met  with  it  on  open,  dry  places." 

Mr.  James  Fletcher,  Ottawa,  Cimada,  says  "  It  is  a  common  species  here, 
found  in  many  places.  I  have  never  taken  it  before  28tli  June,  nor  after  August 
2d,  that  I  remember.  It  flies  with  a  slow,  drooping  flight,  very  much  like  that 
of  Satyrus  Nephele.  Notwithstanding  this,  however,  it  is  very  difficult  to  catch, 
being  quicksighted  and  wary.  It  has,  when  settled,  the  same  habit  as  Debis 
Portlandia,  of  facing  round  and  watching  as  you  approach.  It  always  flies  in 
wet  meadows,  or  swamps,  and  nearly  always  over  water.  I  got  the  larviB  by 
beating  beds  of  Scirpus  eriophorum  in  the  beginning  of  June.  They  will  feed  on 
any  of  the  coarse  Cyperaceoe.     I  have  also  found  the  larvjB  on  Carex  bromoides. 


SATYUODKS   I. 


It  soenis  to  be  an  early  feeder ;  I  have  never  found  larvce  feeding  in  a  state  of 
iiMturc  after  five  o'clock  in  the  morning." 

Superintendent  I.  N.  Mitchell,  of  Fond  du  Lac,  Wisconsin,  writes:  "  Canthus 
oci'urs  here,  but  my  knowledge  oi  its  habits  is  entirely  from  meeting  it  in  soutli- 
iin  Michigan.  I  liave  taken  many  specimens  there  in  two  neighboring  spots,  in 
Ciss  County.  One  of  th-jse  is  a  large  meadow  on  the  border  of  a  lake,  the 
meadow  being  covered  with  high  gras,s.  In  some  parts  also  thickly  covered  with 
tifes  and  shrubs,  but  in  others  only  partially  with  clumps  of  willow  and  shrubs, 
k'uviug  open  spaces  of  grass.  It  is  in  this  last  part  that  Cunthus  is  most  coiii- 
iiioii,  tliough  it  flies  in  all  parts,  and  among  the  trees.  It  usually  starts  out  of 
till'  grass  near  a  clump  of  willow,  Hies  among  the  bushes,  in  and  out,  dodges 
aiDund  them,  where  Eurylris  flies  through  them.  Canfhus  is  much  more  easily 
taken  than  the  other  species.  The  second  spot  referred  to  is  a  small  marsh, 
Ijordered  by  an  abrupt  hill  which  is  wooded  with  beech  and  maple.  In  the  marsh 
arc  grasses  three  or  four  feet  high,  willows,  tamarack,  sumac,  and  shrubs  scat- 
tered about.  I  often  started  Canthus  from  the  leaves  of  the  beeches  on  the 
edges  of  the  marsh,  but  never  very  far  from  the  marsh.  The}-  usually  made 
toward  it  when  disturbed,  and  often  settled  near  the  upper  ends  of  the  grass 
■^U'liis,  but  low  enough  below  the  tops  to  be  well  hidden.  They  often  alight  on 
the  trunks,  limbs,  or  leaves  of  trees  or  bushes  growing  in  the  marsh,  and  I 
have  started  them  out  by  throwing  clods.  Occasionally  I  took  them  on  the 
>tmiip  of  a  recently  felled  maple,  attracted  by  the  sweet  .sap,  and  then  in 
ciiiiipany  with  Graptas  and  Vanes,sans." 

I'rofessor  Edward  T.  Owen,  at  Madi.'^on,  Wisconsin,  says:  "  I  take  Canthus  in 
large  numbers  in  and  about  our  swamps.  It  is  quite  rare  even  a  quarter  of  a 
luile  from  them.     The  tall  swamp  grass  is  its  favorite  haunt." 

Mr.  Edward  A.  Dodge,  of  Louisiana,  western  Missouri,  writes :  "  Cunthus 
was  a  not  uncommon  insect  in  both  Illinois  and  Nebraska.  So  far  as  I  know 
Irom  eighteen  yeans'  experience,  it  was  to  be  found  only  in  grassy  and  weedy 
sloughs,  flying  weakly,  close  to  the  ground,  and  alighting  on  the  grass  stems."' 

Mr.  Worthington  writes  from  Chicago  :  "  Canthus  is  equally  abundant  in  open 
iliy  woods,  dense  ridges,  or  swamps.  About  the  Ca.imet  Lakes,  on  the  wooded 
riilges,  in  swamp  land,  it  is  abundant.  It  also  flies  in  the  open  oak  woods  on  the 
high  sand  hills  further  north  and  east.  North  of  the  city,  in  the  wooded  lands, 
thirty  to  fifty  feet  above  the  lake,  it  is  quite  common.  I  remendjer  the  species 
listinctly  as  taken  near  and  north  of  Milwaukee,  Wisconsin,  where  all  the  land  is 
high  and  rolling.  From  its  habit  of  visiting  the  prairie  morning  and  evening,  I 
judge  it  may  breed  there  ;  but  a  flight  in  the  open  in  broad  day  is  certain  death, 
as  they  are  an  easy  prey  to  the  dragon-flies." 


SATYRODES   I. 


Mr.  Fletcher  says  he  received  an  example  of  Canthus  from  Rev.  W.  A. 
Biirinan,  at  Gri.swold,  Manitoba,  taken  "  in  a  shady  ravine." 

Professor  French  writes  :  "  My  observations  are  that  this  species  Hies  in  dry 
grass  lands,  and  in  the  edge  of  low  brii.shy  places.  I  did  not  find  it  in  swamps  at 
all.  But  I  never  saw  it  flying  except  in  one  locality,  in  northern  Indiana,  where 
I  was  staying  a  few  days." 

I  see  no  reason  why  the  species  should  not  frequent  upland  and  dry  places,  or 
dry,  open  woods,  as  well  as  wet  meadows,  though  from  the  testimony  it  is  most 
often  found  near  water.  But  in  confinement,  the  larvae  eat  lawn  grass,  and,  of 
course,  could  eat  any  grass  in  a  state  of  nature,  though  they  seem  to  have  a 
preference  for  coarser  sorts,  and  such  as  grow  in  wet  places. 

Mr.  Worthington  sent  me  the  first  eggs  I  obtained,  laid  11th  to  13th  July, 
1879,  by  females  tied  in  a  bag  over  grass.  When  they  reached  me,  on  20th. 
some  were  still  unhatched.  The  first  moult  was  passed  27th  July,  the  second,  2(1 
August,  the  third,  IGth  August ;  but  at  each  stage  some  larvae  lagged,  so  that 
the  third  moult  came  on  at  various  dates  up  to  2d  September.  The  color  of 
all  the  larva)  was  green  till  after  the  third  moult,  when  the  first  which  hnd 
passed  that  moult,  in  course  of  twenty-four  hours  after  same,  changed  to  buff 
and  brown,  and  on  31st  August,  these  were  evidently  beginning  their  hiberna- 
tion. But  two,  which  passed  third  moult  latest,  went  to  fourth,  one  of  them 
having  changed  to  buff  and  brown,  and  passed  that  moult  on  19th  September, 
the  other  retaining  its  original  color.  This  last  pas.sed  fourth  moult,  17th  Sep- 
tember, and  during  the  day  after,  had  also  changed  color.  I  lost  all  the  larva- 
of  this  brood. 

On  25th  July,  1881,  I  again  received  eggs,  this  time  from  Mr.  W.  C. 
Gallagher,  then  at  Whitings,  Lake  County,  Indiana,  and  another  lot  on  1st 
August.  Prom  one  cause  or  other,  the  most  efficient  being  minute  spiders  in 
the  sod,  I  had  but  three  \nv\x  left  on  30th  August,  all  past  the  third  moult. 
All  changed  from  green  to  buff  and  brown  shortly  after  that  moult.  One  was 
sent  to  Mrs.  Peart,  in  Philadelphia.  By  10th  September,  the  other  two  were  in 
lethargy,  but  it  was  observed  that  they  had  moved  several  times  up  to  4th 
Decemljer.  One  died  during  the  winter,  the  other  I  brought  into  a  warm  room. 
13th  February,  and  placed  in  the  sun.  In  about  fifteen  minutes  it  moved,  and 
soon  after,  was  feeding.  When  brought  in,  it  was  much  smaller  than  Avhen  it  went 
into  lethargy  ;  then  measuring  .6  inch,  now  less  than  .4  inch.  By  25th  February, 
it  had  reached  .5  inch,  and  by  2d  March,  its  former  length,  .6  inch.  Early  in 
March  it  began  to  change  color,  and  by  6th  inst.,  had  become  green  again.  It 
reached  .66  before  the  fourth  moult  occurred,  24th  March.  I  sent  it  to  Mrs. 
Peart,  for  drawing,  and  there  it  passed  5th  moult,  25th  April ;  and  continued  to 
feed,  by  7th  May  becoming  full  grown.     After  this,  it  seemed  to  be  at  rest  all 


SATYllODES   I. 


tlic  time,  ami  finally  died,  2d  July,  before  pupating.  So  that  the  egg  whieh 
had  been  laid  in  middle  of  July  produced  a  larva  which  had  not  pupated  lid  of 
July  tlie  year  after. 

The  larva  which  was  sent  Mrs.  Peart  in  the  Fall  behaved  liifferently,  going  on 
to  fourth  moult,  which  it  pa.ssed  17tli  October.  This  lived  in  lethargy  through 
the  winter,  but  escaped  before  its  fifth  moult. 

The  chrysalis  figured  I  received  from  Mr.  Fletcher,  22d  August,  1884.  Mr. 
Fletciier  write.t,  4th  ITebruary,  1890  :  "  1  generally  feed  and  get  the  pnpse  of  a 
iIdzoii  or  so  Canthus  every  spring.  All  my  larva)  have  been  green,  not  drab. 
When  the  larva  is  at  rest,  it  lies  extended  along  the  leaf,  generally  beneath  the 
blade,  and  also  alongside  the  midrib,  the  horns  of  the  head  and  tails  in  a  line 
with  the  body,  and  it  is  very  hard  to  detect  it  when  at  rest."  My  ol).serva- 
tioiis  are  to  the  same  efiect,  that  when  at  rest,  these  larva)  have  their  heads 
turned  down  and  under,  so  that  the  horns  are  nearly  in  same  plane  with  the 
body,  after  the  manner  of  larvaj  of  Apatura,  also  of  Neonympha.  But  when  feed- 
ing, the  tails  are  elevated.  Mrs.  Peart  has  well  shown  this  in  figure  /'.  When 
'n  this  position,  one  extremity  in  profile  is  almost  the  same  as  the  other,  and  the 
dorsum,  being  elevated  in  middle  segments  and  sloping  equally  either  way, 
makes  the  beholder  uncertain  at  first  view  which  is  the  head  and  which  is  the 
other  extremity. 

The  species  Canthus,  Portlandia,  Gemma,  and  Areolatm,  placed  in  three 
genera,  have  some  points,  in  the  early  stages,  in  common,  and  in  others  a  curious 
interrelationship.  The  shape  of  the  egg  is  the  same  in  all  ;  in  Portlandia,  the 
."iurface  is  smooth,  even  under  a  liigh  power ;  in  Canthus,  it  is  smooth,  but  a  high 
power  brings  out  reticulations  similar  to  those  of  the  remaining  two  species, 
which  are  nearly  alike.  The  heads  of  the  young  larva)  of  Portlandia  and  Can- 
thus  are  ovoidal,  truncated,  of  Areolatus,  ovoidal,  but  approaching  a  circle  in  out- 
line, in  Gemma  more  decidedly  circular  ;  Canthus  has  on  each  vertex  a  depres- 
sion, out  of  the  middle  of  which  rises  a  low  cone ;  Portlandia  has  the  cone  with- 
out the  depression ;  ylreo/o/t«s  has  an  ovoid  knob ;  while  Gemma  begins  with  a 
pair  of  high,  divergent,  conical  horns.  At  first  moult,  Portlandia  shows  a  pair 
of  widely  separated,  high,  conical  processes  or  horns  on  head ;  Canthus  a  pair  much 
resembling,  but  coming  near  together  at  base ;  Gemma  long,  tapering,  divergent 
horns ;  Areolatus  has  a  low  cone  on  each  vertex  ;  and  in  each  species  the  pecu- 
liar style  of  process  runs  through  all  the  larval  stages.  As  to  the  appendages  on 
the  bodies  of  the  young  larva),  Canthus,  Gemma,  and  Areolatus  are  very  nearly 
alike,  in  Portlandia  they  are  everywhere  longer.  In  maturity,  Portlandia  and 
Are(datus  are  rather  stout.  Gemma  and  Canthus  quite  slender ;  and  all  four  have 
long,  .slender,  tapering  tails.  As  to  the  chrysalids,  Portlandia  and  Areolatus  are 
very  much  the  same  shape,  while  Gemma  and  Canthus  difler  from  them  consider- 


SATYRODES   I. 

ably,  but  less  between  themselves.  In  the  iinngos,  CantJms  is  midway  between 
PorlldHilin  and  tlio  otlior  two.  It  has  tlie  ]ial)it  of  alii^hting  on  trees,  like  Port- 
landla.  and  according  to  Mr.  Fletcher,  of  facing  about,  and  watching  an  ap- 
proaching entomologist,  al.so  like  that  otiier  species,  but  in  the  others  tliere  is 
notliing  of  this.  Both  I'ortlandiu  and  Canthus  are  attracted  l)y  sweet  tluids,  but 
1  have  never  observed  this  in  the  other  two.  Cantiius  has  drifted  about  from 
one  genus  to  another  in  the  Catalogues,  being  of  late  years  classed  with  Neo- 
nymplia.  Mr.  Scudder  has  done  well  to  separate  it,  and  give  it  a  distinct  genus, 
which  I  have  adopted,  as  it  is  largely  based  on  the  preparatory  stages. 


Note.  —  Euuydice  is  not  a  North  American  butterfly,  as  I  will  show.  A 
species  of  that  name  was  publisheJ  by  Linnasus,  17G4,  and  its  name  was  changed 
by  him,  in  1707,  to  Canihm,  Syst.  Nat.,  L3th  edition,  p.  708,  No.  129.  "  Alis 
integerrimus  fuscis  :  subtus  primoribus  ocellis  quatuor,  posticis  senis.  Papilio 
Eurydice,  Ilab.  in  Amer.  Sept." 

Fabricius,  Syst.  Ent.,  p.  480,  No.  191,  says  :  "  Cnnihus  ;  alis  integris,  supra  fus- 
cis, immaculataj.  P.  Eurydice,  Linn.,  Hab.  in  Amer.  Boreali.  Alic  onuu's 
supra  fuscte,  inunaculata',"  etc.  In  Ent.  Syst.,  111.,  p.  157,  he  again  de.'^criijes 
Cant/ius,  "  omnes  immaculatie,"  etc.,  in  saTue  words  as  before,  but  gives  as  syno- 
nym, Arganthe,  Cramer,  pi.  204,  fig.  C.  D.,  besides  Eurydice,  Linn.  A7-(/rtnlliP 
is  a  South  American  species,  without  .spots  on  upper  side.  The  mistake  in  tlic 
habitat  was  a  conunon  occurrence  in  the  earlier  days.  The  insect  perhaps  wa^^ 
received  from  New  Yoik  or  Philadelpliia  and  credited  accordingly. 

Godart  follows  Linnaeus  and  Fabriciu.s,  translating  their  descriptions.  The  dis- 
tinguishing character  of  Canthux,  Linn,  and  Fab.,  is  that  the  upper  side  bears 
no  spots  ;  it  is  immaculate. 

We  first  come  on  our  C'anlhus  in  Boisduval's  Lep.  Amer.,  where  it  is  well 
figured.  My  copy  has  no  text  to  this  and  half  a  dozen  other  plates,  and  how 
this  happened  I  never  knew.  But  it  is  to  be  supposed  that  the  text  had  been 
duly  printed  when  the  plate  appeared.  Dr.  Harris  first  called  attention  to  tlie 
fact  that  Canthus,  Linn.,  was  not  our  species.  He  says  :  "  This  butterfly  is  figured 
in  Dr.  Boisduval's  Hist.  des.  Lop.  de  I'Amer.,  under  the  name  of  Canthitx,  Linn,  and 
Fab.,  but  as  it  does  not  agree  with  the  description  of  Canthus,  of  Linn,  or  Fab.. 
I  have  thought  it  entitled  to  a  new  name,"  and  he  accordingly  calls  it  Doisdu- 
valUi.  I  myself  prefer  to  call  it  Canthus,  Bois.,  the  more,  as  since  Boisduval's 
publication,  1833,  the  species  has  usually  been  known,  and  most  often  treated  of, 
by  that  name.  HoAvever,  if  Eurydice,  Linn.,  had  been  the  same  species,  I  would 
not  at  this  late  day  8ub.stitute  that  name  for  Canthus.  A  name  in  use  should 
never  be  changed  for  an  ob.solete  name,  and  the  neglect  to  observe  this  common- 
sense  rule  has  worked  a  great  deal  of  mischief. 


KXPLANATION   OF  THE   I'LATK. 


C'ANTlll-s,  1,  2,  ^,  .t,  19,5  var.  ^. 

"   '■'''''• 

/,  YoUNO  I.akva;  h-  lieiul;  h"  procfss  on  viTtcx;  Ifi  sfdion  of  fv\u,  si-gnicnl«  7  and  8  ;  all  masnifiiMl. 

h*  sliowing  tlu!  tubercles  and  [procosses. 

,■  Larva  at  1st  moidt ;  c-'^  head  ;  c»  side  of  7  and  K  ;   all  magnified. 

1/  Larva  at  2d  moult;  (1^  liead  ;  d»  side  of  7. 

,'  Larva  at  3d    moult  ;  t>^  liead  ;  f  dorsal  view  of  7 ;  -«  last  sediment;  all  magnified. 

/•  Larva  at  4th  moult;  f  head  ;  /'  dorsal  view  of  7  ;  all  mn..'nifi.Ml;  /■••  larva  natural   sizt,   mar  tlif  en.I 

nf  the  stage. 
,,  >Lvri;TtE  Larva,  natural  size  ;  .7-  head  ;  ,f  side  of  7  and  s  ;  g*  dorsal  view  of  7;  the  last  three  fijiures 

niagnifie(K 
h,  h^  Chhysalic,  somewhat  enlarged. 


r-,rr      -Vr-^^' 


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R 


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-I^  i>->^;/ 


m 


'^1  ,'■' jjri^ 


?1^ 


■'^1 


:m\^ 


./ 


S 


'■''r'X-'^Ji^'>. 


II 


m 


FLORA        12     rf,34     9 


-,    Ay,/ 

/     l.illVl)     ll"llH', 


ni'ifi'ii 


Ik;/  /■     /,, 


■/"',„//  11,1/ 


r'     In      l'^' mi' II I  Is 


h     //'   '  liiii-ah 


'»'• 


»■■.  :!■■ 


'%' 


'i-^V 


APATURA  I. 


APATUllA  FLORA,  1-4. 

Aiialv.rc  Flora,  Edwards,  Canadian  Entomologist,  Vol.  XIII.,  p.  81. 

A.,  Vol.  II.,  p.  247.     1876. 


1881 ;     ?  var.  Clytim,  Edw.,  Butt.  N. 


Male.  —  Expands  1.9  to  2.1  inches. 

Upper  side  of  primaries,  over  basal  half,  and  all  of  secondaries,  ferruginous, 
eitlier  bright  or  dull,  the  base  and  inner  margin  of  secondaries  covered  tliickly 
with  long  brown  hairs ;  the  apical  area  of  primaries  deeper  colored,  blackish  in 
the  interspaces ;  the  hind  margins  dark  brown,  with  a  common  submarginal 
black  stripe ;  on  the  disk  of  primaries  a  transverse  sinuous  series  of  seven  large, 
rounded,  j'ellow-ferruginous  spots,  two  of  them  in  the  submedian  interspace,  and 
.sometimes  confluent ;  outside  these  is  a  second  series  of  five  spots,  besides  a 
macular  stripe  next  inside  the  black  stripe  from  upper  median  nervule  to  the 
angle ;  in  the  cell,  two  black  sinuous  bars,  often  joined  at  upper  end  so  as  to 
give  a  horseshoe-shaped  spot;  secondaries  have  <an  extra-discal  row  of  six 
rounded  blaclc  spots,  disposed  as  in  Clyton,  with  sometimes  a  seventh  paler  one  on 
costa ;  these  are  without  rings  and  stjind  on  the  clear  ferruginous  ground  ;  the 
basal  area  is  separated  from  the  discal,  on  the  anterior  half  of  the  wing,  by  a  mac- 
ular blackish  stripe ;  fringes  of  both  wings  white,  at  the  tips  of  tiie  nervules 
fuscous. 

Under  side  of  primaries  yellow-brown  next  base,  limited  on  the  disk  by  a  sinu- 
ous fuscous  stripe  ;  beyond  this  a  large  gray-brown  patch  covers  the  subcostal 
interspaces,  the  median  interspaces  ferruginous  ;  the  spots  are  repeated,  pale 
yellow  ;  the  marginal  edge  brown,  the  stripe  repeated,  narrower,  the  apical  part 
of  it  replaced  by  brown,  and  the  rest  edged  on  either  side  narrowly  by  pale  yel- 
low-brown ;  secondaries  brownish  buff  over  basal  area,  limited  without  by  a  wavy 
and  irregular  fuscous  stripe  from  margin  to  margin ;  beyond  this  is  a  narrow 
space  of  yellow-buff,  followed  by  a  broader  one  of  brown-buff,  a  shade  darker 
than  the  basal  area,  the  outer  edge  of  it  parallel  with  the  margin,  the  inner  edge 
irregular,  and  running  nearly  with  the  black  stripe  before  mentioned ;  on  this 


APATURA  I. 

tlie  spots  are  repeated  in  deep  red-brown,  with  traces  of  light  ferruginous  rings, 
more  or  less  complete,  always  very  narrow,  often  almost  made  up  of  separated 
scales  ;  in  the  centre  of  each  a  little  elongated  black  bar,  on  which  are  scales  of 
metallic  green  or  blue ;  the  margin  as  in  primaries,  the  stripe  reduced  to  a  line, 
fuscous  ;  in  some  examples  there  is  a  series  of  narrow  ferruginous  crescents  on 
the  basal  side  of  this  line. 

Body  both  above  and  beneath  concolored  with  bases  of  wings ;  legs  yellow- 
buff  ;  palpi  same ;  antennte  fuscous  above,  ferruginous  below ;  club  black,  the 
tip  greenish  yellow.     (Figs.  1,  2.) 

Femalk.  —  Expands  from  2.25  to  2.75  inches. 

Upper  side  rather  lighter  colored,  no  examples  under  view  being  so  dark  as 
some  of  the  males ;  the  markings  similar.  On  the  under  side  there  is  a  sliirht 
gloss  of  purple  over  the  basal  half  of  primaries  and  all  of  secondaries  ;  the  yellow 
area  on  secondaries  either  washed  with  or  replaced  by  brown  ;  in  the  last  case, 
the  whole  outer  limb  is  brown,  with  a  darker  cloudy  area  running  with  the 
ocelli ;  these  are  nearly  lost,  represented  usually  by  a  sordid  yellow  central  bar, 
without  metallic  scales.     (Figs.  3,  4.) 

Egg.  —  Nearly  spherical,  very  little  higher  than  broad,  somewhat  flattened  at 
base,  the  top  flattened  and  a  little  depressed  ;  marked  by  sixteen  slightly  promi- 
nent vertical  ribs,  and  by  many  line,  horizontal,  equidistant  cross  ridges;  the 
micropyle  is  in  the  centre  of  a  ro.sette  of  irregularly  five-sided  cells,  outside 
which  are  two  or  three  rings  of  cells  quite  similar ;  color  yellow-green.  (Figs,  a, 
al)     Puration  of  this  stage  six  to  seven  days. 

Young  Larva.  —  Length  .08  inch  ;  cylindrical,  segment  2  a  little  broader  than 
3,  then  tapering  gradually  to  13,  the  end  of  which  is  rounded;  furnished  with 
small  conical  tubercles  in  throe  longitudinal  rows  above  the  spiracles,  dorsal, 
subdorsal,  and  lateral,  as  is  common  in  the  family,  each  tubercle  giving  out  a 
rather  long  tapering  hair ;  on  2,  3,  4,  the  tubercles  are  in  vertical  row,  but  on 
2  are  a  pair  of  smaller  ones  to  the  front,  making  with  the  dorsal  tubercle  a  tri- 
angle, and  a  third  is  in  front  of  the  spiracle ;  also  in  front  of  the  lowest  tubercle 
on  3  and  4  is  a  second  in  same  row  ;  on  succeeding  segments  the  three  tubercles 
are  in  triangle,  as  in  the  family  ;  on  the  rear  of  13  is  an  additional  triangle,  and 
a  fourth  tubercle  back  of  same  ;  along  the  base,  below  the  spiracles,  are  two  fine 
tubercles  with  short  hairs  on  each  segment  except  13,  which  has  but  one,  in 
nearly  horizontal  line  ;  and  over  the  feet  and  prolegs  is  a  fine  hair  to  each,  on  13 
two        lor  pale  green ;  under  side,  feet  and  legs  green  (Figs.  6,  ¥) ;  head  sub- 


APATURA   I. 

conic,  broad  at  the  ocelli,  narrowing  rapidly  upwards,  the  sides  rounded,  rounded 
frontally,  most  so  on  lower  half,  depressed  at  top,  the  vertices  rounded  ;  the  sur- 
face thickly  and  shallowly  indented ;  on  either  lobe  eight  minute  tubercles,  or 
sixteen  in  all,  each  with  its  tapering  hair ;  of  these,  four  are  in  cross  row  near 
the  top,  six  in  a  second  row  in  line  with  the  apex  of  the  frontal  triangle,  four  in 
a  third  row  half  way  between  the  second  and  the  ocelli,  and  one  behind  the 
ocelli;  color  yellow-brown.  (Fig.  h'^.)  Towards  the  last  of  the  stage,  a  dark 
jrreen  mid-dorsal  line  appears,  and  another  high  on  the  side,  almost  sub-dorsal, 
the  area  between  being  whitish  green.     To  first  moult  six  days. 

After  first  moult :  length  .14  inch  ;  a  little  broadest  at  2,  then  slightly  com- 
pressed, thickening  again  at  7  and  8,  and  tapering  beyond  ;  ending  in  two  short 
conical  tails,  which  meet  at  base ;  the  surface  closely  covered  with  yellow  and 
yt'llow-wliite  tubercles,  arranged  in  longitudinal  and  also  regular  cross  rows, 
stout  at  base,  sub-conic,  irregular  in  size,  and  from  top  of  each  is  a  short  white 
liair ;  on  mid-dorsum  a  dark  green  stripe  free  from  tul^ercles,  another  on  upper 
|)!irt  of  side;  the  area  over  dorsum  occupied  by  two  bands,  one  on  either  side 
the  dorsal  stripe,  each  band  composed  of  two  rows  of  tubercles,  the  outer  one 
wliitish,  the  inner  one  yellow  ;  on  the  side  is  another  similar  band,  and  as  the 
stage  progresses,  these  separate,  and  a  dull  green  line,  or  narrow  stripe,  lies  be- 
tween them  ;  the  tails  are  rough  with  tubercles,  and  each  tail  has  a  straight  short 
bristle  from  the  end  ;  under  side,  feet  and  legs  yellow-green  (Figs,  c,  c") ;  head 
large;  broader  than  2,  sub-quadrate,  the  sides  well  rounded,  the  front  but  little, 
tiie  top  incurved  ;  the  whole  surface  shallowly  indented  and  covered  with  a  short 
yellow  down  ;  color  greenish  white,  with  dark  brown  spots  and  patches  ;  a  large 
Inown  triangle  over  mandibles,  a  small  one  at  top,  the  two  sometimes  meeting 
on  mid-face ;  a  crescent  patch  at  the  base  of  eacli  vertex  and  another  on  middle 
of  the  side  ;  the  ocelli  black  on  brown  ground ;  on  each  vertex,  a  short,  com- 
pound, whitish,  fleshy  process,  and  single  white  spurs  along  the  back  and  down 
the  sides  of  the  head,  all  much  covered  by  long  fine  white  hairs.  (Fig.  c''.)  To 
next  moult  about  four  days. 


After  second  moult :  length  .26  inch ;  stouter,  thickest  in  the  middle,  both 
sides  and  dorsum  tapering  in  either  direction ;  the  tubercles  as  before,  but 
broader,  and  flattened  somewhat ;  colored  as  at  second  stage ;  the  two  rows  of 
each  dorsal  band  a  little  separated,  showing  a  green  imperfect  line,  the  side  stripe 
widened  and  darker  ;  under  side,  feet  and  legs  yellow-green  (Fig.  d) ;  head  nearly 
as  before,  rather  more  square,  broader  at  top,  the  sides  less  rounded,. the  depres- 
sion more  angular;  color  behind  pale  green;  the  front  darker  green,  the  middle 


APATUIiA   I. 

brown  patches  much  as  before,  the  one  at  base  of  vertex  extended  down  the 
front,  the  one  on  tlie  side  broadened ;  the  p''in'>iiml  processes  lengthened,  cylin- 
drical next  vertices,  evenly  forked  at  top,  each  fork  tapering,  rounded  bluntly  ;  at 
the  base  is  a  spur  turned  forward,  and  along  the  back  and  sides  are  spurs ;  so, 
along  the  back  of  the  head  at  top  and  sides  are  spurs  in  line,  the  upper  ones 
longest,  the  rest  diminishing  as  they  descend,  the  upper  ones  bent  down  ;  all,  as 
well  as  the  processes,  pilose.    (Fig.  (P.)     To  next  moult  about  three  days. 


After  third  moult :  length  .38  to  .4  inch ;  scarcely  differs  from  third  stage ; 
head  a  little  higiicr  in  proportion  to  the  breadth ;  the  stripe  from  vertex  reaches 
the  end  of  mandibles  and  the  side  patch  is  conBuent  with  the  ocellar  patch. 
(Figs,  e,  e^,  e^.)     To  next  moult  about  five  days. 

After  fourth  moult :  length  .G  inch,  greatest  breadth  .14  inch;  same  shape 
as  at  close  of  last  preceding  stage,  and  banded  in  the  same  way  ;  six  days  after 
the  moult  the  larva  was  fully  grown. 

Mature  Larva.  —  Length,  s,  1.2  inch,  9,  1.4  inch;  greatest  breadth,  i  .18 
inch,  9  .2  inch  ;  body  sub-cylindrical,  broadest  at  base,  the  under  side  flattened, 
the  sides  .sloping  to  dorsum  ;  stout,  in  some  cases  almost  of  the  same  thickness 
from  2  to  8,  then  tapering  rapidly  to  end,  in  others  the  middle  segments  are 
larger  and  the  slope  is  regular  either  way,  2  being  of  even  diameter  with  12 ; 
ending  in  a  pair  of  short,  sub-conical  tails,  which  are  divergent  from  their  bases 
and  are  rough  with  tuberculations ;  surface  covered  with  irregular  subcpnical, 
separated  tubercles,  some  minute,  others  conspicuous,  each  with  its  short,  stiff 
white  bristle  ;  general  color  bright  yellow,  or  gamboge-yellow,  a  little  whitened 
along  the  edges  of  the  dorsal  area ;  the  mid-dorsal  stripe  scarcely  more  than  a 
line,  indigo-blue  or  black,  greenish  on  the  anterior  segments ;  on  *hc  side  two 
broad  green  stripes,  the  upper  one  darker,  separated  by  a  narrow  stripe  of  yel- 
low ;  under  side,  feet  and  prolegs  dull  green  (Figs. /,/^);  head  sub-quadrate, 
higher  than  broad,  about  as  7  to  6,  the  sides  rounded,  the  front  moderately  so. 
the  top  depressed  at  a  slight  angle ;  the  surface  thickly  and  shallowly  indented, 
and  covered  with  a  yellow  down  ;  color  pale  green,  with  black  markings ;  there 
is  much  variation  in  the  pattern,  as  partly  illustrated  by  Fig.s.  /^  to  /'' ;  in  the 
darkest  examples  a  large  triangle  of  black  meets  another  from  the  mandibles, 
and  a  broad  stripe  from  base  of  vertex  reaches  the  end  of  mandibles,  while  an- 
other passes  down  the  cheek  and  coalesces  with  the  ocellar  patch  ;  in  some  cases 
the  black  is  partly  or  wholly  replaced  by  gray-green,  or  blue-green,  .as  shown  in 
the  figures;  on  each  vertex,  a  short,  stout  process,  black  in  front,  bearing  at  top 
two  equal,  short,  tapering,  bluntly  rounded,  black  prongs,  at  the  base  in  front  a 


APATURA  I. 

third,  and  on  the  inner  side  near  front,  a  fourth ;  the  back  is  green,  and  on  it  at 
top  and  sides  are  four  other  similar  prongs,  but  green  along  the  back  of  the 
head  at  top  and  down  the  sides  are  greenish  spurs,  slender,  the  upper  ones  long, 
tlie  others  diminishing  in  length  gradually  and  bent  down ;  all  these  spurs  and 
IJiongs  much  covered  by  long  line  white  hairs.  From  fourth  moult  to  pupation 
about  eight  days. 

CirRYSALis,  after  fourth  moult.  —  Length,  J  .7  inch,  9  .85  inch;  greatest 
breadth,  across  mesonotum  .20,  across  abdomen  .22  inch  ;  greatest  depth,  same, 
.3  inch  ;  compressed  laterally,  the  outline  of  ventral  side  convex,  a  regular  curve 
from  top  of  head  case  to  end  of  wing  cases ;  the  abdomen  prominent  dorsally, 
much  arched,  sharply  carinated,  the  sides  very  little  convex,  and  near  the  keel 
sli^rhtly  incurved,  the  anterior  edge  of  each  segment  on  the  keel  a  little  pro- 
duced and  thickened,  and  marked  on  either  side  by  a  shining  black  dot ;  the 
tlioracic  segments  depressed  at  an  angle  of  about  45^  from  the  end  of  the  keel, 
and  their  sides  excavated  ;  mesonotum  low,  rounded  at  summit,  Avith  a  slight 
carina,  the  sides  convex  ;  the  head  case  sub-conic,  the  ocellar  projections  promi- 
nent, three-sided,  bluntly  pointed,  the  space  between  their  bases  concave  ;  from 
tlic  end  of  each  a  low  ridge  runs  back,  the  two  meeting  at  base  of  mesonotum, 
the  intervening  space  being  almost  flat ;  color  green,  finely  streaked  and  specked 
with  light  buff  over  head  case,  mesonotum,  and  wings,  the  abdomen  only 
specked;  the  neuration  of  the  wings  distinct  in  yellow  or  buff;  a  buff  line 
passes  along  the  keel  and  mesonotum,  forking  to  the  ocellar  projections  ;  another 
passes  along  the  posterior  edge  of  wing  case,  and  is  joined  by  a  wavy  line  down 
the  side  of  abdomen ;  on  the  middle  of  each  abdominal  segment,  on  the  dorsal 
side,  is  an  oblique  faint  buff  line  pointing  down  and  forward,  ending  in  a  little 
buff  spot.  (Fig.  h,  s,  outline,  natural  size,  color  as  h^.)  Duration  of  this  stage 
seven  and  eight  days. 

Some  of  the  larvo9  passed  another  moult. 

After  fifth  moult:  length  .84  to  .9  inch;  greatest  breadth,  at  segment  8,  .18 
inch,  2  and  3  being  each  .16  ;  essentially  same  as  at  fourth  moult  in  coloration. 

(Fig.  g.) 

Maturk  Larva.  —  Length  1.7  inch,  greatest  breadth  .28  inch;  broadest  in 
middle  segments,  highest  on  8  and  9,  with  a  long  slope  to  head,  and  a  rapid  one 
to  13 ;  very  stout,  the  bands  and  stripes  all  stretched  in  width,  and  the  tubercles 
reduced  and  scattered ;  in  coloration  similar  to  mature  larva  after  fourth  moult. 
(Figs,  g^,  f,  section  of  7  and  8,  g*.)  From  fifth  moult  to  pupation,  in  August, 
eight  days,  in  May,  ten  days. 


APATURA   I. 

CiinvsALis,  after  fifth  moult.  —  Length  1.06,  9,  depth  .40  inch;  breadth  across 
mesonotum  ..31,  across  abdomen  .20  inch ;  in  coloration  as  before  described. 
(Fig.  A'.)  Duration  of  this  stage  eleven  and  twelve  days,  at  Coalburgh  ;  at 
Indian  River,  Florida,  sixteen  days,  in  February  and  March. 

Flora  flies  in  middle  and  north  Florida,  but  how  far  to  the  south  is  to  me  un- 
known. Also  in  parts  of  Texas,  and  it  is  stated  by  Mr.  Aaron,  Papilio,  iv.  179, 
to  have  been  found  "  moderately  common  "  near  Corpus  Christi.  Therefore  it 
is  probably  an  inhabitant  of  the  Gulf  States,  one  and  all.  Mr.  Aaron  speaks  of 
Clyton  as  rare  in  the  same  district.  It  tlies  in  north  Florida,  but  Dr.  Wittfeld, 
in  many  years*  collecting  at  Indian  River,  has  not  taken  Clyton.  Flora  is  not  a 
common  .species,  but  every  year,  and  throughout  their  season,  a  few  are  to  be 
found  in  the  neighborhood  of  Dr.  Wittfeld's  residence.  It  is  nothing  like  so 
abundant  as  Alicia.  The  presence  of  both  is  determined  by  their  common  food- 
plant,  Celtis  integerifolia,  a  tree  nowhere  in  that  region  abundant,  ami  1  on- 
fined  to  a  few  localities. 

I  described  Flora,  in  1870,  as  a  possible  variety  of  Clyton,  but  expressed  the 
opinion  that  it  would  eventually  be  found  by  breeding  to  be  a  good  species. 
And  this  has  been  the  case.  I  have  several  times  raised  the  larvae  from  egg  to 
imago,  and  the  differences  between  them  and  the  larvae  of  Clyton  are  conspicu- 
ous and  persistent.  Through  all  the  larval  stages  after  the  first,  the  processes 
on  the  head  are  of  another  typo  from  those  of  Clyton,  being  short,  stout,  with 
equal  branches,  those  of  the  other  long,  tapering,  with  unequal  branches.  The 
markings  and  coloration  of  the  body  also  are  of  a  different  pattern.  In  the 
Northern  States,  Clyton  is  a  one-brooded  species ;  what  it  may  be  in  the  Gulf 
States,  I  am  unable  to  state.  But  Flora  has  three  annual  broods  of  the 
imago  at  Indian  River,  the  larvae  from  the  last  brood  hibernating  after  the  sec- 
ond or  third  moult.  The  early  butterflies  from  these  hibernating  larvae  emerge 
from  chrysalis  in  March ;  the  second  flight  takes  place  early  in  June,  the  third 
in  August  and  September.  Dr.  Wittfeld  writes:  "There  are  certainly  three 
broods.  I  have  seen  the  butterflies  first  in  March,  and  as  late  as  October,  on  one 
occasion,  in  November." 

Both  Clyton  and  Celtis,  as  related  in  Volume  II.,  pass  the  winter  in  large  com- 
pact clusters  on  the  under  sides  of  leaves,  entirely  unprotected  except  as  the  leaf 
shelters  them.  On  21st  September,  1880,  I  found  105  larva3  of  Clyton  on  one 
leaf,  at  Coalburgh.  As  to  Flora,  I  received  the  following  account  from  the  late 
Miss  Annie  M.  Wittfeld,  written  30th  August,  1884.  "  This  morning,  whiio  cut- 
ting leaves  for  my  Alicia  larvae,  I  discovered  two  leaves  sticking  together.  I 
picked  and   opened  them,    and  what  should  I  find  but  a  larva  of  Flora!    I 


APATURA   I. 


looked  again  and  found  what  I  took  to  be  a  spider's  nest,  but  it  contained  three 
more  Flora.  I  continued  the  search,  and  found  eighteen,  all  in  little  houses  of 
leaves  fastened  tightly  together,  one  leaf  lying  across  another  obliquely.  I  found 
in  none  more  than  three,  mostly  but  one." 

Tlio  eggs  are  laid  in  clusters,  after  the  habit  of  the  genus.  Dr.  Wittfeld  says  : 
"  Flora  has  a  peculiarity  in  common  with  Alicia,  that  is,  it  often  deposits  its 
ejfgs  yards  away  from  any  foliage.  1  have  seen  them  do  this  on  tlie  trunk  of 
the  tree,  ten  feet  from  the  nearest  leaf ;  also  on  the  Spanish  mo.ss  which  was  sus- 
pended from  the  branches  of  their  tree.  Many  young  larva)  out  of  eggs  fail  to 
find  the  leaves,  and  so  perish."  From  this  habitof  the  female  in  depositing  her 
eggs,  and  from  the  falling  of  the  larvio  to  the  ground  with  their  leaves,  it  is  a 
wonder  tliat  not  only  Flora,  but  the  allied  .species,  all  of  which  in  larvje  fall  to 
tlio  ground  in  large  part,  are  not  exterminated.  I  have  stated  in  Volume  II., 
iinilor  Celtis,  that  I  believed  that  species  must  survive  mainly  through  larviP 
hidden  among  the  corky  ridges  of  the  bark  of  the  tree,  in  my  own  neighborhood, 
at  least. 

Dr.  Wittfeld  obtained  eggs  of  Flora  by  confining  a  female  in  bag  over  a 
branch  of  Celtis,  and  some  of  them  were  sent  mo  by  mail,  11th  July,  1880. 
Tiiuy  were  eight  days  on  the  road,  and  had  hatched  before  I  received  the  pack- 
ago.  I  was  told  that  about  225  eggs,  in  one  cluster,  had  been  laid.  The  larvnc 
fed  readily  on  leaves  of  Celtis  occidcntali.s.  The  first  moult  was  pa.ssed  24th 
Jidy,  the  second  28th,  the  third  on  .Sd  August,  the  fourth  5-Oth  August ;  sus- 
pension took  place  14th,  pupation  twelve  hours  later.  On  22d  August,  two 
males  came  out,  on  24th  two  females,  on  26th  and  28th,  each,  two  females.  So 
that  but  four  moults  were  passed,  and  both  sexes  were  represented  in  the  imagos. 

But,  in  1881, 1  received  another  lot  of  larvoe,  from  same  hand,  also  hutched 
on  the  road ;  and  all  that  reached  maturity,  namely  four,  passed  five  moults. 
The  first  took  place  on  3d  August,  the  second  7-8th,  the  third  12th,  the  fourth 
IStli,  the  fifth  24-25th  August;  the  first  suspension  was  on  1st  September, 
pupation  the  evening  of  the  same  day.  Another  larva  passed  fifth  moult  29th 
August,  and  pupated  September  6th.  Mrs.  Peart,  who  was  feeding  two  of  same 
lot,  and  making  drawings  at  each  stage,  wrote  me  25th  August  that  both  had 
passed  fifth  moult.  Both  sexes  here  also  were  present  in  the  resulting  imagos, 
and  the  difference  in  the  number  of  moults,  in  the  two  years,  was  therefore  not 
sexual. 

Miss  Wittfeld  ,seni  ne  9th  January,  1884,  some  of  the  hibernating  larvaj  which 
slie  had  found  in  August,  as  before  related.  She  wrote :  "  I  send  six  of  the 
sleeping  Flora.  Three  of  ours  are  out,  and  are  trying  to  eat  old  dry  leaves, 
lor  we  have  nothing  else  for  them.     It  surprised  us  to  see  them  come  out  in  this 


APATUUA  I. 

cold  weather,  the  mercury  falling  to  34°."  Dr.  Wittfeld  hnd  spoken  of  tho  same 
thing  a  few  days  before :  "  To-day  tho  mercury  stood  at  3(1',  and  two  Flora 
canio  out  of  their  hibernation  and  crawled  on  the  glass,  without  sun  or  Btovo 
heat."  I  placed  the  six  larva)  in  the  ioe-house.  They  were  pink  colored,  like 
Vlyton,  shortly  after  awaking  from  hibernation.  On  22d  April  I  brought  them 
into  the  house.  On  2!)lh  they  were  observed  moving,  and  left  their  cases.  \\y 
Ist  May  were  changing  to  green,  which,  as  in  tho  northern  allied  species,  is  done 
without  a  moult.  The  first  moult  was  pa.ssed  1st  May;  the  second,  on  lltii. 
By  20th,  all  had  passed  three  moults.  These  larva)  were  of  great  size,  .9  at  liftli 
moult,  some  of  them  reaching  1.7  inch.  The  first  pupated  30th  May.  After 
eleven  and  twelve  days  \t  2?  9  appeared,  the  latter  very  large,  measuring 
2.75  inches  in  expanse  of  wing,  and  one  fourth  inch  more  than  ony  female  after 
live  moults  in  the  fall. 

Miss  Wittfeld  gave  me  the  times  of  the  last  brood  of  larvte  of  the  year  at 
Indian  River,  thus:  eggs  laid  10th  October;  hatched  IGth;  first  moult  19th, 
•second  moult  24th,  third  moult  30th  ;  by  November  lOtli  all  were  in  hiberna- 
tion ;  all  were  out  by  14tli  January  ;  tiie  fourth  moult  took  place  25th  Jan- 
uary, the  fifth  4th  February ;  were  full-grown  by  10th  February,  pupated  18th, 
and  the  iinagos  had  come  out  by  Gth  March.  As  stated,  the  larva)  which  I  had 
pa.s.sed  three  moults  after  hibernation. 

The  process  of  moulting,  not  only  of  Flora,  but  of  the  group,  is  as  fol- 
lows: the  second  segment  swells  enormously,  and  the  mask  of  the  old  face 
is  pushed  forward.  Whun  the  skin  begins  to  pass  off,  owing  to  its  extreme 
tenuity,  and  the  resemblance  of  the  new  coat  to  the  old,  it  is  diflicult  to  sec 
that  it  is  moving.  Only  by  watching  the  gathering  of  the  folds  at  the  end  of 
the  body  could  I  make  sure  of  what  was  going  on.  As  the  ma.sk  is  dropped,  the 
now  head  is  seen  to  be  square  at  tho  top  without  projections  or  processes  of 
any  sort.  But  in  about  eighty  seconds  the  vertex  process  parts  from  the  side  of 
the  head,  where  it  has  luin  folded  down,  and  thin  as  paper.  At  three  minutes 
it  is  half  up,  a  mere  m:  '*rane  and  covered  by  a  ina.ss  of  long  hairs,  the  points 
brought  together  in  pencil.  Then  the  spurs  along  the  back  cf  the  head,  which 
also  have  been  folded  close  down,  begin  to  lift.  At  five  minuiet  the  points  had 
separated,  at  eight  were  filled  out,  and  at  ten  they,  as  well  as  the  spurs,  had 
assumed  their  final  shape.  Up  to  this  time,  the  whole  head,  ,)i'oces3es,  and  spurs 
have  been  greenish  white,  the  ocelli  and  mandibles  black  ;  but  at  twelve  minutes 
there  is  a  darkening  of  all  the  parts  which  finally  are  to  be  black,  at  first  be- 
coming darker  green;  at  fifteen  minutes  gray-green.  At  twenty-five  the  white 
portions  of  the  face  are  pure  color,  the  gray  is  blackish ;  at  forty-five,  all  the 
dark  parts  are  pale  black;  at  seventy  the  black  is  deep,  and  the  change  is 
complete. 


DESCRIPTION  OF  THE  PLATE. 


I'l.OIlA,  1,  2,    J,  3,  4,  9. 

a  Eao  ;  a'  micropyle. 
b  YouNO  Lakvaj  Ij'  head. 

6'  YouNO  Larva,  sliowing  tho  tubercles  and  processes. 
c  Larva  at  Ist  moult ;  c'  side  view  j  c'  head. 
(i  Larva  at  2d  moult  |  d'  head. 

e  Larva  at  3d   moult  ;  e  segment  8,  dorsal  view  ;  e'  head. 
/,/"  Larva  at  4th  moult  ;  J',  *, '  heads  in  var. 

g  Larva  at  5th  moult  ;  natural  size, 
j',  g'  Adult  Lauva,  after  five  moults,  natural  size  ;  g*  section  of  segments  7,  8. 
h  C11UY8ALI8,  after  4th  moult,  natural  size,  3. 
h'  CunvsAUS,  after  6th  moult,  natural  size,?. 


11. 


-at*  ?;      "f 

if   -•  •  *.'*'■ 


./" 


^-V*i*C»=»* 


^^c^^^i^g^^^r^:-?^ 


/, ' 


'VX^ 


-f'^^'r' 


^^-^^■t^^^^'^^^-^^'^ii^  ''^\Sl5j^^" 


MEAD  [I      12     0.34    9 


^    /. 


il/l-ll       //ri/l/lf/ 


III  'linn  fn,/ 


•  I     l/ill/sil/i 


III 't  f  'II  '       full     w  1 


III  1 1  It  II I 


/ir,/ 


y  >  V 


'jW 


'■:^f. 


SATYRUS  II. 


SATYRUS   MEADII,   1-4. 


Sal'/yus  Meadii,  Edwards,  Trans.  Am.  Ent.  Soc.,  Vol.  IV.,  p.  70.     1872;  id.  Can.  Ent.,  Vol.  XII.,  p.  94. 
1880;  Mead.  Report  Wheeler  E.tped.,  Vol.  V.,  p.  774.    1875. 

Male.  —  Expands  frora  1.5  to  l.T  inch. 

Upper  side  blackish-brown  :  primaries  have  an  ob.scure  submarginal  stripe ; 
two  large  black  ocelli,  placed  as  is  usual  in  the  group,  each  with  small  white 
pupil ;  these  are  surrounded  by  a  russet  halo,  more  or  less  diffused,  the  two  often 
meeting ;  also  the  interspaces  between  the  ocelli  to  the  arc  of  cell  are  rus.set,  but 
of  a  deeper  shade  ;  secondaries  have  a  similar  stripe,  and  a  small  ocellus  in  ru.sset 
ring  on  the  lower  median  interspace  ;  fringes  of  both  wings  fuscous  at  the  tips 
of  the  nervules,  gray  in  the  interspaces. 

Under  side  of  primaries  paler,  the  apical  area  gray,  the  russet  paler,  difTused, 
the  basal  area,  and  the  cell,  much  crossed  by  abbreviated  black  streaks;  this 
area  is  limited  without  by  a  blackish  line  which  starts  on  subcostal  nervure  half- 
way between  the  arc  of  cell  and  the  ocellus,  runs  obliquely  back  to  the  upper 
branch  of  median,  then  crosses  the  interspaces,  curves  around  the  lower  ocellus, 
and  on  to  costa,  parallel  with  the  margin ;  next  outside  this  a  submarginal  gray 
band  ;  the  ocelli  repeated,  the  russet  hue  diffused  over  the  outer  part  of  cell. 

Secondaries  dark  brown,  more  or  le.ss  gray  next  base  and  over  the  disk,  beyond 
the  belt  decidedly  gray,  especially  on  the  upper  half  of  the  wing ;  the  whole 
surface  streaked  black  ;  the  belt  limited  on  either  side  by  a  blackish  stripe,  on 
the  basal  side  not  always  distinctly  ;  it  is  narrow  on  costal  margin,  projects  in  a 
broad  double  tooth  opposite  cell,  after  which  is  a  narrow  sinus ;  on  the  basal  side 
tlie  course  is  nearly  straight  to  median,  a  little  sinuous,  then  bends  at  a  right 
angle  on  median,  and  at  the  origin  of  the  lower  median  nervule  turns  obliquely 
to  the  submedian  nervule ;  the  ocellus  repeated  ;  sometimes  a  second  one  in  the 
submcdian  interspace. 

Body  fuscous  beneath,  the  abdomen  gray-brown ;    legs  gray-brown  j  palpi 


SATYRUS  II. 

yellow-brown,  the  long  hairs  on  the  front  black ;  antenn.-e  fuscous,  annulated 
with  whitish  above,  whitish  below  ;  club  black  above,  ferruginous  below.  (Fif's. 
1,2.) 

Female.  —  E.xpands  from  1.55  to  1.8  inch. 

Closely  like  the  male,  but  the  russet  area  is  more  extended.  The  ocelli  are 
larger,  and  the  encircling  rings  broader.     (Figs.  3,  4.) 

Egg.  —  Conoidal,  truncated,  the  summit  a  little  rounded,  depressed  in  middle, 
the  sides  coi.s^ex,  the  bottom  rounded;  marked  by  .ibout  twenty  low,  rounded, 
vertical  ribs,  which  are  slightly  sinuous,  and  most  of  them  considerably  curved 
next  base  ;  the  spaces  between  the  ribs  shallow,  and  crossed  by  many  equi- 
distant fine,  raised  threads,  which  are  often  lost  in  the  middle  part ;  the  micro- 
pyle  in  the  centre  of  a  flat  rosette  of  five-sided  cells,  outside  of  which  are  three 
rows  of  similar  cells,  gradually  increasing  in  size ;  the  remainder  of  the  summit 
occupied  by  large,  irregularly  five  and  six  sided  cells,  deeply  but  irregularly 
excavated,  and  having  thin,  sharp  edges;  color  lemon-yellow.  (Figs,  a,  «'-.) 
Similar  to  the  egg  of  Alope,  but  with  a  greater  number  of  ribs,  and  more  convex 
sides. 

You.VQ  L.VRVA.  —  Length  .08  inch  ;  similar  to  Alope  ;  tapering  on  both  dor- 
sum and  sides  from  2  to  13,  the  last  three  segments  curving  roundly  on  dorsum 
to  the  extremity  ;  this  is  nearly  square,  a  little  incurved,  and  bears  a  conical 
tubercle  at  either  side  ;  on  each  sid-"  of  the  I  ody  are  tlree  rows  of  low,  coni- 
cal tubercles,  one  sub-dorsal,  one  to  the  segment,  on  2  to  4  placed  on  tlie 
middle  of  the  segment,  after  4  on  the  front  j  one  high  on  the  side  and  near 
tV"  ;S-dorsal  row,  except  on  2  to  4,  where  the  distance  is  greater,  one  tu- 
berclt;  to  the  segment,  those  on  2  to  4  in  the  middle,  after  4  on  the  rear;  the 
third  row  a  little  above  the  spiracles,  one  to  the  segment,  on  the  middle  ;  on 
3  and  4,  behind  the  tubercles  of  the  third  row,  is  a  minute  one  in  same  line, 
bearing  a  very  short,  clubbed  process  ;  on  2,  behind  and  between  the  upper 
two  tubercles,  and  also  between  the  second  and  third,  is  an  additional  one,  and 
there  is  a  smaller  tubercle  in  front  of  the  spiracle ;  every  tubercle  bears  a  white, 
appressed  process,  nearly  of  even  thickness,  tapering  from  the  base  but  very  little, 
ending  bluntly  (Fig.  h  ^) ;  tho.se  of  the  upper  row  longest,  of  the  second  row  a  little 
shorter,  of  the  third  a  little  shorter  than  of  the  second ;  all  these  processes  from 
2  to  4  are  bent  forward ;  after  4,  all  in  the  upper  two  rows  are  turned  back ; 
those  of  the  third  row  to  13  are  bent  forward,  on  13  back;  at  the  rear  of  13  are 
two  tubercles  and  processes  on  the  side,  belonging  to  the  two  lower  rows,  and 


SATYRUS   II. 

the  tubercles  at  extremity  also  have  similar  processes;  between  these  last  are 
two  smaller  ones  with  short  processes ;  along  the  base  of  the  body  are  minute 
tubercles,  with  short  and  fine,  tapering  hairs,  two  on  2,  one  each  on  3,  4,  two 
on  each  from  5  to  13  ;  and  there  is  one  still  finer  and  shorter  hair  over  each  of  the 
legs;  color  pale  pink  with  a  red-brown  mid-dorsal  line  and  three  others  on  each 
side,  the  lower  one  running  with  the  tops  of  the  spiracles ;  under  side,  feet  and 
legs,  a  shade  paler ;  head  sub-globose,  one  half  broader  than  2,  about  as  high  as 
broad,  narrowing  upwards,  a  little  depressed  pt  suture,  the  front  well  rounded  ; 
surface  thickly  and  shallowly  indented ;  on  either  lobe  ten  fine  tubercles,  each 
with  its  short  process,  bent  down  ;  of  these,  four  are  in  cross  row  near  the  top, 
six  are  in  line  with  the  apex  of  the  frontal  triangle,  six  are  in  line  a  little  above 
tiie  top  of  the  ocelli,  and  two  are  behind  the  ocelli ;  color  pale  yellow-brown,  the 
ocelli  green.     (Figs,  b,  J?  to  t^.)     Hibernation  began  at  once  from  the  egg. 

As  soon  as  the  larvae  began  to  feed  in  the  spring,  the  color  changed  to 
green.  From  the  awakening  to  first  moult,  in  April,  at  Coalburgh,  about  twenty 
days. 

After  first  moult :  length,  at  twelve  hours  from  the  moult,  .18  inch  ;  the  ante- 
rior segments  thickest,  the  dorsum  arched ;  ending  in  two  conical  tails  which 
meet  at  base,  and  are  rough  with  tuberculations ;  each  segment  several  times 
creased,  and  on  the  ridges  so  caused  are  yellow  tubercular  points,  each  of  which 
gives  out  a  short,  whitish  clubbed  process  bent  back  close  to  the  surface,  except 
on  2,  where  all  are  bent  forward  ;  color  pale  green  ;  a  mid-dorsal  darker  green 
stripe,  and  two  similar  ones  on  mid-side,  close  together  ;  the  basal  ridge  yellow  ; 
tails  red  ;  under  side,  feet  and  legs  bluish-green  ;  head  nearly  the  same  shape  as 
before,  thickly  covered  with  fine  whitish  tuberculations,  with  short  hairs ;  color 
bright  green.     Duration  of  this  stage  about  fifteen  days. 

After  second  moult :  length,  at  twelve  hour.s,  .28  inch  ;  same  shape  ;  color 
dark  yellow-green,  the  tails  red  ;  armed  as  before  ;  the  mid-dorsal  stripe  dark 
green  ;  high  on  the  side  a  line  of  yellow  tubercles  ;  the  basal  ridge  yellow ;  head 
as  before,  emerald  green.     To  next  moult  about  fifteen  days. 

After  third  moult :  length,  at  twelve  hours,  .44  inch ;  very  closely  as  at  last 
previous  stage  ;  the  upper  line  pale-yellow,  and  heavier,  a  narrow  stripe  rather ; 
head  as  before,  same  color.     To  next  moult  about  nine  daj'-s. 


After  fourth  moult :  length,  at  twenty-four  hours,  .64  inch ;  in  about  five  days 
was  full  grown. 


SATYUUS  II. 

Mature  Larva.  —  Length,  i,  .85  inch,?,  1  inch;  cylindrical,  thickest  in  middle, 
the  dorsum  arched  and  tapering  evenly  either  way  ;  ending  in  two  short  conical 
tails,  which  meet  at  base  ;  color  yellow-green,  the  surface  thickly  covered  with  fine 
yellowish  tubercles,  each  of  which  gives  a  short  Avhitish  tapering  process  bent  back 
(Fig.  d');  on  mid-dorsum  a  dark  green  stripe,  next  which  the  ground  is  rather 
more  yellow  than  elsewht»re  ;  high  on  the  side  a  narrow,  yellow-white  stripe  ;  the 
basal  ridge  bright  yellow ;  the  tails  red  from  base  to  tips ;  under  side,  feet  and 
legs  less  yellow,  more  green  ;  head  sub-globose,  rounded  frontally,  as  high  as 
broad,  broader  towards  the  top  than  in  the  earlier  stages,  narrowing  upward 
but  very  little,  slightly  depressed  at  the  suture  ;  thickly  covered  with  fine  whitish 
tubercuhitions,  each  of  which  bears  a  very  short,  whitish  tapering  process ;  color 
emerald  green.  (Figs,  c  natural  size,  9,  c^  side  view,  greatly  enlarged,  c*  head.) 
From  fourth  moult  to  pupation,  eighteen  days  in  May  and  June  ;  again,  thirteen 
days  in  June,  at  Coalburgh.  The  attitude  of  the  larva  in  suspension  is  that  of 
Fig.  G,  as  in  the  genus. 

Chrysalis.  —  Length  j,  .49  inch,  9,  .54  inch;  breadth  at  mesonotum,  .17  to .18 
inch,  at  abdomen  .18  to  .19  inch  (in  several  examples  the  breadth  at  both  points 
was  equal,  .18  inch) ;  cylindrical,  the  abdomen  conical ;  the  ventral  outline  from 
top  of  head  case  to  end  of  wing  cases  strongly  arched,  about  as  much  so  as  is 
the  dorsal  below  the  depression  ;  the  wing  cases  elevated,  beveled  down  to  the 
abdomen ;  head  case  short,  the  top  narrow,  square  or  very  little  concave,  the 
sides  excavated ;  mesonotum  rather  prominent,  rounded  lengthwise,  carinated, 
the  sides  a  little  convex ;  followed  by  a  shallow  depression  ;  cremaster  long,  taper- 
ing, compressed  transversely,  rounded  at  extremity,  and  armed  with  stout  hooks, 
varying  in  length  and  in  form  (Figs.  (P,  cP) ;  color  throughout  light  yellow-green, 
everywhere  finely  granulated  with  dull  white,  the  dorsal  region  and  the  abdomen 
in  dots  and  minute  patches  ;  the  top  of  head  case  and  the  dorsal  edges  of  wing 
cases  cream-white.  (Fig.  rf,  a  little  enlarged,  9.)  Duration  of  this  stage  about 
eleven  days. 


Satyrus  Meadii  was  named  from  Mr.  Theodore  L.  Mead,  who  first  introduced 
it  to  notice,  in  1871.  He  himself  says,  in  his  Report  upon  the  Collections  of 
Diurnal  Lepidoptera,  made  (by  the  Wheeler  Expeditions)  in  Colorado  and  other 
Territories  :  "  While  riding  along  the  South  Park  road,  this  species  was  discov- 
ered near  Bailey's  ranch,  about  forty-five  miles  from  Denver,  and  two  specimens 
were  taken  on  the  26th  of  August.  None  were  to  be  found  a  few  miles  on  either 
side  of  this  point,  so  I  returned  and  spent  a  week  in  observing  the  species  and 
noting  its  habits.     It  must  be  very  local,  since,  though  not  at  all  uncommon 


SATYRUS  II. 


where  first,  met  with,  none  were  seen  elsewhere  during  the  season.  It  evidently 
first  appears  about  the  last  of  July,  since  nearly  all  the  specimens  were  dilapi- 
dated, the  males  especially  so.  The  species  in  mode  of  flight  mucli  resembles  S. 
Charon,  often  alighting  on  dry  bare  spots  in  the  grass  and  wall<ing  a  few  steps, 
then,  after  resting  a  few  moments,  flying  off  to  some  flower  or  other  bare  spot." 
The  original  description  was  made  from  these  somewhat  dilapidated  examples, 
and  the  general  color  was  given  as  light  brown,  whereas  fresh  examples  are  very 
dark. 

Mr.  Bruce  has  written  for  me  the  results  of  his  observations  on  this  species 
during  the  last  few  years :  "  S.  Meadii  is  quite  common  at  Buffalo  Creek,  in 
Platte  Canon,  Colorado,  from  the  middle  of  July  until  the  beginning  of  Septem- 
ber. It  is  a  gentle,  unobtrusive  species,  seldom  flying  more  than  a  few  inches 
from  the  ground.  It  is  extremely  partial  to  flowers,  especially  the  Composita;. 
A  tall  species  of  Senecio  grows  abundantly  by  the  side  of  the  Platte  that  is  very 
attractive  to  butterflies,  and  during  August  the  bright  yellow  flowers  of  this  plant 
are  literally  swarming  with  S.  Meadii,  accompanied  by  several  species  of  Argyn- 
iiis  and  Chrysophani.  But  the  3feadii  always  outnumber  them  all,  and  they  are 
generally  so  engaged  with  the  sweets  that  I  have  frequently  filled  my  collecting 
bottle  with  selected  examples  without  using  the  net.  They  are  fond  of  places 
where  the  timber  has  been  burned,  and  individuals  will  attach  themselves  to  a 
fallen  charred  tree,  and  flit  leisurely  around  it,  and  backward  and  forward  through 
the  limbs  for  some  minutes,  then  alight  on  the  trunk  and  promenade  with  wing.s 
half  extended  for  several  minutes  more.  The  species  seems  very  local.  I  have 
met  with  it  nowhere  else  in  Colorado  but  in  this  district,  which  is  about  forty 
miles  from  Denver,  and  between  6,000  and  7,000  feet  in  altitude.  It  does  not 
ascend  the  mountains,  but  keeps  to  the  gullies  and  water  courses  where  grasses 
and  flowers  abound.  It  has  a  more  direct  flight  than  S.  Charon,  that  species 
continually  flying  in  a  series  of  circles,  but  Meadii  goes  straight  from  flower  to 
llower  a  long  distance,  and  will  then  return  and  repeat  the  performance  over 
almost  the  same  track.  The  first  year  I  visited  Colorado,  I  lived  at  Buffalo 
Creek  from  July  15th  to  August  loth.  I  saw  Meadii  daily,  and  took  a  large 
number  of  examples.  One  fine  female  had  the  bright  russet  on  fore  Avings  en- 
tirely replaced  by  white.  Except  in  this  case,  I  have  seen  very  little  variation 
in  color.  Eggs  are  easily  obtained  in  confinement,  the  females  laying  on  any 
sort  of  grass." 

This  species,  as  Mr.  Bruce  says,  seems  to  be  very  local,  and  few  collectors 
Iiave  met  with  it.  Somewhere  in  Montana,  Mr.  H.  K.  Morrison  took  it,  but 
the  exact  locality  is  not  known.  I  can  hear  of  it  in  Colorado,  after  correspond- 
ing with  several  persons  who  have  collected  butterflies  in  that  State,  only  in  the 


SATYRUS  II. 


region  mentioned  by  Mr.  Bruce.  Prof.  F.  H.  Snow  writes :  "  I  first  took  the 
species  in  July,  1878,  near  Dome  Rocks,  in  the  South  Platte  Canon,  about  twenty- 
five  miles  from  Denver;  and  subsequently  in  New  Mexico,  in  the  Water  Canon, 
west  from  Socorro,  August,  1881.  It  was  represented  in  both  these  places  by 
comparatively  few  individuals."  S.  Meadii  may  be  common  in  some  parts  of 
Arizona,  but  the  only  locality  known  to  me  is  in  the  vicinity  of  Prescott.  Mr. 
Fletcher  says  that  it  has  never  been  reported  as  taken  in  Canada.  Apparently 
it  is  a  southern  species,  ranging  from  Montana  perhaps  into  Mexico.  Examples 
from  Arizona  are  larger  than  those  from  Colorado.  This  is  in  contrast  with 
Satyrus  Charon,  which  swarms  from  Colorado  to  Alberta  Terr,  all  through  the 
mountains,  and  the  most  northern  examples  are  largest. 

I  first  received  eggs  of  Satyrus  Meadii  from  Mr.  Jacob  Doll,  at  Prescott,  Ari- 
zona, 12th  August,  1881.  The  larva)  were  hatching  on  arrival,  the  package 
having  been  twelve  days  in  the  mail,  and  they  speedily  died. 

In  1880,  Mr.  Bruce  sent  me  several  eggs  from  Denver,  laid  2d  and  3d  Au- 
gust. These  began  to  hatch  17th,  and  the  larvaa  at  once  became  lethargic,  and 
were  soon  sent  to  New  York,  to  go  into  a  refrigerating  house.  I  received  thciu 
again  31st  March,  1887,  nearly  all  alive,  and  two  or  three  days  thereafter  they 
were  observed  to  be  feeding.  On  12th  April  they  began  to  pass  the  first  moult, 
on  27th  the  second,  by  6th  May  eight  had  passed  that  moult,  on  12th  May  one- 
passed  the  third,  and  on  24th  the  same  larva  passed  the  fourth  moult.  All 
had  passed  the  fourth  by  27th  May.  On  June  10th  the  first  pupation  took 
place,  on  11th  and  12th  others.  The  first  imago  came  forth  on  21st  June,  after 
eleven  days  in  pupa. 

On  18th  August,  1889,  I  again  received  eggs  from  the  late  William  S.  Foster, 
at  Buffalo  Creek,  Colorado.  These  hatched,  and  the  larva!  went  at  once  into  hi- 
bernation, as  before.  On  2d  April  they  came  back  from  New  York  ;  on  4th  some 
were  feeding.  On  21st  one  passed  the  first  moult,  on  16th  May  the  second,  on 
24th  the  third,  on  1st  June  the  fourth,  on  13th  June  pupated,  and  the  imago 
came  forth  Jane  14th,  at  a  little  less  than  eleven  days.  They  were  fed  on  Poa 
pratensis,  Blue  grass,  growing  in  pots,  and,  like  all  the  genus,  were  easy  to  rear. 


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CHIONOBAS  I. 


CHIONOBAS  CHRYXUS,  1-5. 

Chiomba,  Chryxus,  Doublcday,  Westwood  and  Hewitson,  Geni-ra  of  Diurnal  Lcpidoptera,  Vol.  II.,  ji.  383,  pi 
til,  «■;.  1.  18nl.  Edwards,  Proc.  Ent.  Soc.  Phil.,  Vol.  III.,  p.  82.  18G3.  Scuddur,  id.,  Vol.  V.,  p.  .5, 
1X05.    Mend,  Report  Wheeler  E.xpedition,  Vol.  I.,  p.   777.     1875. 

Var.  Calais,  Seudder,  9,  Proc.  Ent.  Soc.  Phil.,  Vol.  V.,  p.  7.    1865. 


Male.  —  Expani^s  from  1.8  to  2.25  inches. 

Upper  side  either  red-brown  o*-  yellow-brown,'  individuals  varying  much  be- 
tween these  jxtrenies ;  primaries  have  three  fifths  their  surface  from  base  eithei' 
a  dark  or  a  pale  brown,  often  with  spurs  along  the  nervules,  an  especially 
prominent  one  lying  on  the  upper  branch  of  median ;  often  also  the  basal  color 
is  continued  along  all  the  nervules  to  the  marginal  border,  which  is  either  broad 
or  very  narrow,  and  colored  as  the  base  ;  across  the  nervules  the  red  or  yellow 
<,'round  forms  a  narrow  band,  on  which  are  black  ocelli,  either  f  upiled  or  blind, 
never  large,  sometimes  minute,  from  one  to  three  in  number ;  if  but  one  is  pres- 
ent, it  is  on  the  upper  discoidal  interspace,  if  a  second,  it  is  usually  on  the  second 
median  interspace  ;  these  may  be  equal,  or  the  upper  one  the  larger;  if  a  third 
is  present,  it  is  usually  on  the  upper  median  interspace,  and  is  always  small ;  but 
sometimes  the  arrangement  is  quite  different,  as  seen  in  Fig.  1,  there  being  a  mi- 
nute ocellus  on  either  side  of  the  upper  spot,  the  lower  one  vanting ;  the  costal  edge 
streaked  tran.sversely  gray  and  brown  ;  behind  and  encroaching  a  little  on  the 
cell  is  the  dusky  sexual  band,  scarcely  to  be  discovered  in  the  darker  examples. 

Secondaries  of  nearly  uniform  color,  but  sometimes,  owing  to  the  thinness  of 
the  membrane,  the  mesial  band  of  under  side  appears  indistinctly,  dr-^'^cning  the 
disk  ;  the  marginal  border  either  broad  or  narrow,  brown ;  a  small  ocellus  in 
lower  median  interspace,  often  a  mere  point;  fringes  of  both  wing  yellow-whito 
in  the  interspaces,  fuscous  at  the  tips  of  the  nervules. 

'  E-xamplcs  from  Banff,  Alberta  Terr.,  liave  the  red  clear  and  bright  ;  all,  except  one  individual  which  I 
have  seen  from  Colorado,  have  the  rod  obscured  —  that  one  showing  as  bright  as  any  from  Canada. 


CHIONOBAS  I. 

Under  side  of  primaries  reddish  or  yellowish,  the  cell  pale,  the  apical  area 
more  or  less  gray-white,  and  both  cell  and  apex  finely  streaked  with  brown  ;  the 
arc  of  cell  covered  by  a  dark  brown  stripe,  and  inside  cell,  near  outer  end,  is  an 
imperfect  transverse  bar  of  same  hue ;  the  disk  is  crossed  by  a  brown  stripe,  cor- 
responding to  the  outer  limit  of  the  dark  area  of  upper  side,  nearly  straight 
from  costa  to  upper  branch  of  median,  on  which  it  bends  inward  at  a  sharp  angle, 
then  runs  to  the  submedian  nervure,  which  it  strikes  at  three  fifths  the  distance 
from  base  ;  hind  margin  streaked  brown,  limited  by  a  macular  blackish  stripe 
on  inner  side  ;  the  ocelli  repented.  Secondaries  gray-white,  or  a  pale  yellow-white, 
clouded  with  pale  brown,  much  covered  with  dark  brown  abbreviated  streaks ; 
the  mesial  band  varying  in  width,  sometimes  very  broad,  the  edges  almost  black, 
the  outer  nearly  parallel  with  the  margin,  irregularly  crenated,  with  a  project- 
ing tooth  that  is  either  single  or  double  on  the  di.scoidal  nervule,  and  two  promi- 
nent and  equal  rounded  crenations  in  the  median  interspaces;  but  these  last 
are  often  cut  squarely  off ;  the  inner  edge  angular  on  median,  and  with  a  large 
rounded  projection  on  sub-costal. 

Body  dark  brown,  beneath,  the  thorax  black,  the  abdomen  yellow-brown ;  legs 
gray,  the  long  hairs  of  the  femora  dark  brown ;  palpi  yellow-brown,  the  front 
hairs  black  ;  antenna3  reddish  above,  somewhat  annulated  with  gray  below  ;  club 
black,  on  under  side  gray-yellow.     (Figs.  1,  2.) 


Var.  Calais.  Tliis  was  originally  described  from  a  single  female,  which  forms 
part  of  my  collection.  The  color  above  is  dull  reddish  brown,  and  the  basal  area 
as  well  as  the  discal  is  remarkably  dusky,  the  outer  limits  of  this  portion  black- 
ened so  as  to  form  a  rather  diffuse  stripe.  There  is  an  interior  similar  stripe 
across  the  cell  of  the  fore  wing,  which  is  cor  .aier'  less  definitely  to  the  inner 
margin,  and  these  two  include  a  du.sky  ban'.  tJi't  corresponds  with  the  mesial 
band  on  under  side.  The  hind  wing  shows  nothing  of  the  interior  stripe.  On 
the  under  side,  the  ground  of  primaries  is  reddish,  the  markings  not  differing 
from  the  usual  Chryxus  ;  of  secondaries  is  reddish  from  base  to  the  outer  limit 
of  the  band,  beyond  that  sordid  yellow  ;  the  basal  area  is  well  covered  witli 
heavy  streaks  of  dark  brown,  and  so  is  the  interior  of  the  band  ;  the  extra-discal 
area  to  margin  is  but  finely  streaked,  and  with  paler  brown  ;  the  band  is  very 
broad,  in  general  as  in  Chryxus  ;  the  discoidal  projection  is  double  toothed,  and 
the  teeth  are  equal  and  sharp ;  the  median  crenations  are  cut  off  and  show  erose 
edges.  I  have  seen  no  example  of  Chryxus  female  so  conspicuously  marked  on 
upper  side,  but  occasionally  one  approaches  this  Calais.  The  female  hereafter 
spoken  of,  taken  by  Mr.  Bruce  in  September,  fresh  from  chrysalis,  comes  very 
near  it.     On  the  under  side,  some  of  the  Banff  males  are  closely  like  the  Calais 


CHIONOBAS  I. 

female  at  all  points.  My  conclusion,  after  seeing  the  new  material  lately  sent 
ine  by  Mr.  H.  K.  Burrison,  3i,  l9,  taken  at  Laggan  and  Banff,  and  by  Professor 
E.  T.  Owen,  16s,  17?,  taken  at  Banff,  all  in  June,  1890,  is  that  Calais  and 
Cliryxm  are  one  species.  There  is  a  perceptible  difference  between  a  series  of 
examples  from  Colorado  and  these  from  Canada,  as,  for  example,  the  northern 
males  have  narrower  fore  wings,  as  a  rule,  ~nd  so  far  as  at  present  observed,  the 
iarvoa  at  every  stage  have  the  light  bands  of  deeper  hue,  and  the  stripes  heavier 
and  darker,  and  this  strongly  suggests  a  difference  of  species.  But  so  far  as  I 
am  able  to  determine  from  the  examples  of  the  butterfly  under  view,  the  species 
is  Chrrjxus,  and  Calais  is  a  variety,  and  perhaps  the  extreme  northern  forn. 

Female.  —  Expands  from  2  to  2.25  inches. 

The  upper  side  never  so  dark  as  in  some  of  the  males,  either  reddifh  brown, 
or  yellow-brown,  individuals  varying  much  in  the  shade  ;  the  disk  and  base 
much  obscured  or  scarcely  at  all ;  in  some,  there  is  an  absence  of  any  stripes  or 
definite  markings,  in  others  the  outlines  of  the  mesial  band  of  under  side  of 
primaries  are  indicated  by  black  stripes  ;  the  ocelli  on  primaries  sometimes  two, 
more  often  three,  and  occasionally  four,  varying  much  in  size,  as  is  shown  in  the 
fioures  on  the  Plate;  under  side  as  in  the  male;  one  example  under  view  shows 
live  ocelli,  though  but  four  on  the  upper  .«ide  ;  some  have  the  mesial  band  of 
primaries  as  distinctly  outlined  as  that  of  secondaries,  others  show  scarcely  a  trace 
of  it ;  there  is  wide  variation.     (Figs.  3,  4,  5.) 

Egg,  — Similar  to  egg  of  C.  hallda  (Vol.  II.,  pi.  45) ;  sub-conic,  the  base  flat- 
tened, but  somowhat  rounded;  broadest  at  about  two  fifths  '  distance  from 
base,  the  upper  part  narrowing  slightly,  the  top  flattened;  mm u<.d  by  nineteen 
vertical  rib.s,  somewhat  sinuous,  narrow  at  top  and  rounded,  the  -idt  -  ;i  little 
convex,  the  interspaces  not  deep  (a  cross  section  would  show  the  hollows  '"  be 
equal  to,  and  in  outline  very  like,  the  elevations) ;  the  micropyle  is  in  the  centre 
of  a  rosette  of  five-sided  cells,  outside  which  are  two  or  three  rows  of  similar 
cells,  gradually  increasing  in  size  ;  color  dead-white.  (Figs,  a,  a".)  Duration  of 
tliis  stage  fourteen  and  fifteen  days. 

(XoTE.  —  In  the  description  of  the  ogg  of  C.  Ivallda,  it  is  stated  that  the 
.sides  of  the  ridf^es  are  excavated,  which  is  erroneous.  They  are  slightly  convex, 
and  a  cross  section  would  give  an  outline  similar  to  that  of  Chryxus,  as  above 
described.) 

YouNo  Larva. -»- Length,  at  twenty-four  hours  from  the  egg,  .12  inch; 
thickest  anteriorly,  tapering  from  2  slightly  and  regularly  on  dorsum  and  sides, 


CHIONOBAS  I. 


but  after  8,  rapidly  on  dorsum,  the  last  segments  curving  to  13,  which  ends  in 
two  short,  sub-conical  tails,  not  quite  meeting  at  base  ;  furnished  with  three  rows 
of  blackish,  conical  tubercles,  on  either  side,  above  the  spiracles,  a  dorsal,  sub- 
dorsal and  lateral,  one  tubercle  to  the  segment  in  each  row  from  3  to  12;  on  2 
there  are  four  tubercles  at  the  front,  placed  near  together  and  equi-distant,  not 
quite  in  verticil  line,  but  obliquely  back,  the  third  and  fourth  falling  a  little 
below  the  sub-dorsal  row  ;  there  is  also  a  process  in  front  of  and  above  the  spir- 
acle, and  below  it  a  tapering  hair ;  on  3  and  4,  each,  is  a  second  one  in  front  of 
the  lateral ;  those  of  a  and  4  in  vertical  row,  on  the  middle  of  the  segment,  on 
the  remaining  segments  in  triangle  ;  13  has  the  tiiree  on  front  part,  and  a  second 
three  to  the  rear,  one  of  them  being  at  the  tip  of  the  tail ;  also  between  the  tails, 
a  little  below  the  tip,  on  either  side  is  a  smaller  tubercle  and  process ;  each 
tubercle  from  3  to  middle  of  13  gives  out  a  very  short,  thickly-clubbed,  bent 
white  process  (Fig.  h^);  those  on  2  and  at  the  rear  of  13  are  longer,  slenderer 
near  base,  less  heavily  clubbed  at  top  (Fig.  ¥);  under  the  spiracles  is  another 
row  of  smaller  tubercles,  2  on  2,  1  on  3  and  4  each,  2  from  4  to  12,  and  one  on 
13 ;  also  over  the  feet  is  a  short  hair  to  each,  over  the  prolegs  two,  and  over  the 
anal  leg  three  (this  arrangement  of  tubercles  and  style  of  process  is  character- 
istic of  the  genus,  so  far  as  observed) ;  color,  at  first  pinkish  'yhite,  in  a  few 
hours  changing  to  slate-blue,  in  about  two  days  to  gray-gree:i  ;  marked  by  longi- 
tudinal dull  red  lines,  a  mid-dorsal,  and  three  on  either  side  ;  in  the  more  north- 
ern examples,  the  mid-lateral  line  is  heavy  and  dark  colored  and  the  mid-dorsal 
broad  (Figs,  b,  h^) ;  in  the  southern  these  are  pale,  and  the  upper  one  slight 
(Fig.  h^) ;  in  all,  the  sub-dor.sal  (upper  lateral)  is  slig^'t,  and  so  is  the  lower  lat- 
eral, but  it  is  sometimes  confluent  in  part  of  its  course  with  the  broad  one  above 
it ;  under  side,  feet  and  legs  pale  green  ;  head  broader  than  2,  sub-globose,  the 
front  well  rounded,  broadest  below,  narrowing  upward,  depressed  at  the  suture ; 
surface  covered  with  shallow  indentations,  and  showing  a  few  tubercles  like  those 
on  the  body,  those  of  the  upper  two  rows  brown,  the  others  concolored  with 
the  face,  each  with  an  exceedingly  short,  slightly  clubbed  and  bent  white  pro- 
cess (Fig.  ¥);  of  these  ihere  are  ten  on  each  lobe  or  twenty  in  nil  (as  shown  on 
the  accompanying  cut),  four  being  in  cross  row  near  the  top,  six  in 
a  second  row  in  line  with  the  apex  of  the  frontal  t'uingle,  four  in 
V*' A-A.'tf/  a  third  row  a  little  higher  than  the  top  of  the  ocelli,  one  a  little 
in  front  of  and  above  the  largest  ocellus,  and  two  behind  the  ocelli, 
the  lower  one  of  which  is  slightly  longer  and  more  slender  than  the  other  (the 
processes  in  both  body  and  head  are  exaggerated  in  the  outline  figures  in  order 
to  show  them  distinctly ;  actually  they  are  scarcely  longer  than  the  supporting 
tubercles) ;  color  of  head  pale  green,  the  ocelli  black.     (Fig.  6'.) 


CIIIONOBAS  I. 

As  the  larva  grows,  attaining  .18  or  .2  in  length,  the  color  of  the  body  changes 
to  gray  with  a  reddish  tint ;  the  lines  distinct,  and  in  addition  to  those  first  dis- 
covered is  another  over  the  feet  and  legs ;  under  side  grayish  white.  Duration 
of  this  stage  thirteen  to  nineteen  days. 

After  first  moult:  length,  at  twenty-four  hours,  .22  inch;  nearly  the  same 
shape,  more  slender,  the  dorsum  a  little  depressed  at  5  and  6,  the  curve  on 
posterior  segments  less  strong;  the  tails  more  slender,  and  somewhat  longer  in 
proportion ;  color  pale  buff  ;  the  mid-dorsal  stripe  is  pale  black  with  a  vinous  tint, 
narrow,  and  through  each  of  the  buff  dorsal  bands  runs  a  fine  red  line ;  the  lateral 
stripe  is  broad,  deeper  colored  than  the  dorsal,  and  extends  to  the  tip  of  the 
tail ;  next  below  is  a  yellow  line,  and  a  narrow  pale  vinous  stripe  running  with 
tlic  spiracles,  then  the  yellow  ba.sal  ridge,  and  under  it  another  stripe ;  surface 
thickly  covered  with  fine  conical  tubercles,  each  with  a  short,  upright,  whitish, 
clubbed  and  bent  hair  or  process;  under  side,  feet  and  legs,  yellow-green;  head 
more  globular,  very  little  broader  at  base  than  above,  a  little  depressed  at  top, 
the  surface  thickly  covered  with  rather  deep  rounded  indentations,  between 
some  of  which  are  minute  tubercles  with  processes  similar  to  those  on  the  body ; 
from  back  to  front  six  nebulous  dusky  stripes,  caused  by  a  dark  brown  or  black 
coloring  at  the  bottom  of  the  pits,  one  following  the  suture  on  either  side, 
another  outside  each  of  these,  coming  nearly  to  the  ocelli,  the  third  short,  at  the 
side  ;  color  yellow-buff,  the  ocelli  black.    (Figs,  c,  c^) 

In  the  darker  examples,  the  mid-dorsal  stripe  is  nearly  as  wide  as  the  drab 
dorsal  band,  and  the  lateral  stripe  is  blackish  with  a  red  tint. 

Duration  of  this  stage  from  five  to  seventeen  days. 

After  second  moult :  length,  at  twenty-four  hours,  .32  inch  ;  shajie  and  color  as 
before,  except  that  the  buff'  is  more  yellow  (Figs,  d,  (P  dorsum  of  7  and  8) ;  the 
tubercles  and  hairs,  or  processes,  still  clubbed,  slender,  thickening  gradually  from 
base  to  top,  and  bent  (Fig.  d?);  head  as  before,  color  yellow-green.    (Fig.  d*.) 

In  the  darker  examples,  the  lateral  stripe  is  deep  black  along  the  edges,  pale 
within. 

Some  larvae  went  into  hibernation  at  this  stage,  soon  after  the  moult ;  others 
to  maturity.  With  these  last,  the  duration  of  the  stage  was  from  eight  to  si.\- 
toen  days. 

After  third  moult:  length  .5  to  .53  inch;  scarcely  different  in  shape,  the  dor- 
sum somewhat  more  arched  ;  the  stripes  deeper  colored  and  rather  heavier  ;  the 
buff  area  green  tinted.    (Fig.  e.)    The  hairs,  or  processes,  have  become  tapering. 


CHIONOBAS   I. 

and  the  same  form  holds  in  the  succeeding  stage ;  so  the  tubercles  are  more 
sharply  conical.     To  next  moult,  eleven  to  fifteen  days. 

After  fourth  moult :  length  .74  to  .86  inch ;  in  about  ten  days  was  fully 
grown. 

Mature  Larva.  —  Length  .96  to  1  inch  ;  stout,  obese,  thickest  in  middle,  the 
dorsum  much  arched,  most  so  on  7  to  11 ;  ending  in  two  short,  sub-conical  tails 
which  meet  sharply  at  base  ;  surface  closely  covered  with  small  pointed  tubercles, 
of  irregular  sizes,  each  with  a  short,  stiff,  tapering,  whitish  hair,  or  proce.s,s 
(Fig.  ff');  color  buff  in  shades,  and  striped  longitudinally  with  black;  on  mid- 
dorsum  a  narrow  stripe,  somewhat  macular,  edged  on  either  side  by  a  yellow-buff 
line ;  on  mid-side  a  broad  stripe,  partly  replaced  by  yellow ;  the  area  between 
these  two  stripes  is  banded,  next  the  dorsal  by  brownish  buff,  next  the  lateral  by 
reddish  buff,  the  latter  cut  longitudinally  by  a  reddish  line  ;  beneath  the  lateral 
band  is  a  yellow  line,  followed  by  a  brown-buff  stripe  running  with  the  spiracles; 
then  the  yellow  basal  ridge,  under  which  is  a  narrow  stripe  of  brown -buff; 
under  side,  feet  and  legs  yellow-brown  ;  head  small  in  proportion  to  the  size 
of  the  body,  sub-globose,  well  rounded  frontally ;  the  surface  thickly  covered 
with  pretty  deep  indentations,  between  some  of  which  are  very  small  tuber- 
cles, bearing  proces.ses  or  hairs  like  those  of  the  body;  color  yellow  -  brown  ; 
across  the  top  six  brown  stripes  (characteristic  of  the  genus,  so  far  as  observed), 
three  on  either  lobe  ;  the  inner  one  follows  the  suture  halfway  down  the  triangle, 
the  second  is  parallel  with  the  first,  narrower,  and  tapers  to  a  point  well  down 
the  front ;  the  third  is  on  the  side  over  the  ocelli ;  the  indentations  covered  by 
these  stripes  are  of  a  dark  brown  or  black,  at  bottom,  and  this  gives  a  mottled 
appearance  to  the  latter ;  the  frontal  triangle  dark  brown,  or  black,  at  base,  the 
mandibles  a  shade  lighter  ;  ocelli  black.  (Figs,  g,  (f  natural  size;  (f  section  of  7, 
g^  of  7  and  8,  (f'  head,  all  enlarged.)  In  the  darker  variety,  the  lateral  stripe  is 
broad  and  black,  and  the  spiracular  one  is  nearly  as  conspicuous.  (Fig./,  greatly 
enlarged.)  From  fourth  moult  to  pupation,  in  the  only  instance  observed,  thirty- 
one  days. 


Chrysalis.  —  Length  .5  inch  ;  breadth  at  mesonotum  .19,  at  abdomen  .2  inch  ; 
cylindrical,  stout,  the  ventral  outline  much  arched  from  end  to  end,  the  dorsal 
from  the  thoracic  depression  to  end  still  more  so ;  head  case  truncated,  dome- 
shaped  at  top  ;  mesonotum  without  carina,  rounded  every  way,  curving  from  its 
summit  to  the  top  of  the  head ;  the  depression  rather  deep,  angular ;  abdomen 
sub-conical,  obese ;  wing  cases  somewhat  elevated,  beveled  down  to  the  abdomen 


CHIONOBAS  I. 

on  the  margin ;  the  cremaster  consists  of  a  simple  blunt,  but  somewhat  trifid 
ridge,  the  two  outer  lobes  representing  the  anal  projections  of  the  larva),  and  the 
central  lobe  the  inter'.nediary  tip ;  anal  orifice  and  plate  well  defined  (the  shape 
(lilfers  in  the  several  species  of  the  genus,  as  far  as  observed),  naked,  there  being 
neither  hooks  nor  straight  bristles ;  color  of  head  and  wing  cases  brown,  witli 
darker  stripes  corresponding  to  the  cell  and  interspaces  of  the  wings,  also  with  a 
(lark  marginal  border,  a  dark  patch  at  the  shoulder ;  the  antennae  and  tongue 
(iises  black  ;  some  dark  stripes  across  the  head  ;  mesonotum  dark  yellow-brown  ; 
abdomen  light  yellow-brown,  dotted  with  black  points  or  very  short  str'jaks, 
mostly  two  to  each  segment,  and  in  longitudinal  rows ;  there  are  a  dorsal,  sub- 
dorsal, and  mid-lateral  row,  and  others  on  the  ventral  side.  (Figs,  h,  h^.)  The 
only  pupa  observed  died  before  imago. 


CiiUYXUS  is  found  throughout  the  Rocky  Mountains  from  Colorado  to  British 
America.  The  first  account  of  locality  and  habits  appears  to  be  that  given  by 
Mr.  Mead,  who  spent  several  weeks  in  Colorado,  in  1871.  He  says.  Rep. 
Wheeler  Expedn.,  V.  777  :  "  This  Chionobas  was  found  in  more  elevated  regions, 
still  keeping  below  timber  line.'  It  was  brought  by  the  Expedition  from  Gray's 
Peaks.  My  first  specimens  were  taken  July  8th,  on  the  Arkansas  divide,  in 
company  with  Colias  Mead'd  and  other  rare  mountain  species.  It  was  not  very 
uncommon  by  the  roadside.  It  seems  to  be  found  in  small  numbers  through 
all  the  mountain  region  around  the  South  Park,  rarely,  however,  below  9,000 
feet.     None  were  seen  after  July." 

Mr.  David  Bruce  has  kindly  written  for  me  the  result  of  several  j'ears'  observa- 
tions on  this  species.  He  says :  Chryxus  is  a  true  mountain  insect.  I  have 
never  seen  it  below  8,000  feet  elevation.  Although  it  is  not  an  abundant  spe- 
cies, it  is  by  no  means  uncommon  in  its  favorite  haunts.  At  the  lower  levels,  it 
is  usually  found  on  gravelly  or  bare  tracts,  on  the  mountain  side.  The  trails 
and  wagon  roads  in  the  canons,  the  prospecting  holes  and  '  dumps'  of  the  mines, 
arc  also  much  frequented.  It  has  a  peculiar  habit  of  taking  short  walks  on  the 
ground  or  rocks,  leisurely  p.acing  around  or  across  the  spot  several  times,  then 
remaining  quiet  for  .a  long  time.  When  disturbed,  it  flies  swiftly  for  a  short  dis- 
tance, alighting  on  a  stone,  or  the  earth,  and  after  a  few  minutes  is  apt  to 
return  to  its  first  starting  place,  which  seems  to  lie  selected  as  a  post  of  observa- 
tion.   It  frequently  alights  on  flowers,  remaining  a  long  time,  the  yellow  blo.s- 

'  sir.  Bruce  :  "Timber  line  in  Colorado  is  between  11,000  and  12,000  foct.  On  Mount  Gibson,  tlic  timber 
stops  as  abruptly  as  a  picket  fence  around  a  garden  ;  then  come  low  but  luxuriant  willows,  etc.,  for  another 
1,000  feet,  and  these  stop,  and  the  true  alpincs  and  grasses  are  ait  you  meet  with,  —  but  these  arc  abundant. 
The  region  of  '  eternal  snows  '  is  never  attained  in  Colorado." 


CHIONOBAS   I. 


soma  of  Potentilla  being  especial  favorites.     On  a  cloudy  or  showery  day  I  have 
often  taken  them  from  the  plants  with  my  fingers. 

"  At  the  higher  elevations  Chri/xus  takes  long  flights  when  startled,  and  the 
wind  generally  assists  in  carrying  it  beyond  the  reach  of  the  collector.  The 
females  are  more  addicted  to  gras.sy  places,  and  will  take  longer  and  higher 
flights  when  alarmed,  dropping  suddenly  into  the  grass  and  often  hiding  so 
closely  as  to  prevent  capture.  I  have  thus  many  times  lost  individuals  wlien  I 
saw  the  exact  places  at  which  tliey  dropped.  Chryxus  has  the  habit  of  lying  flat 
on  the  ground,  with  wings  closed,  as  if  dead.  When  in  this  position  on  the  dis- 
integrated granite,  it  is  very  difficult  to  detect  it.  C.  Uhlerii  and  C.  Semidea  or 
the  insect  which  passe.'i  by  the  name  of  Semidea,  but  which  seems  to  be  different 
from  the  White  Mountain  form,  do  the  same  thing.  C.  Bore '  does  not  frequent 
the  '  barren.s,'  and  therefore  the  habit  is  not  so  noticeable  in  that  species.  But 
H.  Ridinrjsii  does  so  persistently.  I  believe  this  is  for  the  purpose  of  conceal 
ment ;  the  insects  remain  perfectly  still  in  the  presence  of  danger.  They  appear 
to  know  when  they  are  observed,  for  they  are  off  the  moment  the  eye  catches 
them.  Tlie  marbling  of  the  under  side  so  harmonizes  with  the  color  of  the  ground 
or  rocks  that  I  have  many  times  failed  to  detect  them  after  careful  search,  and  on 
laying  my  net  down,  they  would  spring  up,  perhaps  within  an  inch  of  it. 

"  Although  Chrj/XHS  has  not  the  excursive,  bustling  flight  of  many  butterflies, 
it  is  strong-winged  and  active,  always  on  the  alert,  requiring  quick  action  of  eye 
and  hand  to  capture  it.  The  species  occurs  from  about  8,000  feet  to  the  very 
tops  of  the  mountains  of  the  front  range,  14,000  feet.  I  found  it  not  uncommon 
on  all  the  peaks  near  South  Park,  at  this  altitude  generally  in  company  with  C. 
Semidea.  Individuals  taken  on  the  summits  are  usually  more  yellow  than  those 
found  below.  The  dark  red  ones  I  have  in  most  cases  found  in  the  open  places 
among  burnt  timber,  and  therefore  at  a  low  elovation,  and  they  are  rare.  The 
species  flies  from  the  middle  of  June  urrtil  the  middle  of  September.  My  first 
recorded  date  of  capture  is  June  13th,  and  a  female  taken  September  lOlli 
was  quite  fresh  and  bright  colored,  evidently  just  from  pupa.  I  am  decidedly 
of  the  opinion  that  examples  taken  in  September  are  produced  from  eggs  laid 
the  same  year.  I  have  taken  fresh  examples  in  tlie  same  locality  in  which  I 
had  taken  others  three  months  earlier,  and  I  believe  these  late  flyers  to  have 
descended  from  the  early  ones.  Many  times  I  have  obtained  eggs  from  the 
females  confined  over  grass  which  was  planted  in  a  can,  but  my  experience  is 

'  This  species  is  not  really  Bore,  as  was  pronounced,  in  1886,  by  Dr.  Staudinger,  on  seeing  a  single  example. 
He  informs  me  now,  after  seeing  several  examples,  that  it  would  seem  to  be  a  gray  variety  of  Crambii  Freyor 
1=  Also,  Boisil.  It  appears  to  mc  to  be  a  distinct  species,  and  I  have  named  it  Chionobas  BnucKi.  (Ste 
Can.  Ent.,  XXIII.,  February,  1891.) 


CIIIONOBAS  I. 


that  they  arc  very  uncertain  in  the  matter  of  laying  eggs  in  such  circum- 
stances, laying  two  or  three  in  a  day,  uin\  often  none  at  all.  I  have  found  this 
so  with  all  the  species  of  this  genus.  I  should  say  that  ChryruH  was  a  rather 
long-lived  insect.  One  individual  which  was  easily  recognized  by  an  altorted  fore 
wing  frequented  a  small  rocky  patch  for  fifteen  days,  at  least.  The  place  was 
always  damp  from  the  gradually  melting  snow  above,  and  was  a  favorite  resort 
for  many  species  of  butterflies." 

Mr.  Fletcher  informs  me  that  Chryxus  (but  whether  the  typical  form,  or  the 
variety  Calais,  is  not  known  to  me)  was  taken  by  Professor  J.  Macoun,  at  Kana- 
iiaskis,  in  the  Rocky  Mountains,  24  June,  1886,  at  the  altitude  of  4,100  feet ; 
also  that  Mr.  J.  M.  Macoun  found  it  at  Sproal  Landing,  British  Columbia,  at 
1,375  feet,  and  at  Deer  Creek,  in  same  region,  1,380  feet. 

Professor  Owen  writes  me  :  "  The  railway  guide  puts  Banff  at  4,500  feet.  All 
my  captures  varied  but  little  from  that  height.  Some  ran  perhaps  500  feet 
higher,  but  only  a  few,  and  those  on  a  hill  about  1,000  feet  above  the  valley. 
The  species  was  most  abundant  in  open  timber  near  the  Sanitarium  Hotel,  was 
scarce  in  thick  timber  higher  up,  as  also  in  the  open,  rocky  ground  above  the 
timber." 

Mr.  Bean  is  a  resident  of  Liiggan,  and  therefore  has  been  able  to  note  the 
characteristics  of  this  species  with  precision.  He  writes  :  "  I  have  compared  the 
Colorado  pair  of  Chryxus  you  sent  with  the  Laggan  material.  I  find  one  female 
which,  on  the  under  side  of  the  hind  wings,  is  a  copy  of  the  female  sent.  Above, 
it  is  of  the  same  color,  but  shows  stronger  contrasts  by  the  fact  of  the  dark  shades 
being  darker  than  in  your  specimen  ;  but  they  are  practically  alike.  I  had  a  Col- 
orado female  from  you  years  ago,  and  that  also  I  find  one  or  two  sufficiently  near 
to.  But  the  rest  of  my  females  do  not  compare  very  exactly  with  the  Colorado 
.specimens  that  I  have.  There  is  one  male  which  is  a  little  less  red  than  the  male 
you  sent"  (I  had  sent  Mr.  Bean  one  of  the  dark  males,  like  that  shown  by  Fig.  1), 
'•  but  otherwise  it  is  practically  a  copy  of  it.  The  prevailing  style  at  Laggan  in 
both  sexes  chiefly  occurs  at  about  5,000  feet.  Those  found  above  timber,  or  at 
timber  line,  are  duller.  But  the  species  I  have  only  on  three  occasions  found 
above  timber  line,  and  then  at  about  7,800  feet.  At  the  line  there  appeared 
quite  a  colony  last  year  (1890),  and  the  pattern  tended  away  from  that  of  lower 
elevation." 

The  type  Calais  was  taken  by  Mr.  C.  Drexler,  at  Albany  River,  Hudson's  Bay, 
1861.  In  the  drawings  sent  me  by  the  late  Philip  Henry  Gosse,  representing  but- 
terflies taken  by  him,  in  1832,  near  Carbonear,  Newfoundland,  was  one  of  the 
under  side  of  a  species  that  agreed  well  with  Calais.  It  is  evident,  therefore, 
that  Chryxus  and  its  variety  inhabit  the  continent,  in  Canada,  nearly  from  ocean 
to  ocean. 


CHIONOBAS  I. 


1  first  received  eggs  of  Chryxua  from  Mr.  Nash,  tlien  at  Rosita,  Colorado,  2d 
August,  1884 ;  these  began  to  hatch  on  8th,  the  larva)  nibbling  through  the 
shell,  not  entirely  around  the  top,  which  lifted  to  permit  egress  and  fell  in  place 
again.  Tlie  first  moult  was  passed  23d  August,  the  second  on  2d  September. 
By  12th,  two  of  the  larvje  had  gone  into  lethargy,  but  the  third,  which  had  been 
sent  to  Mrs.  Peart,  passed  the  third  moult  13th  September,  and  the  fourth 
9th  October.  This  one  was  mailed  to  me,  and  died  on  the  road.  The  other  two 
were  sent  to  Clifton  Springs,  New  York,  and  died  before  I  received  tliem 
'again,  in  Miircji  following.  The  experiment  so  far  had  shown  that  the  larva) 
differed  in  habit,  some  hibernating  after  the  second  moult,  some  going  to  the 
fourth  and  last.  I  fed  the.se  larvas,  as  I  do  all  the  Satyridae,  on  blue-grass, 
Poa  pratensi.s,  and  I  find  it  preferred  to  all  other  sorts. 

On  27th  June,  188G,  I  again  received  eggs  from  Mr.  Nash,  at  Rosita, 
which  were  hatching  Cth  July.  The  larva)  began  to  pass  their  first  moult 
on  20th,  one  passed  the  second  on  25th,  the  third  August  10th,  the  fourth 
23d.  Soon  after,  this  one  cea.sed  feeding  and  was  left  out  of  doors.  The  others 
of  this  lot  had  died  by  the  way.  Meantime,  two  larvaj  from  eggs  sent  by  Mr. 
Bruce,  at  Denver,  had  been  feeding.  These  had  hatched  1st  August,  passed  the 
first  moult  17th  and  18th,  the  second  26th  and  27th,  the  third  on  3d  and  Gth 
September.  One  passed  fourth  on  14th  September.  They  became  fully  grown 
in  September,  but  were  feeding  a  little  up  to  11th  October,  and  showed  no  dis- 
position to  go  into  hibernation.  But  a  disease  attacked  them,  the  head  turning 
black  and  then  the  adjoining  part  of  the  body,  and  both  died  21st  October. 

The  one  which  had  hibernated  was  brought  into  the  house  13th  January,  the 
weather  being  at  that  time  quite  warm.  It  was  not  observed  feeding  until  9tli 
February.  Early  in  March  was  full-grown,  became  pale  in  color,  rested  for  days 
deep  down  in  the  sod,  and  I  was  confident  that  pupation  was  close  at  hand. 
But  on  attempting  to  clear  away  the  grass  with  scissors  in  order  to  get  a  clear 
view,  I  wounded  the  skin  and  the  larva  soon  died. 

There  was  still  another  lot  of  throe  larvae,  from  eggs  sent  by  Mr.  Bean,  laid  by 
a  female  of  the  dark  variety,  and  which  began  to  hatch  17th  July,  1886.  The 
larv£e  passed  their  first  moult  5th  August,  the  second  on  22d  August.  These 
soon  after  became  lethargic,  and  were  sent  to  Clifton  Springs,  to  go  in  the  refrig- 
erating house.  When  I  received  the  box  again,  21st  March,  one  larva  was  alive, 
and  then  moving  about.  As  soon  as  it  was  placed  on  a  sod,  it  began  to  eat.  It 
passed  its  third  moult  9th  April,  fourth  on  24th,  and  ten  days  later  was  mature. 
For  two  months  thereafter  it  eat  nothing,  was  seen  lying  on  or  in  the  sod,  or  on 
the  ground,  or  sometimes  had  climbed  high  up  the  net  that  covered  it,  or  it 
rested  for  hours  on  one  of  the  supporting  sticks.     I  supposed  it  would  pupate, 


CIIIONOBAS  I. 


ninl  knowing  nothing  of  ita  habit,  prepared  soft  earth  and  covered  it  with  moss, 
niffo  laid  piles  of  stones.  But  all  was  in  vain,  and  the  larva  lingered  till  4th  July, 
and  tiiat  day  died. 

A  year  later,  on  10th  June,  1888,  eggs  were  again  received  from  the  late 
W.  S.  Foster,  then  at  Salida,  Colorado.  They  began  to  hatch  17th  June,  to 
pass  the  first  moult  30th,  the  second  11th  July,  the  third  lOlli.  On  31st,  one 
piissed  the  fourth,  and  two  others  the  next  day.  A  fourth  larva  had  fallen 
asleep  after  third  moult,  was  placed  in  the  cellar,  and  died  there.  On  1st  Sep- 
tember, one  of  the  larvie  was  found  to  have  just  pupated,  at  thirty-one  days 
from  the  last  moult.  It  was  low  down  in  the  sod,  on  its  side,  and  of  course  un- 
attached, as  there  are  no  hooks  to  the  crcmaster.  This  pupa  was  sent  to  Mrs. 
IVart,  and  is  figured  on  the  Plate.  It  died  before  imago.  The  other  two 
liuviv  were  sent  to  New  York,  to  be  received  again,  ICth  April,  1889.  One 
only  was  alive,  and  was  wide  awake  when  I  opened  the  box.  I  laid  it  on  a  bit  of 
sod  in  a  flower-pot,  neglecting  to  tie  a  net  over  it,  and  went  on  with  the  ex- 
amination of  larvo)  of  other  species.  In  less  than  five  minutes  I  returned  to 
the  Chryxus,  but  it  had  run  away  and  I  was  unable  to  find  it.  I  could  not  have 
looked  for  such  behavior  in  a  larva  so  naturally  lethargic.  So  ended  my  ex- 
periments and  adventures  with  this  Chionobas  running  through  five  years.  It  is 
a  sorry  account  of  loss,  partly  due  to  my  own  carelessness,  partly  to  causes  un- 
controllable by  me.  Yet  I  did  reach  the  pupa,  and  got  a  history  of  all  the 
stages,  which  lacks  only  the  duration  of  the  pupa  stage  to  make  it  complete. 
Sandberg  gives  the  length  of  the  pupa  stage  of  C.  Bort  as  about  six  weeks,  in 
Lapland  ;  Mr.  Scudder,  that  of  the  only  C.  Semidea  pupa  which  formed  in  his 
possession,  and  gave  imago,  as  nineteen  days.  Mr.  Fyles  found  the  pupa  stage 
of  C.  Jutla  to  be  forty  and  forty-one  days,  as  he  informs  me;  while  one  of  the 
same  species  in  Mrs.  Peart's  charge  gave  imogo  after  twenty-one  days. 

The  larva)  are  sluggish  at  tall  stages,  moving  very  .«lo\viy,  resting  in  one 
place  for  a  long  time.  I  never  saw  a  quick  movement,  and  therefore  the  run- 
ning away  of  the  larva,  as  before  related,  surprised  me.  In  the  younger  stages 
tliey  rest  mostly  on  the  leaf,  heads  up  or  down,  but  as  they  become  heavy, 
they  lie  on  or  in  the  sod,  and  ascend  to  feed.  I  never  saw  one  curled  in  a 
ling,  as  is  the  habit  of  Arge  Galathea,  but  when  in  the  .sod  they  are  often 
bent  nearly  double,  or  the  head  and  anterior  parts  are  curved  down.  Seen 
indistinctly  through  the  grass  they  have  a  very  reptilian  look,  like  a  section  of 
u  small,  slender  snake,  not  uncommon  hereabout.  Like  all  the  Satyrida),  they 
eat  at  the  top  of  the  grass  leaf,  mowing  down  the  edge  in  as  wide  a  swathe  as  the 
mandibles  will  take  in,  and  in  successive  cuts  till  the  leaf  is  eaten  through ; 
tiicn  they  back  down  and  repeat  the  process. 


CHIONOBAS  I. 

The  liirvio  from  Ciiniula  wore  nil  of  the  dark  variety,  represented  by  figuroa 
b,  Ir,  iinrl  /,  those  from  Colorado  were  always  light,  with  narrower  dorsal  and 
lateral  stripes. 

The  larvoD  from  Canada  hibernated  after  second  moult,  and  pupation  would 
naturally  occur  early  in  the  following  summer,  or  perhaps  in  May.  All  the  exam. 
l)los  of  the  imago  from  Danll'  before  spokcsn  of  were  taken  on  or  about  2(Ulj 
June.  The  Colorado  larviO  in  part  hibernated  after  the  second,  also  the  third 
moult,  and  these  would  probably  reach  the  imago  stage  in  June.  Others  went 
on  to  maturiiy  and  hil)ernated  fully  grown.  Such  larvic  would  pupate  early  in 
the  spring,  and  give  tiie  earliest  butterllies.  One  larva  pupated  the  same  season, 
in  September,  and  this  supports  Mr.  Bruce's  opinion  that  fresh  butterflies  lly 
late  in  the  season,  out  of  eggs  laid  in  the  previous  spring.  There  would  be  an 
appearance,  in  Colorado,  as  of  three  distinct  broods  of  the  imogo,  early,  raid- 
sunnncr,  and  ate,  and  so  Mr.  Bruce  has  found  it. 

All  persons  who  have  attempted  to  rear  larva)  of  this  genus  discover  that 
it  requires  time  and  patience,  and  any  degree  of  success  is  reached  through 
many  failures.  Several  of  the  most  experienced  breeders  of  larva)  in  the  United 
States  and  Canada  have  tried  their  skill  on  C.  Maconni,  with  hundreds  of  eggs 
distributed  among  them,  but  scarcely  has  a  larva  got  beyond  the  second  moult. 
One  only  reached  the  fourth,  and  that  died  before  imago.  For  this  reason,  ex- 
ceedingly little  has  been  published  of  the  early  stages  of  any  Chionobas,  whethor 
American  or  European,  and  that  little  is  imperfect  and  scrappy,  except  in  tiie 
case  of  Jutta,  in  which  Rev.  Mr.  Fyles  succeeded  in  rearing  the  species  from 
egg  to  imago,  as  related  by  him  in  the  Canadian  Entomologist,  Vols.  XIX. 
and  XXI. 

1  have  dealt  with  five  lots  of  Chryxus  larvse,  and  the  duration  of  the  several 
stages  was  as  follows:  — 

Time  from  egg  to  first  moult  15,  14,  17,  1.3,  dnys,  Colorado;  19,  Canada. 
"  "  first  to  second  moult  10,  5,  9,12,  "  Coloriido  ;  1 7,  Cunada. 
"        "     second  to  third  moult  8,  16,    8,  "     Colorado, 

"        "    tliird  tofourlli  moult  16,  11,  12,  "     Colorado;  15,  Canada. 

"        "    fourth  to  |)Ui)ation      31,  "     Colorado. 


By  which  it  appears  that  not  only  have  the  Canada  larvas  hibernated  at  one 
stage  earlier  than  the  Colorado,  but  that  each  stage  of  the  former  was  pro- 


longed. 


DESCRIPTION   OF  THE  PLATE. 


(  iiiivxus,   1,  2  i  ,  a,  ■»  9  ;  5  Var.  ?. 
a  K()(i  ;  a'  micropylc. 
A,  //'  You.no  Lahva,  (lark  variety,  A"  the  light  var. ;  A'  outline  uliowiiif;  iLe  processes  ;  A'  jirotcss  on  ;i  to 

13  and  on  front  of  13,  b"  same,  on  2  and  rear  of  13  ;  A'  head,  A*  process  on  same. 
c  Larva  .it  fu.it  moult ;  c'  head. 

(/  Larva  at  second  moult  ;  </'  section  of  dorsum,  7  and  8  ;  (/"  proecss  on  3  to  13  ;  d*  head. 
e  Larva  at  third  moult. 
/  Adui-T  1    iHVA,  ilark  variety,  enlarged. 
^i7';\i>ULT  Fjakva,  light  variety,  after  four  moults,  natural  size  ;  f/'sidcview  7;   ^^dorsalof  7,8;  '/'' 

pi  )(   d»  on  body  ;  y  *  head. 
h  CuRYSALiB,  enlarged  ;  h*  end  of  last  segment,  showing  the  cremastcr. 


iPAlPirXj-j;  D. 


^f  ',  •  -.  % 


■m-   m  .w  let  in 


mii0Kli  # 


■r: 


o     M9^MI 


AMERICUS      12     0      3    9 
Z  O  L I C AON 

''     ''''/'/  Hfi;/ni/in/'  I      l,,n\,i      i/in/i/i,-,,/t,i    /  "'  'ii/t  mi;   u: 

l>        I.  .11X1.1        //'•I'll!/  /       ■  /,,,,,/      I,,, 

''"   '"    I"' iiiniilts  ,f     .,     ilnns,jh,/< 


O 


//.V 


PAPILIO  III. 


TAPILIO    AMERICUS,   1-3. 


I'li/iiHii  Ainrricu.i,  Kolhr,  Denkschr.  Akiul.  Wissonschr.  Wien,  Math.  Nat.  CI.,  Vol.  I.,  p.  350.     18.^0;  Stau- 

iliiiL'rr,  Exot.    .Sclmiclt.  ' 

Sihliilm,  Lucas,  liuv.  ZoiJl.,  1852,  p.  la."!,  pi.  10,  fig.  4. 

.Malk.  —  E.xpands  about  3  inches. 

Uppor  side  of  primaries  black,  marked  and  spotted  with  yellow,  of  .secondaries 
vcllow  in  the  middle  area  from  margin  to  margin,  black  next  base,  and  on  the 
outer  limb  in  a  broad  belt ;  primaries  have  a  sub-marginal  row  of  eight  small, 
(■(|iial,  rounded  .spots  and  a  discal  of  eight,  separated,  sub-oval,  .small  on  tanterior 
liall' ;  a  narrow  bar  cro.sses  the  cell  ne.\t  inside  tlie  arc,  and  there  is  a  patch  at 
the  base  of  the  second  sub-costal  interspace.  Secondaries  have  a  sub-marginal 
row  of  small  equal  crescents ;  in  the  interspaces  above  these  are  clusters  of  blue 
.-call's ;  above  the  anal  angle  an  orange  ocellus  with  black  pupil ;  fringes  of  both 
wings  black  at  the  ends  of  the  nervules,  yellow  in  the  interspaces. 

Underside  much  fis  above,  the  colors  paler;  the  marginal  .spots  enlarged; 
secondaries  .sometimes  have  the  basal  area  solid  black,  in  which  case  the  yellow 
liaml  corresponds  in  width  to  that  of  upper  side,  but  sometimes  the  yellow  ground 
extends  to  base,  and  is  there  more  or  less  dusted  with  black  scales  ;  on  both  wings 
tlie  marginal  spots  and  the  outer  parts  of  the  discal  bauds  are  tinted,  or  (|uite  cov- 


ered, with  orange. 


Hody  black,  the  shoidders  yellow  ;  on  the  abdomen  two  sub-dorsal  rows  of  yel- 
low spots,  and  another  on  either  side  (as  in  the  Asicriax  group),  and  more  or  less 
of  a  row  on  last  segments  on  either  side  of  the  ventral  line ;  legs  and  palpi  black, 
;is  are  also  the  antenniu  and  club.     (Figs.  1,  2.) 


Fkmai.e.  —  Expands  from  3  to  3.25  inches.     Closely  like  the  male  in  color  and 

markings.     (Fig.  3.) 


The  male  figured  was  received  by  me  from  one  of  the  Wheeler  Exploring  Ex- 


PAPILIO  III. 


peditions,  about  twenty  years  aj^o,  labeled  "  Camp  Apache."  So  far  as  I  know, 
the  species  has  not  been  reported  as  within  the  United  States  since.  It  is  niiuli 
paler  in  color  than  specimens  I  have  seen  from  Central  America.  These  laftfr 
also  have  the  basal  area  on  under  side  of  secondaries  deep  black.  The  female  wiis 
loaned  me  by  the  American  Entomological  Society,  and  belongs  to  its  collection. 
Its  locality  is  given  as  "  United  States  of  Colombia,"  and  it  is  deeper  colored  on 
upper  surface  than  the  male,  but  less  so  than  the  Central  American  examples 
spoken  of.  On  the  under  side  the  yellow  extends  to  base  of  secondaries,  and  the 
black  dusting  lies  pretty  thick  on  the  basal  area  and  down  the  inner  margin.  A 
female  loaned  me  by  the  late  Henry  Edwards,  and  labeled,  "  Mt.  Bach,  Bogota, 
9,000  Teet  elevation,"  is  very  near  in  the  shade  of  yellow  on  both  surfaces  to  tlio 
Arizona  male.  The  yellow  on  under  side  of  secondaries  reaches  the  base,  and  it 
is  very  little  dusted  black.  Arizona  is  far  away  from  the  usual  habitat  of  the 
species,  which  lies  from  .southern  Mexico  to  Ecuador.  Of  the  habits  of  Americiis 
I  know  nothing,  but  as  belonging  to  the  Anterias  group,  it  would  behave  nnicli 
like  the  other  members,  its  larvos  feeding  on  umbelliferous  plants. 


PAPILIO  III. 


PAPILIO   ZOLICAON,  n-g. 
Papilio  Zoticaon,  lloisdiival,  Edwards,  Butt.  N.  A.,  Vol.  II.,  pi.  6,  p.  25.     1875. 
FuErARATORY    STAGES. 

Ego.  —  Si)herical,  tiattened  at  base,  smooth  j  color  yellow-green.  (Fig.  a.) 
Duration  of  this  stage  about  ten  days. 

Young  Larva.  —  Length,  at  twelve  hours  from  the  egg,  .1  inch  ;  cylindrical, 
thickened  from  3  to  5,  tapering  gradually  on  dorsum  and  sides  to  13;  color  deep 
hhiok ;  on  8  a  gray-white  dorsal  patch,  which  partly  covers  7,  sometimes  much 
broken  into  spots  ;  high  on  the  side,  on  2,  3,  11,  12,  are  white  points,  but  often 
in  part  or  altogether  wanting  ;  the  surface  covered  quite  thickly  with  short  fine 
black  hairs ;  armed  with  three  rows  of  black  tubercles  above  the  spiracles, 
tluL'o  on  eitiier  side,  running  from  2  to  13,  one  to  each  segment,  a  dorsal, 
sub-dorsal  or  upper  lateral,  and  mid-liiteral  ;  those  of  the  dorsal  row  are  very 
small,  sub-conical,  each  with  a  single  black  hair  or  process  at  top  (Fig.  b') ;  on  2 
in  front  and  within  is  another  similar  but  snuiller  tubercle ;  those  of  the  upper 
liiteral  row  are  large,  conical,  largest  on  2  to  5  and  11  to  lo,  smallest  on  middle 
•<t'gmonts ;  at  the  summit  of  each  a  long  tapering  clubbed  process,  and  around 
llio  sides,  rising  from  low  tuberculations,  are  several  shorter,  similar  processes,  on 
2  twelve  such ;  on  3  and  4  eight ;  on  the  middle  segments  five  and  six  (B'ig.  6") ; 
those  of  the  next  row  are  nearly  similar,  but  are  smaller,  and  bear  three  and  four 
proces.ses  on  their  sides;  on  2  to  4,  in  line  with  the  spiracles,  or  nearly,  is  a 
detni-rovv,  like  those  above  ;  in  the  same  line,  in  front  of  G  to  10,  arc  two  short 
hairs  to  each,  placed  vertically  ;  below  the  spiracles  is  another  full  row,  ex- 
tcpt  on  2,  le.ss  pointed,  rounded,  each  bearing  two  to  four  processes,  on  2  re- 
placed by  two  hairs ;  along  base  are  short  hairs,  one  to  the  segment  on  2  to  4, 
three  on  5  and  6,  four  on  7  to  12;  also  over  each  pro-leg  are  four  ;  on  the  shield 
;ire  four  long  hairs  on  either  side,  directed  backward  ;  all  tubercles  and  processes 


PAPILIO  III. 

black,  except  on  the  dorsal  patch,  where  they  are  concolored  ;  the  tentacles  of  li 
red  ;  head  sub-cordate,  broader  than  hij^h,  black  ;  on  eacii  lobe  are  ten  low  coni- 
cal tubercles,  with  tajjcring  process  ;  there  are  also  two  others  within  the  frontal 
triani^le  ;  in  ail  twenty-two,  arranged  in  nearly  regular  cross  rows  ;  one  on  fore- 
head, of  four  ;  one  running  with  the  apex  of  the  triangle,  of  eight ;  one  placed 
obli(iuely  between  the  second  and  the  ocelli,  taking  in  the  two  on  the  triangle,  of 
eight;  and  one  behind  the  ocelli.  (Figs.  6  to  6"^.)  Duration  of  this  stage  be- 
tween three  to  live  days,  at  Coalburgh,  W.  Va. 

After  first  moult:  length,  at  twelve  hours,  .10  inch  ;  shap«'  very  much  as  he- 
fore  ;  color  black-brown  ;  the  saddle  patch  of  8  extends  well  down  the  side,  and 
over  dorsunr  of  7,  .sometimes  broken  into  separate  spots  on  7 ;  some  examples 
had  a  single  white  spot  on  the  sides  of  It)  and  1 1,  one  had  three  spots  on  11  and 
one  on  10;  the  line  hairs  over  surface  as  before;  the  tubercles  and  processes 
much  as  before;  thi'  latter  more  numerous  (Fig.  c^,  sub-dorsal)  ;  the  tubercles  of 
the  dorsal  row  orange  at  base  ;  the  upper  laterals  usually  black  to  base,  but  some- 
times  there  is  a  narrow  ring  of  orange  on  the  first  and  last  .segments  le  second 
laterals  black;  the  infrastigmatal  row  mostly  black,  if  any  are  orange  it  is  on  the 
anterior  and  last  segments;  surface  of  body  covered  with  short  stiff  black  hairs; 
head  very  much  as  before,  shining  black  ;  on  the  sides  of  the  triangle  near  apex 
appeared  traces  of  the  white  spots  developed  at  next  stage.  (F^igs.  c  to  c\)  To 
next  moult  from  two  to  three  days. 


After  second  moult:  length,  at  twelve  hours,  .3  inch;  shape  a.s  before;  color 
black  ;  the  patch  more  extended,  covering  the  rear  of  0  ;  small  white  spots  on 
the  rear  of  li  and  of  3,  and  sides  of  10,  11,  12;  the  fine  hairs  over  siuface  as  he- 
fore  ;  the  tubercles  generally  as  at  secoml  stage,  but  with  a  greater  number  of 
processes  about  the  sides;  the  upper  laterals  show  a  little  red-orange  at  base  ;  the 
mid-laterals  sometimes  orange  at  base,  sometimes  black  ;  those  of  the  lowest  row 
broadly  orange  at  base  and  nearly  to  tips;  head  as  before;  an  inverted  cordatr 
white  spot  at  the  apex  of  the  triangle.  (Figs,  d  to  cf.)  To  next  moult  about 
two  days. 

After  third  moult :  length,  at  twelve  hours,  .54  inch;  shape  as  before;  color 
black-brown  ;  the  patch  is  broken  into  irregular  and  separated  spots,  more  or  less 
yellow  stained  ;  on  the  side  are  several  white  spots,  one  on  rear  of  2,  two  or  three 
on  11,  two  on  12  ;  .i  spot  now  appears  over  each  foot  and  pro-leg,  ns  well  as  on 
5,  G,  and  11,  in  the  same  line  ;  the  fine  surface  hairs  as  before  ;  the  tubercles  nearly 
as  before  ;  those  of  the  dorsal  row  mere  points  after  5,  largest  on  4,  a  little 


PAI'ILK)    III. 

siniillcr  on  3,  still  Hmullor  on  G  ;  those  of  tho  upper  lateral  row  black  to  hasc  ;  of 
till'  iiiiddlt'  row  mostly  with  ii  litth;  rod-oranj^e  at  hasc  ;  in  tht'  lower  I'ow  all  are 
iiriiiijjc  from  base  to  lip  ;  heail  as  at  thirl  stage,  but  a  white  stripe  appears  on 
I  he  cheek.  (Fif^s.  e  to  c".)  As  the  stage  progresses,  tho  spots  on  7  and  8  (change 
Id  vellow,  as  also  does  the  cordate  spot  on  front  face  ;  all  otluir  spots  remain 
uiiite.     Duration  of  this  stage  four  to  live  days. 

After  fourth  moult :  length,  at  twentv-foiir  hours,  .9  inch  ;  banded  black  and 
lijrlit  bhie-green,  the  base  greenish  white  ;  the  .spots  gamboge-yellow  ;  the  tuber- 
1  idatioMs  very  slight  and  in  part  Avholly  lost;  the  dorsal  row  appears  only  on  3 
ro  a,  and  is  scarcely  distinguisiiable,  sometimes  wholly  wanting  ;  the  tubercles  of 
I  he  upper  lateral  row  are  low,  broad,  blunt^tippod  ;  of  the  next  row  are  wanting 
except  on  3  to  5,  and  here  are  small ;  the  lower  row  shows  slight  roimded  eleva- 
tions on  tho  anterior  segments  only.  As  the  stage  proceeds,  the  green  bands 
(in  the  fronts  of  the  segment-;  become  more  yellow,  and  the  spots  first  deep  yel- 
low, tiien  orange.     At  from  four  to  six  days  from  the  moult  was  fully  grown. 


Mati'uk  Larva.  —  Length  L8  inch  ;  breadth  about  .3  inch  ;  cylindrical, 
stout  ;  when  in  motion  nearly  even-sized  from  3  to  11  ;  at  re.st,  thickened  on  3 
til  ■').  and  sloping  very  gradually  to  12  ;  the  surface  much  covered  with  exceed- 
iiiLrly  short  fine  black  hairs,  hardly  more;  than  points  ;  color  green  and  blacK  in 
tiunsverse  banils,  green  on  front  and  rear  of  each  segment,  velvet-black  in  miil- 
ille  ;  the  front  is  yellow-green,  the  rear  blue-green,  the  anterior  edge  of  this  last 
tinged  with  yellow  ;  the  base  white,  and  the  green  .shades  gently  into  the  white 
on  the  side  ;  13  nearly  white  ;  the  junctions  of  the  segments  pale  dull  black;  2 
lias  in  front  a  square  ridge,  eompresseil,  the  top  arcuate,  the  corners  ;i  little 
rounded,  yellow  along  the  top,  orange  at  the  corners  and  on  sides;  on  the  front 
are  two  round  orange  spots  in  line  with  the  middle  and  lower  row  on  the  rest  of 
the  body  ;  3  is  sometimes  wholly  without  orange  spots,  but  .sometimes  there  ai'e 
tiu'ee.  more  often  one,  on  the  lower  row,  the  upper  ones,  if  present,  very  snmll  ; 
lifter  3  are  three  spots  to  the  .segment,  nearly  equal,  nearly  flat,  the  whole  form- 
ing three  longitudinal  rows  to  12 ;  those  are  ])laced  on  the  black  band,  sometimes 
entirely  within,  sometimes  quite  to  the  front  and  open  there  ;  along  base  are  two 
lilack  spots  from  5  to  12,  over  the  pro-legs  large,  oval;  the  legs  tipped  with 
liliick  ;  feet  black,  at  base  of  each  a  black  patch  ;  13  has  a  black  crossbar  on  the 
Iront.  broken  into  three;  another  along  base  of  the  leg;  the  shield  black  ;  under 
side  dull  black  ;  the  tuberculations  are  .still  less  conspicuous  than  in  the  early 
part  of  the  stage ;  head  obovoid,  narrowing  upwards,  depressed  at  the  suture; 
yellow  in  front,  whitish  yellow  at  side ;  from  the  suture  at  top  a  black   tapering 


TAriLIO   III. 

biiiul  runs  to  the  outer  end  of  the  inim(lil)les.  luiothor  from  tho  top  pnsHOH  down 
the  wide  ;  t\w  fioiitul  tiiiinj,'le  bliick  ;  oeolli  hliick,  on  a  Ithick  patch.  (Figs,  f,  J'\) 
From  fourth  moult  to  pupation  «ovun  to  uloven  dayH. 

Br.ACK  Vaiukty.  —  One  of  several  larvro  reared  came  up  bhick  at  fourtli  moult, 
thoujfli  previously  it  did  not  dill'or  from  its  fellows;  at  tlie  jimctioim  of  «ouu'  of 
the  middle  Hegments  were  narrow  ntripea  of  yellow;  the  wpota  along  base  white. 
(Fig./^*.) 

CiirtYSALis.  —  Lentfth  1.2 ;  breadth  across  mesonotum  .3.*?,  across  abdonuMi 
.1  inch;  j^'reat est  depth  .35  inch;  .shape  of  Mdv/iaoti  and  ^{stcrlds  groups;  tin- 
surface  throughout  rough,  wrinkled,  corrugated,  and  especially  on  all  ridges  ami 
prominences;  head  case  produced,  narrow,  ending  in  two  sub-pyramidal  pro- 
ces.ses,  a  little  divergent,  the  ridges  cariuateil,  the  space  between  angular,  llic 
angle  varying  in  individuals;  a  low  rounded  tooth  on  either  slope  near  tlic 
angle  (some  examples  are  as  in  figure  (f,  but  others  have  tho  sloj)e  iinely  ami 
irregularly  toothed  throughout,  while  the  prominence  ne.Nt  the  angle  is  large  and 
compound) ;  mesonotum  prominent,  sub-pyramidal,  blunt-top])e(l,  directed  for- 
ward;  the  process  at  base  of  wing  al.'<o  sub-pyramidal,  in  .some  examples  the 
three  ridges  distinct  and  carinated,  tcrniimiting  in  a  blunt  point,  in  others  the 
one  of  the  ridges  in  the  direction  of  the  process  on  head  is  suppressed,  and  in 
such  case  the  sununit  is  a  carinated  and  curving  ridge  ;  abdomen  conical,  moder- 
ately arched  on  the  dorsal  side,  nearly  as  much  on  the  ventral ;  between  tiie 
bases  of  the  head  processes  are  two  fine  tubercles,  corresponding  to  the  <lorsid 
rows  of  the  larva,  and  on  cither  side  of  the  abdomen  is  a  row  of  small  blunt  ones, 
of  the  upper  lateral  larval  row;  also  on  4  is  one  on  either  side  from  the  miil- 
lateral  row,  and  on  C^  and  7,  on  middle  of  the  side,  is  one  each  of  tho  infni- 
stigmatal  row  ;  on  the  ventral  side  are  six  black  points  in  longitudinal  row  be- 
tween the  antenme  and  tongue  cases  ;  and  in  the  hind  margin  of  wingca.se,  clo-^e 
to  the  edge,  in  the  spaces  between  the  nervule.s,  are  ten  more  points,  the  ninth 
opposite  the  apex,  the  tenth  up  the  costal  nuirgin  ;  color  either  brown  or  green  ; 
if  the  former,  of  two  shades,  a  pale  wood  color,  or  blackish,  tho  ventral  side  of 
thorax  darker  ;  a  dark  stripe  along  side  from  end  to  end  ;  if  green,  the  ventnd 
side  is  yellowish,  the  side  stripe  wanting;  the  dorsum  bright,  with  all  tubercles 
and  granulations  yellow.     (Figs,  j/,  y'',  if.) 

Comparing  the  chry.salis  of  Zoficaon  with  a  long  series  of  Machaon  and  of 
Asleridn,  I  see  no  points  of  ditl'erence  except  that  in  part  of  the  Machaon,  the 
processes  at  top  of  head  are  often  short,  whereby  the  angle  between  is  enlarged, 
sometimes  reduced  to  almost  nothing.     But  the  general  features  of  these,  thougii 


I'AI'MJO   MI. 

ilicy  belong  to  two  Hnl).j,'roii|)s,  nre  tlio  Name,  evon  to  the  niiiuitu  tubercles  on  the 
iiiiir^'iii  <»f  th*'  \viiij,'H. 

Till' li^^iiiL- of  tiic  adult  liirvii  in  Volimic  II.  WHS  (lone  from  ii  colored  drawinjf 
-i-nt  me  by  Mr.  Stretch,  but  the  chrysnlidM  were  from  life  by  Mrs.  I'eiirt,  nnd  the 
lij,'ures  may  bo  Htudied  in  i-onnection  with  Ihone  now  given.  The  minute  wing 
liilicrdcH  arc  di.Mtinctly  shown,  whereas  on  the  present  I'latc  they  have  inadver- 
ti'tilly  been  omitted. 

I  have  nothing  toa<ld  as  to  the  territory  over  which  Zullrdoii  Hies.  Its  range 
is  from  Montana  to  Colorado  and  westward  to  the  Pacific,  and  from  southern 
Ihitisli  Columbia  to  Arizona. 

The  statement  before  made  as  to  there  being  but  one  larval  brood  in  the  year 
iiiMV  now  be  corrected.  The  butterflies  from  over-wintering  chry.salids  appear  in 
Miiithern  (^alifornia  early  in  March,  ami  the  iniagos  in  descent  from  these  are  out 
duriuif  th(!  last  days  of  May  and  in  early  .lune.  Tiio  third  brood  of  the  butlerliy 
is  coming  from  chrysalis  dining  all  of  September,  at  IJeikeley,  according  to  dates 
given  me  by  Professor  J.  J.  Kiver.s.  Part  of  the  chrycalids  of  onch  broofl  hiber- 
iiiite.  and  all  of  those  of  the  last  one.  There  is  exceedingly  little  variation  in 
the  markings  of  the  buttcrlly  throughout  its  range. 


I  first  received  cgg.s  of  Zolicaon  on  .Id  March,  1883,  from  Mr.  W.  fi.  Wright. 
ill  San  Bornardino,  (Jal.,  laid  on  carrot  ;  but  none  hatched.  On  lid  April 
litter,  nine  eggs  came.  On  5th,  the  lirst  larva  came  out,  and  iliiriiig  Cilh  and 
"ill,  several.  I  saw  one  of  them  t'nrust  out  its  tentacles  at  some  afl'ront  from  its 
fellow.  This  I  mention,  because  an  impression  seems  to  have  prevailed  among 
iiiiiiiy  lepidoptenst,s  that  a  larva  has  not  the  n.se  of  these  organs  until  one  of  the 
later  stages.  In  other  species  the  young  larva  discover  them,  and  probably  the 
lialiit  is  general  throughout  the  genns.  On  10th  April,  twopas.sed  first  moult;  on 
I'lth  several  passed  second  ;  on  l')th  the  first  passed  third,  and  the  same  one 
passed  fourth  on  liUh.  Others  pa.ssed  fourth  from  '2()th  to  iiTth.  The  first  pu- 
pation occurred  ;>Olh,  and  the  last  of  the  lot  pupated  .'Id  May.  One  female  imago 
came  out  on  1st  June,  and  the  rest  went  over  the  winter,  to  give  buttertlies  early 
ill  tlie  spring.     The  larval  period  was  twenty-four  days,  that  of  the  egg  ten. 

On  4th  June,  1887,  eggs  were  received,  which  failed  to  hatch,  but  they  were 
laid  by  a  female  of  the  secoml  brood  of  the  year. 

On  r)th  April,  1890,  another  lot  of  eggs  was  received.  These  began  to  hatch 
on  the  8th.  On  11th  some  of  the  larvna  pas.sed  the  first  moult;  on  l.^lli.  the  sec- 
ond ;  on  IGth,  the  third  ;  on  20th,  the  fourth  ;  the  first  pupa  formed  on  27th,  the 
liwt  one  on  30th  April.  In  this  case  the  larval  period  was  but  nineteen  days, 
that  of  the  egg  nine.  All  the  chry.salids  went  over  to  spring  of  1891,  before 
giving  butterflies.     Of  six,  one  was  green,  five  brown. 


EXPLANATION  OF  TUK   PLATE. 


Amuuci-s,   I,   2   i  ;  3   ?• 

Xoi.U'AoN,  |irv|iiiratory  stages  of,  tlin  earlier  onca  mn<;nirifil, 

cl    KiKI, 

//  Yni'si)  I.akva;  Ii^  hi-ail  ;  M  oiitlinr,  side  view  ;  b*  diirsiil  ;  Ifi  heail,  sliowin^  the  proeemes  ;  4"  n  tulMr- 

<'le  of  re'„'nient  .'>,  siib-dorsnl  row  ;  It'  of  ilon<al  row. 
r  Lirvn  at  fiml  moult  ;  i''  ilorsiim  of  7  aii<l  8  ;  c*  iiih-ilorsal  tiiliorclcB  of  4  ami  ft  ;  c*  liead. 
il  I,;irva  at  nei'oml  iiioiill  ;  iP  iloriiiim  of  7  ami  H  ;  d'  head. 
I'  Liirv;i  lit  lliird  moult  ;  i-  ilortmm  of  C,  7,  H  ;  ("liead. 
/'  Mah  la;   I.aiiva.  naliiral  fi/v  :   /■  lu'ad  ;  /'  lilack  variety, 
y-ij'  C'mtYitAi.ii>s,  MJiowiiii;  the  three  .thades  of  eolor. 


uImi 


■rrc 


:—■  '1*^, 


■>'  ^.■..^'■- 


»•"'> 


•>;«.^ 


aiwJL 


•  / 


<'K  . 


^ 

W#^ 


^  ;^^ 


i\ 


^<s^'""^'-r 


>.<fenjgiJ^»r;|Tr,|.,it.|Li^ 


^^.•4« 


') 


rH 


a 


• 


K. 


i    I    ^ 


<"] 


'Ml  [^K  H 


I-AH1,Y     r- (J 


HM     1     Z  'i 


VAU.    1       I  ,A  I  IvH     I- '  'HM 


,/,../  '       I 


i 

i 


OIIIONOBAS  III. 


CIIFONOnAS   UIILERI,    1-0. 

('hioiitihiu  Uhleri,  Rt-nkirl,  Phm'.  Knt.  S...-.  I'liil..  Vul.  VI.,  p.  1  I.I.      IRdO  ;  Sircckcr,  I.i'i.idoplera.  p.  2«,  pi.  4. 
l»7:i  ;  Ml'UiI,  l^'purt  Wheeler  Kx|H.Mlitii>ii,  Vol.  V.,  p.  176.     1870. 


K.\i:i,v  FouM. 

M.vi.K. —  Kxpiuiils  I.S  to  2  inclios. 

r|)|i(>r  side  reililisli  l)r()\vii,  the  dcptli  iif  color  varyini^ ;  flic  darker  exnmplos 
liavc  llie  l)ii.se  of  tlio  cell  of  i)riiiiaries  brown,  and  all  the  iierviircs  and  Itraiiclius 
luMvily  edffud  with  brown;  so  are  the  apices  of  primaries  and  tlie  hind  niarj^ins 
III'  liotli  wings  ;  the  basal  half  of  costal  margin  of  primaries  densely  sprinkled 
with  grayi.sh  yidlow ;  on  the  cxfra-discal  area  tiiere  is  usually  lint  a  single  ocellus, 
which  is  small,  black,  and  witii  or  witlioiit  a  minute  white  pupil ;  this  is  j. laced 
nil  the  upper  discoidal  interspace  ;  Init  occasionally  there  is  a  second  ocellus,  on 
ilic  second  median;  and  very  rarely  there  is  a  third,  wliich  lies  on  the  second 
iliscoidal  interspace. 

Secondaries  more  or  less  mottled  in  darker  shades,  owing  to  the  thinnor  tex- 
iiiic  of  the  membrane,  the  markings  of  the  under  surface  appearing;  often 
without  any  ocellus,  but  soinetiuu-s  one,  small,  black,  with  or  without  pupil,  is 
iilaced  on  the  lower  median  inler.-ipace,  and  occasionally  there  is  a  .second,  on 
tlie  lowc"  sub-costal,  and  more  rarely,  a  third,  on  the  ii])per  discoidal  ;  fringes  of 
lioth  wings  fuscous  at  the  ends  of  the  nervnles,  sordid  white;  in  the  interspaces. 

I'lider  sine  of  primaries  |)aler,  the  hind  margin  and  apex  flecked  with  brown 
nil  a  gray-white  ground  ;  the  cell  much  covered  with  fine  brown  tiausver.so 
streaks ;  faint  traces  o^  such  streaks  over  the  disk  ;  the  oci'lli  repeated  ;  in  one 
I  xainple  under  view  in  which  there  is  one  ocellus  above,  there  is  a  second  below, 
nil  the  .second  discoidal  iiitcrs])ace  ;  in  one  which  shows  two  ocelli  above,  there 
ire  three  below,  and  in  another  with  two  above,  there  are  four  below;  but  most 
niten  where  there  is  one  ocellus  above,  there  is  !)uf  one  below. 

Seoondiiri»w  gmy-wbite.  with  ii  tinge  of  yellow,  much  covered  with  transverse 


CIIIONOHAS    III. 

(lark  brown  streaks,  usually  most  dense  on  tlie  Itiisnl  luilf.  hut  often  pretty  uni- 
forinly  distrilxitcd  over  the  wlioK;  w'\u<i,  though  on  the  basal  area  they  arc  more 
eonthient,  taking  tlie  form  of  irregular  eoneentiic!  bars,  limited  without,  on  the 
middle  of  tiie  disk,  by  a  nearly  continuous  heavy  stripe  ;  this  begins  on  the  costul 
margin,  takes  n  more  or  less  sinuous  course  to  the  upper  bram;h  of  median  just 
outside  the  cell,  bemls  roundly,  almost  at  a  right  angle,  and  in  a  sinuous  hut  in 
general  a  straight  course,  strikes  the  midiUe  of  the  inner  margin;  next  outside 
this  basal  area  is  often  a  narrow  whitish  i)elt,  but  frecpiently  there  is  no  appear- 
anee  of  this,  by  reason  of  the  tine  luown  streaks  ;  beyond  to  margin  are  either 
fine  separated  streaks,  or  they  partly  cnalesoe  so  as  to  make  submarginal  uehu- 
Ions  patches;  the  ocelli  repeated,  but  varying  in  iuuul)er  ;  in  one  e.\am|ile  in 
which  there  are  two  ocelli  above,  thert^  are  thret;  below;  in  another  (here  an; 
one  aliove  and  three  below  ;  in  another  there  are  three  above  and  five  below  ;  in 
three  which  have  no  ocellus  above,  there  are  none  below. 

liody  above  concolored  with  primaries,  beneath,  usiudly  dark  brown,  but  some- 
times the  al)doimMi  is  yellowish  ;  legs  yellow-brown  ;  frontal  hairs  of  the  ])al|)i 
dark  brown  ;  antenna'  gray-white,  liiu'ly  annulated  with  fuscous  ;  clul)  fuscous 
above,  ferruginous  below  and  at  tip.     (Figs.  I,  ii.) 

Vau.  Oiiscruv.  —  Tppor  side  dusky  brown  ;  in  the  figure  on  the  Plate  there 
appear  to  be  three  ocelli  on  upper  side  of  primaries,  and  three  on  secondaries; 
'  Ml  u  the  insect  this  was  intended  to  re]iresent  there  is  but  one  on  one  wing  and 
two  on  the  other,  the  a|)])earan<'e  of  th(>  additional  spots  being  caused  by  the 
transparency  of  the  wing  ;  on  the  under  side  there  are  four  snudl  ocelli  on  i)ri. 
maries,  ami  three  points  on  secondaries,     (tig.  S.) 

FK.M.vr,K.  —  Expands  1.8  to  2.2  inches. 

Upper  Hide  retl-brown.  the  shade  varying  in  individuals,  «,»  in  the  male;  the 
umler  side  as  in  the  male  ;  then'  is  nuich  variation  in  the  number  of  ocelli  on 
both  wings  ;  one  example  under  view  has  no  r)c(dlu><  on  either  wing  above,  and  hut 
one  beneath,  on  upper  discoidal  interspace  of  primaries  ;  another  has  two  on  pri- 
maries, three  on  secondaries,  beneath  three  and  three  ;  another  iuis  one  and  three 
al)ove.  beneath  three  an<l  two;  anothei-.  ami  this  is  represented  by  Figure  5,  has 
on  upper  side  four  large  pupilled  ocelli,  besides  a  small  blind  one  placed  on  tlie 
lower  subcostal  interspace,  and  five  large  ones,  nearly  e(jnal  and  all  pupilled.  on 
scc(mdaries;  beneath,  all  the  large  ocelli  nre  repoated,  but  the  Hmiill  one  is  lost. 


Latku  Foiim.  —  Upper   side, 
Vcljow- while  ;   (he  hnnvn  streak."^ 


in   I)oth  sexes.    ])ah>   ochraccous  ;    benc.Hth  i)ale 
s  on  under  side  of  secondaries  reduced  in  number. 


CillONOBAS    III. 

till'  wing   being   rather  tleckcd  than  streaked,  the   predominating  color  wiiite. 

tFi-.  (i  V.) 

in  nr)  exain[)le  have  I  seen  a  definite  hand,  snch  as  is  the  rule  with  most 
siH'cies  of  the  genus;  there  is  ofti-n  the  suggestion  o)'  sueh  a  hand  as  shown  in 
Fiiiiues,2  and  4,  l)Ut  the  inner  side  is  lost  in  the  markings  ol'  the  hasal  area. 
I iiilced,  these  ligures  represent  as  near  approach  to  a  band  as  I  have  been  able 
Id  (liseover.  In  many  examples,  especially  those  of  the  later  (light,  there  is  no 
u;ue  of  the  outer  limit  of  a  band,  and  the  dark  markings  are  largely  obliterated 
over  the  whole  wing. 

With  regard  to  the  number  of  ocelli  on  upper  side :  — 

Of  14$,  3  have  4  on  primary,  3  on  secondary, 
2     t'     2  tt        ti        2   "  " 

2  »     X    "         "        4   "  " 

7  .4  1         i4  (i  Q        i(  (( 

Of  129.  1  lias  T)  on  primary,  T)  on  seconilarv, 

3  luive  4  on  piiinary,  Tj  on  sfcomlary, 
2     ^fc    4   **        ^^        3   **  *^ 

2     ii     1    "        "        3   »  » 

2     «i     1    "        "        0   "  " 

E(io.  —  Conical,  narrowing  l)ut  little  upwards,  truncated  at  top,  the  sides  mod- 
erately cm-ved  ;  marked  by  nineteen  or  twenty  vertical  roimded  rii)s  (of  a  large 
niinilx'r  of  eggs,  one  only  had  twenty  riljs,  all  the  others  nineteen),  nearly 
straight,  about  as  high  al)ovt!  the  surface  as  broad,  each  ending  in  a  rounded 
IHomiiu'nce  at  the  riiu  of  the  sununit ;  the  interspaces  nearly  Hat  crossed  by 
viTV  fine  e<iuidistant  creases  (they  seem  to  be  creases  rather  thais  ritlges) ;  the 
iiiicropyle  in  the  centre  of  a  Hat  rosette  of  five-side(l,  shidlow  cells,  the  walls  of 
which  are  raised,  threadlike,  on  the  surface  ;  outside  of  these  are  one  or  two 
rows  of  similar  larger  indls,  and  beyond  a  network  of  ridges  radiating  from  cen- 
tral rounded  prominences  ;  these  last  are  not  all  alike,  and  are  not  regularly 
formed,  some  being  long,  and  somelinu's  a  small  one  is  so  close  to  a  large  as  to 
nmke  part  of  it  ;  the  rays  stand  out  boldly  at  the  origin,  but  fall  ra|)idly,  and 
rarely  cross  the  entire  space  between  the  -.di'vations;  color  chalk-white.  (Fig.  a, 
iiiicropyle  nnd  summit  a'.) 

Duration  of  this  stage  about  thirteen  days. 

Young  Larva.  —  Ti(>ngtli,  at  twenty-four  hours  from  the  ogg,  .1  inch  ;  thickest 
.interiorly,  tapering  from  2  slightly  nnd  regularly  on  dorsum  ;ind  sides,  but  after 
S  rapidly  on  dorsum,  the  last  segments  curving  to  \').  which  emls  with  two  short, 
sub-conical  tail.s,  not  ijuile  meeting  at  base  j  furnished,  on  either  side  above  the 


CIIIONOIJAS    III. 

Hpirnck's,  witii  tlirop  rows  of  hiiickisli,  low,  coniciil  tuberck's,  a  dorsal,  Nub-dorsul, 
and  lateral,  oiu-  tiibcrck'  to  tlio  si'^iiiuiit  in  i-acli  row  from  i]  to  12  ;  on  2  tlurc 
aro  four,  on  tlio  front,  noar  togotlifr,  i'i|iiidistant,  not  (juilo  in  vi-rtical  line;  llicic 
is  also  a  process  in  front  of  and  above  tlie  spiracle,  and  below  it  a  taperinj;  hair ; 
on  .5  and  1  each  is  a  second  process  in  front  of  the  luti'ral ;  those  ctf  iJ  and  4  in 
vertical  row  on  niidiile  of  tlie  segment,  on  the  reniainin<f  se},'niunts  in  triangle; 
13  has  the  three  on  tiie  front  part,  and  a  second  tiux'e  to  the  rear,  one  of  them 
being  at  the  tip  of  the  tail;  also  between  the  tails,  a  little  l)elow  the  tip,  dii 
either  side  is  a  smaller  tn!)ercle  and  process  ;  each  tulx'rcle  from  .'{  to  niiiidli-  ol 
13  gives  ont  a  very  short,  thick,  chilihed,  heiit  white  process  [I/')  ;  those  on  2  and 
rear  of  13  are  longer  and  less  heavily  clnl)bed  ;  under  the  spiracles  is  aiiollur 
row  of  smaller  tubercles,  two  on  2,  one  on  3  and  4  each,  two  from  4  to  12,  and 
one  on  13  ;  also  o\er  the  feet  is  a  short  hair  to  each,  over  the  pro-legs  two.  ami 
over  the  anal  leg  threi",  two  near  together  at  the  rear,  one  towanls  tlie  front  (in 
figure  b*  by  mistake  four  are  given,  the  second  from  the  front  should  iiuvi' 
been  omitted) ;  color  of  body  at  first  gray-green,  in  two  days  le.ss  gray,  mure 
green  ;  marked  by  longitudinal  red-brown  lines,  one  rnid-dorsal.  one  snb-dorsai. 
and  these  two  ai'i'  of  eipial  Ijreadlii ;  one  mitl-lateral,  l)road  ;  ami  a  line  line  r\niH 
with  the  spiracles;  (this  is  macular,  ami  indeed  merely  a  row  of  pale  dots);  the 
basal  ridge  yellowish  ;  under  side,  feet  and  legs  pale  yellow-green ;  head 
broader  than  2,  suh-glol)ose,  tlie  front  well  rouh<led,  broadest  below,  narrowing  up- 
wards, depressed  at  the  suture;  the  surface  covered  with  shallow  iudentalions, 
ami  showing  a  few  tubercles  like  those  of  the  body,  each  with  an  exceedingly 
short,  slightly  clubited  and  bent  white;  |)rocess  ;  of  these  there  arc;  ten  on  eiicli 
lobe,  or  twenty  in  all,  disposeil  as  in  Clin/.nis ;  (the  processes  on  both  body  and 
head  are  exaggerated  in  the  outline  figures,  in  order  to  .show  them  distinctlv; 
actually  they  are  scarcely  longer  than  the  height  of  the  supporting  tubercles); 
color  of  heatl  greenish  with  a  brown  tint ;  the  ocelli  dark  brown.  (Figs,  b  to  //'.) 
Duration  of  this  stage  ten  to  thirteen  days. 

This  larva  in  its  first  stage  is  as  chwely  as  possible  like  that  of  (^/iri/xiis  in 
shape  and  in  the  number,  arrangement,  and  form  of  the  tubercles  and  processus. 

After  first  moult:  length,  at  twenty-four  ho\irs,  .18;  nearly  the  same  .shaju'. 
more  slender;  the  tails  sub-conical,  meeting  at  base;  color  whitish  yellow  on 
dorsum,  pale  greenish  yellow  on  sides;  the  ba.sal  ridge  less  green  ;  the  mid-dors;d 
.stripe  narrow,  red-brown  ;  the  sub-dorsal  line  same;  color  ;  the  lateral  stripe  l)roail, 
p.ile  brown,  with  .a  greenish  tint  ;int<M'iorIy,  the  edges  dark  brown  ;  a  brown  line 
runs  with  the  spiracles,  and  another  is  under  the  yellowish  basal  ridge  ;  surface 
thickly  covered  with  fine  conical  tubercles  each  bearing  a  short  clubbed  and  bent 


i 


CIlIONOIiAS    III. 

|iri)cesM;  under  Hide,  foot  and  lo<fM  ycllow-wliito  ;  liond  nioro  jrlolndar.  very  little 
hioader  at  l)iisc> ;  tint  jnirfiict'  tliickly  coviTod  witli  nitlRT  dt'i'|)  rouiKlcd  indi'ntn- 
lions,  botwoen  some  of  wliicli  iiro  minute  tubercloM  witli  proceMwos  Hiniiliir  to  tlioso 
(111  the  body  ;  from  back  to  front  nix  m-lxdous  dusky  stripoH,  uh  in  ('/n'i/.nis.  and 
wliicli  soem  to  l>o  characteristic  of  tlic  genus;  (these  stripes  were  jiot  visible  for 
-Mine  hiturs  after  the  moult);  color  yellow,  with  a  brown  tint.  (Kigs.  c  (ot''.) 
Duration  of  this  .>(tage  about  fourteen  days. 

Af(or  second  moult:  length,  at  twelve  hours,  ..')(')  inch;  shape  as  before,  color 
marly,  the  dorsum  and  sides  slightly  bull-tinted,  and  through  these  areas  run 
liiii',  abbreviated,  red-brown  streaks;  the  basal  ridge  pale  yellow;  the  upper  two 
sfri|H's  darkest  on  i\w  eilges,  greenish  biilT  within  ;  (he  lateral  biackish  on  the 
cilgcs.  tli(>  interior  dusted  with  same  ;  the  processes  still  clubbed,  slender,  (hick- 
cuing  gradually  from  base  to  top,  and  bent  ;  under  side,  feet  and  legs,  greenish 
uhi  i; ;  ii<iad  as  before,  color  brown-green.     (Figs,  d  to  (i\) 

Smiie  larval  went  into  hibernation  at  (his  stage,  soon  af(er  the  moult  ;  others 
continued  to  feed.  With  these  last,  the  duration  of  the  stage  was  about  lifleen 
(lays. 

After  third  moult:  length,  at  eighteen  hours,  .15  inch  ;  .sbnpc  as  before;  the 
color  more  decidedly  bull",  more  heavily  streaked  ;  the  strijies,  especiall\  the  mid- 
(loisal  and  lateral,  very  dark,  nearly  black  ;  the  basal  ridge  pale  yellow,  the  brown 
stripe  beneath  it  as  before  ;  under  side,  feet  and  legs,  greenish  white  ;  the  pro- 
ii'sses  have  lost  the  club  shape  and  have  become  tapering;  (he  head  closely  as  in 
next  succeeding  stage,  (i'igs.  e  to  <■'.)  Duration  of  this  stage  about  seventeen 
(lays. 


After  fourth  moult :  length,  at  twelve  hours.  .0  inch  ;  in  eight  days  was  fully 
grown  (in  the  only  larva  which  went  to  pupa). 

Mati'uk  TjAKVa.  — Length  1.0")  indi ;  stout,  thickest  from  4  to  S,  the  dorsum 
on  tiie.se  segments  nearly  level,  but  sloping  rapidly  frtnn  4  to  2,  and  from  8  to 
11;  ending  in  two  short,  sub-conieal  tails,  which  meet  nt  base;  surface  thickly 
covered  with  small  pointed  tubercles,  of  irregular  si/.e.s,  each  with  a  short,  still, 
lii|KMiiig,  whiti.sh  hair  or  process;  color  bufl'  in  shades,  and  strijied  longitudinally 
uith  black;  on  mid-dorsum  a  rather  broad  stripe,  continuous  from  'J,  to  I -l.  nar- 
rowing at  cither  end,  black  ;  the  sub-dorsivl  narrower,  gray-black;  the  lateral 
liioad,  black,  running  from  2  to  end  of  tail,  narrowing  on  the  anterior  segments 
to  half  the  width  on  middle,  and  tapering  posteriorly  to  a  line  on  13  ;  with  the 


CIIIONOIJAS    III. 

Hpiraclcs  n  prccniHli  huff  Mtripc;  mnlor  (lie  liiilT  l)iisn!  ridj^'c  ft  nnrrow  lilacki-li 
HtrijK!  ;  Itt'tWft'M  tliu  ilorsal  autl  siih-doi'.^iil,  aiitl  the  suit-dorsal  iiihI  lali'ial  slii|K's 
is  II  l)aiiil  of  gi'iK'nisli  l)utV,  tlin)u<r|i  wliirli  run  al)l)r(>viatf(l  loiigiUidiiial  lilack 
Mtroaks  ;  unilcr  huIo,  font  ami  K'jjs,  grcouisli  ItulT  ;  lu-ad  small,  siih-^lohoso.  wdj- 
loundcd  froutally  ;  tin'  surfac(?  ihickly  covoifd  with  prt'lty  dt'<'p  indfutalioii-i, 
hi'twi'i'ii  SOUK-  ol  which  arc  \i'vy  small  tuhorclcs,  hearing;  hairs  or  proa-sso  like 
those  of  tlu!  hod y  ;  color  hrowii  ;  ncros!*  the  t«)p  six  hroad  dark  hrowii  stripci, 
lu'urly  (H'cupyiu^f  the  whole  front,  thni'  ou  cither  lohe  ;  tlio  inner  one  f<tllo\vs 
tlu'  suture  somewhat  more  than  halfway  down  the  trianjjle  ;  the  second  is  lnil 
little  narrower  and  tapers  to  a  point  very  close  to  the  ocelli  ;  the  third  is  on  the 
Mide,  ftiid  also  nearly  reaches  the  ocelli  ;  the  indentations  covered  by  the»o  stripes 
are  hiackish  hrown  at  hottoni  ;  the  frontal  triangle  hrown,  with  fine  dark  streaks 
arranireil  like  an  inverted  W  ;  octdii  hlack.  (  Fig-./',  natural  si/.e  ;  /"-  to  /"'',  greatly 
I'ularged.)  From  fourth  moult  to  pupatioii,  in  the  only  instance  observed,  seven- 
teen days. 

The  attitude  of  the  larva  before  pupation  is  shown  by  figure  tj  ;  down  in  the 
sod,  on  its  back,  unattached. 


CiiKV.sAl.i.'*.  —  Length  ..")  inch;  breadth  nt  niesonotuni  .18,  nt  abdomen  lit 
inch  ;  cylindrical,  stout  (but  somewhat  less  so  than  C/in/xiis)  ;  the  ventral  outiiin' 
much  arched  from  end  to  end,  the  dor.sal  from  the  fhoraeic  depressitm  to  end 
still  more  archecl  ;  head  case  truncated,  donu^-shaped  at  top  (rounding  butli 
ways);  niesonotuni  rather  more  angular  than  ('hni-ruH,  but  withont  carina  and 
I'ounded  i)olh  ways,  curving  from  its  sununil  to  top  of  the  head  ;  the  depressions 
liillier  shallow,  less  deep  than  in  ('/iri/.nts  ;  the  wing  ca.ses  slightly  elevated, 
bevelled  down  to  the  ubdoiueii  on  the  margin  ;  abdomen  conical,  tumid  •  tin' 
eremaster  somewhat  less  jtroduced  than  in  ('/iri/xiis,  but  of  essentially  similiu- 
form;  naked,  there  being  neither  hooks  nor  straight  bristles;  surface  smoiilli. 
but  on  the  wing  cases  are  very  line  granulations,  and  the  top  of  head  case  shows 
a  more  decidi'd  roughening  ;  color  yellow-lirown,  the  nbduincn  a  Hinule  darker 
than  the  head  and  mesonotnm  ;  the  wing  cascH  slightly  green-tinted.  (Fig.  //, 
life  si/.e  ;  A -'  to  h'\  enlarged.)     The  only  pu])a  observed  died  before  imago. 

As  may  be  seen  liy  the  fm-egoiug  desci'iplion,  the  eaidy  stages  of  (nthri.  with 
the  exception  of  the  egg,  are  in  no  essential  respect  dilTercnt  from  '.he  .same 
stages  of  ('htyrus. 

Uiii.EKi  was  described,  in  IKdCi.  by  Mr.  Keakirt,  from  oxaniple.T  brought  fmin 
north  Colorado  by  the  late  James  Hidings,  who  was  the  first  lepidopterist  to  col- 
lect in  Colorado,  so   far  as  recorded.     Mr.  Hidings  went  by  overland  stage  to 


t'llIONOIJAS    III. 


D.iivfr,  and  tlmtcnrly  in  the  Hou.Hon,  but  his  trunk  was  lost,  and  with  it  his  col- 
li ctinj,'  ai)[)anitiis,  and  did  not  coino  to  liand  for  sevurul  wc'ci\s,  or  until  Auj^ust. 
And  H)  it  hapiH'Ui'd  tiiat  all  thr  hutlcillii's  he  Utok  wcri,"  of  tin-  Inter  llii;lit.  'I'lic 
iiii;,Mual  di>cri[)tion  of  C/ihrl  tlicn-ioif  is  taki-n  from  the  pah-  form,  wliidi.  in  tlu- 
\mmi1h  of  Mr.  Huakirt,  is  "dull  ochraceoua  yellow  ; "  the  under  side  of  hind  wings 
■  iiiiirlilcd  with  irregular  markings  .  .  .  sometinies  congregated  into  spots,  at 
nilui"  disposed  in  transverse  lines,  the  darkest  portion  near  the  base.  .  .  .  The 
w.ives  from  the  outer  border  of  the  transveise  banil  "  (/.  «;.,  up  to  base)  '•  are  so 
iiiicrlaeed  and  contiguous,  as  to  preclude  idl  possibility  of  tracing  any  inner  outline 
1(1  this  band  :  the  outer  is  luore  distinct,  yet  not  nearly  so  wtdl  or  clearly  delined 
M-  in  the  allied  species;  tin;  reticulations  appear  to  be  dill'iised  over  the  whole 
surface."  Mr.  lleakirt  was  correct  in  bis  delinition;  as  I  have  before  remarked, 
iliis  specie.s  is  Hpccially  characterized  by  the  ub.senee  of  a  discal  band  on  hind 

u  illgS. 

.Mr.  Theodore  L.  .Meail  followed  Mr.  Hidings,  and  spent  most  of  the  summer 
ni  1S71  in  collecting  butterllies  in  Colorado.  IJy  that  time  the  railways  had 
liccii  opened  to  San  Francisco.  Mr.  Mead  .says  in  the  He[)ort  cited  :  "  C.  Ulderi 
was  abundant  in  the  lower  mountain  regions  of  Oolorailo.  iidiabiting  grassy 
>\»)\<,  and  making  only  short  flights  when  disturbed  or  olherwi.se,  .soon  alighting 
ami  being  lost  to  view  in  the  short  dry  gra8.s.  It  may  be  found  during  the 
Mioiiths  of  June  and  July.  Seventy-three  specimens  were  taken."  The  author 
notices  the  variation  in  the  niunber  of  the  ocelli,  as  also  the  ornamcMtatiou  of 
I  he  under  surface? :  "  In  some  specimens  tlu're  is  but  a  single  ocidbis — on  the 
jiiiniarii's  ;  in  others,  four  are  pre-^eiit  on  the  fore  wings,  and  five  upon  the 
M'cuudaries.  .  .  .  Some  indicaticjii  of  the  median  hand  may  generally  be  seen, 
but  iu  some  specimens  the  hind  wings  Ixdow  are  uniformly  mottled  with  blackish 
transverse  streaks,"'  etc.  Mr.  Mead  mailed  me  all  his  collection  as  fast  as  made, 
and  I  therefore  wa.s  able  to  examine  it.  The  specimens  with  four  and  five  ocelli 
were  females ;  nearly  all  the  males  had  but  one  ocellus  on  primaries,  and  none 
nr  but  one  on  secondaries. 

.Mr.  David  Bruce  has  kindly  written  for  me  his  observations  on  this  species, 
made  during  the  last  five  seasons,  thus :  "  About  the  middle  of  May,  before  the 
MiDW  has  disappcare<l  from  the  ravines,  U/iiiri  makes  it  appearance  in  Colorailo. 
It  is  the  first  of  its  genus  to  be  on  the  win;;;'.  My  earliest  specimens  bear  date 
ISth  May,  at  Clear  Creek  Canon,  elevation  0,000  feet.  All  the.se  early  examples, 
at  this  low  altitude,  were  femr'  of  dark  color,  with  both  wings  well  furnished 
with  ocelli.  The  first  males  ippca..  d  May  ^Oth.  By  the  middle  of  June,  l)oth 
sexes  are  rather  conunon  o, •  tlie  uiountain  sides  where  vegetation  is  rather 
scanty.     They  are  fond  of  set' ling  In  damp  places  on  the  roads.     At  such  times. 


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Corporation 


23  WEST  MAIN  STREET 

WEBSTER,  N.Y.  14580 

(716)  i  72-4S03 


Ux 


CHIONOBAS  III. 


when  di.sturbec],  they  fly  a  short  distance  up  to  the  rocks  and  presently  return. 
They  have  not  the  sudden,  headlong  Hight  of  Chri/.riis  when  disturbed,  and  are 
more  easily  captured.  I  have  often  taken  several  individuals  at  one  cast  of  the 
net  when  so  engaged.  I  once  saw  a  Papilio  Iixlra,  a  Lemonias  Mais,  and  several 
Pauipliilas,  in  company  with  two  or  tiiree  Lli/ert,  sipping  with  great  enjoyment 
from  a  depression  in  the  gravelly  road,  after  a  thunder-storm.  Such  times  and 
places  are  the  lucky  chances  of  the  collector,  as  the  insects  are  then  so  intent  on 
their  occupation  that  they  may  be  quietly  observed,  and  captured  at  leisure. 
Like  Chry.vns,  Uhlerl  has  the  habit  of  lying  flat  on  the  ground  with  closed 
wings,  moticniless,  and  is  then  thoroughly  concealed.  It  is  not  so  partial  to  flow- 
ers as  is  ('hry.nts,  but  a  gr;ivelly  spot  among  burnt  timber  is  its  special  haunt. 
At  such  a  place,  in  the  Platte  Canon,  near  Kenosha  summit,  where  the  timber 
had  been  burned  several  years  ago,  and  grass  had  grown  in  bunches  here  and 
there,  I  captured,  on  28th  June,  more  than  fifty  examples  in  two  hours.  The 
altitude  was  'J, 200  feet.  These  specimens  were  all  rather  light  colored,  and  few 
had  more  than  oivi  ocellus  in  each  wing,  while  many  were  entirely  without. 
About  tlie  end  of  July,  Uhlo'l  disappears,  but  towards  the  end  of  August  and  as 
late  as  3d  of  September,  I  have  taken  a  few  pale  colored  individuals,  which  I 
am  convinced  proceeded  from  eggs  laid  the  same  year.  These  late  ones  are 
generally  females,  and  1  have  failed  to  get  eggs  from  them,  and  concluded  they 
could  not  have  been  impregnated.  On  tiie  other  liand,  the  females  of  the  early 
brood  will  readily  lay  eggs  when  confined  over  grass. 

"I  have  taken  UJderi  on  the  foothills  near  Golden,  at  the  entrance  to  Clear 
Creek  Canon,  elevation  5,000  feet,  and  it  is  found  in  some  numbers  at  Hall 
Valley,  Park  Co.,  at  lO.OOO  feet ;  but  above  this  ver}'  rarely." 

It  would  appear  from  this  relation  by  Mr.  Bruce  that  the  dark  form  of  the  species 
is  first  to  appear.  This  would  be  the  outcome  of  the  larvce  which  have  hiber- 
nated full  grown,  and  changed  to  pupje  in  the  first  warm  days  of  spring  without 
feeding.  At  the  higher  elevations,  the  larv;\)  would  hibernate  at  an  earlier  stage, 
and  pupation  would  oidy  be  reached  some  weeks  after  spring  had  opened.  There 
would  thus  be  a  difference  of  from  four  to  six  weeks  in  the  appearance  of  the 
imago.  Tliere  would  be  an  early  flight  in  May  and  first  of  June,  and  a  second 
in  July.     These  last  are  lighter  colored  than  the  others. 

Some  larva?  from  eggs  laid  by  the  May  females  reach  pupa  and  imago  the 
same  fall,  as  Mr.  Bruce  has  taken  fresh  examples  as  late  as  3d  September. 
Others  reach  maturity  and  hibernate  as  larvas.  The  species  is  therefore  in  pnrk 
double-brooded  as  to  the  imago. 

I  can  find  no  evidence  that  Uhlerl  is  found  north  of  Colorado,  nor  in  the  south 
of  that   State,  nor  to  the  west,  in  Utah.     But  probably  it  may  yet  be  taken  in 


CUK^NOBAS   III. 

\V\()ining.  In  Montana  and  northward  into  Canada,  it  .seonis  to  bo  replaced 
hv  ]'arimu.  Mr.  Flotclior  sent  mo  several  examples  oi'  supposed  Vhhrl  from 
(lilTeront  localities  in  Canada,  but  they  were  I  (inina. 


1  first  received  eggs  of  Uhleri  from  Mr.  Bruce,  18th  July,  188(5,  laid  l.'ith.  The 
l;uv;o  began  to  hatch  on  2;jd  July,  or  at  ten  days  from  the  laying  of  the  egg. 
I  put  them  on  grass,  in  a  flower  pot,  covered  with  a  bag.  Day  after  day  there 
were  fewer  in  number,  until  on  5th  August  the  last  one  had  disapjieared.  I  have 
had  the  same  trouble  with  some  other  species,  without  being  able  to  discover 
what  it  was  owing  to.  But  sometimes  minute  spiders  are  in  the  sod,  and  prey 
on  the  small  larvie,  sometimes  heterocerous  larvie  come  out  of  and  return  to  the 
ground,  and  are  as  mischievous  as  spiders.  And  the  young  Chionoljas  larvie  have 
a  tendency  to  leave  the  plant  and  wander,  ami  so  are  lost.  1  have  succeeded 
better  when  for  the  firf-t  few  days  they  have  been  confined  in  a  tube,  or  a  tin 
box,  instead  of  trusting  them  to  the  plant  as  soon  as  hatched. 

Early  in  June,  1880,1  again  received  eggs  from  Mr.  Bruce,  laid  2Tth  and  28th 
May.  These  hatched  at  thirteen  days.  The  larva?  began  to  pass  the  first  moult 
2(lth  June,  the  .second  moult  4tli  July.  All  had  passed  second  by  8th  July.  One 
passed  third  moult  1st  August,  another  on  Gfh,  a  third  on  9th,  and  this  last  one 
went  at  once  into  lethargy.  On  22d,  I  missed  another,  and  on  cutting  away 
I'vory  loaf  of  the  grass,  and  opening  the  roots,  I  found  the  larva  had  burrowed 
into  the  ground  about  one  third  inch  below  the  surface,  and  had  begun  its  winter 
sleep.  I  sent  it  and  the  first  one  spoken  of  to  Clifton  Springs.  New  York,  to  go 
into  the  refrigerating  house. 

But  one  of  this  brood  passed  its  fourth  moult,  27th  August,  and  T  sent  it  to 
Mrs.  Pearl,  at  Philadelphia.  This  was  the  one  from  which  the  adult  figures  on 
the  Plate  were  drawn.  It  came  back  to  me  10th  Septendjor.  and  jtupated  13th 
September,  in  the  attitude  shown  on  the  Plate.  Unfortunately  the  pupa  was 
wounded  in  the  process  of  formation,  and  after  taking  its  portrait,  it  was  found 
best  to  put  it  in  alcohol.  This  was  the  oidy  pupa  obtained,  and  therefore  the 
duration  of  that  stage  remains  unknown.  It  appeared  therefore  that  from  eggs 
laid  by  a  female  of  the  earliest  flight,  one  larva  went  to  pupation  the  same  season, 
while  the  rest  hibernated  after  third  moult. 

The  same  year,  on  22d  June,  thirty-five  eggs  were  received.  On  22d  August, 
several  larv:e  of  this  lot  were  living,  but  except  two,  all  were  in  hibernation  after 
second  moult.     The  two  passed  third,  and  then  sle[)t. 

In  1890,  five  eggs  were  received  on  15th  July,  and  hatched  19th.  The  first 
moult  occurred  1st  August,  and  I  sent  the  larva  to  Mrs.  Peart.  It  passed  the 
third  moult  midille  of  September,  the  fourth  on  1st  October,  and  though  appar- 


CHIONOBAS   III. 

ently  well,  and  feeding  after  the  moult,  it  died  on  14th  October.  The  other 
and  onlv  remaining  larva  passed  tlie  second  moult  20th  August,  the  third,  Itii 
September,  seemed  to  become  semi-lethargic  after  a  few  days,  would  occasional'v 
feed  a  little,  and  at  last  died  the  29th  October.  The  conditions  for  this  brood 
were  not  natural,  and  doubtless  on  the  peaks  of  Colorado  the  larvae  would  liavc 
gone  into  winter  quarters  after  second  or  third  moult. 

These  results  from  breeding  the  larvao  sustain  Mr.  Bruce's  view,  based  on 
observation  of  the  imago,  that  the  late  butterflies  come  from  eggs  laid  by  tlie 
females  of  the  earliest  flight,  and  that  the  species  is  in  some  degree  double- 
brooded  ;  Avhile  the  hibernation  of  some  larvfc  at  the  third,  others  at  the  second 
moult  accounts  for  the  appearances  of  fresh  butterflies  in  succession  during  early 
and  mid-summer. 


EXPLANATION  OF  THE  PLATE. 

Uni.F.Ri,  1,  2  J,  3,  4  9,  earliest  niy;ht;  5  var.  J  ;  6  9  latest  flight. 
a  Eoo  ;  a^  micropylo. 

b,  Ifl  Young  Lauva,  'h\  h*  last  segments  ;  ¥  process  on  3  to  13  ;  h'^  head. 

c,  c'  Larva  at  1st  moult ;  c'  head. 

rf,  rf"  Larva  at  2d  moult  ;   segments  7  and  8  ;  rf^  head, 
e,  c"-  Larva  at  8d  moult  ;  segments  7  and  8  ;  e'  head. 
/  Adult  Lauva,  natural  size. 
P  Sauie,  eularged  ;  /'  dorsal  view  of  segments  7  .and  8  ;  /<  process  on  body ;  /^  head. 
g  Larva  when  near  pupaliim. 

h  Ciirysahs,  natural  size;  A",  A»  same,  enlarged ;     '  side  view  of  last  segment;  Ifi  front  view  of  tlii> 
cremaster. 


otlior 

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CHIONOBAS  IV. 


CIIIONOBAS   VAUUNA,  1-7. 


Chionobas  Varutia,  Edwards,  Canadian  Entomologist,  Vol.  XIV.,  p.  2.     1882. 


Male.  —  Expands  1.6  to  2  inches. 

Upper  side  brown,  varying  from  reddish  to  dnsky,  the  basal  half  of  both 
wiiiffs  darker ;  in  many  examples  the  dark  area  is  limited  witliout  by  a  blackish 
stripe,  which  on  secondaries  corresponds  to  the  outer  border  of  the  mesial  band 
of  under  side ;  throughout  this  wing  the  markings  of  the  under  side  reappear ; 
costal  edge  of  primaries  gray-white  dusted  brown,  apex  pale  fuscous,  and  the 
hind  margin  is  bordered  with  same  ;  the  ocelli  small,  black,  one  to  four  in 
number,  usually  blind ;  occasionally  there  is  a  fifth,  minute,  on  the  lower  sub- 
oostal  interspace  ;  secondaries  have  a  narrow  fuscous  marginal  border ;  the  ocelli 
rnn  from  two  to  five,  moat  often  five,  never  large,  often  minute. 

Under  side  of  primaries  paler,  over  costa,  apex  and  hind  margin  gray-white, 
(histed  brown;  the  cell  much  crossed  by  brown  streaks;  along  the  hind  margin, 
in  the  middle  of  each  interspace,  is  a  little  patch  of  white  ;  the  ocelli  repeated,  en- 
lai'ged,  sometimes  all  pupillcd  ;  secondaries  gray-white  or  yellow-white,  sometimes 
very  largely  covered  with  brown,  which  is  dark  next  base  and  on  the  mesial 
bund,  pale  beyond  this  to  margin  ;  or  the  prevailing  color  is  white,  with  dark 
brown  transverse  streaks  over  basal  area,  and  with  a  narrow  space  of  nearly  clear 
white  against  the  band ;  the  band  is  often  quite  solid,  darker  along  both  edges, 
bnt  sometimes  it  is  broken,  made  up  of  dark  streaks  on  a  light  ground  ;  on  the 
inner  side  its  general  course  is  circular,  with  a  rounded  sinus  on  the  posterior 
part  of  the  cell ;  without  it  is  also  circular,  the  two  sides  being  nearly  parallel, 
with  a  rounded,  or  sometimes  angular  prominence  opposite  the  cell,  and  a  slight 
incision  on  or  a  little  above  the  sub-costal  nervule ;  but,  in  some  examples,  the 
inner  edge  of  the  band  is  present  only  for  a  little  space  on  each  margin ;  the 
extra-discal  area  more  or  less  streaked  brown,  sometimes  most  densely  in  the  line 
of  the  ocelli,  as  seen  in  Fig.  6  ;  along  the  margin  little  white  spots  or  patches,  as 
on  primaries;  the  ocelli  almost  always  five,  but  occasionally  four  or  three. 


nilONOIJAS   IV. 

iJody  l)Iii('k-l)rown,  honontli,  the  tliorax  hliirk,  nhdomon  jfrny-browii  ;  li'irs 
liglit  bi'owii,  tliu  Iciiioi'ii  (lark  ;  [)iil[)i  brown,  tliu  luii^  lioiitiil  Imirs  mostly  Ijluck  ; 
antoniiio  ifnn-wliito,  niirrowly  fuscous  on  upper  skle  ;  club  oriuige  below  and  at 
tip,  above  blackish.      (Fii^s.  1,2;   "),(');  7-) 

Female.  —  E.xpands  from  l.S  to  2.2  inches. 

Closely  like  the  male  ;  the  ocelli  on  primaries  from  one  to  fonr,  on  secondaries 
nearly  always  live;  in  one  example  under  view  four,  in  another  three  ( Fig.  3)  ; 
the  two  sexes  scan^ely  dilYer  in  regard  to  the  ocelli.  Under  .side  as  in  the  nude, 
but  usually  of  a  darker  hue.     (Fiys.  '6,  4.) 


Vai{U\.v  flies  in  northern  Mcmtana  and  Dacota,  and  so  far  as  appears,  in  Can- 
ada near  the  Boundary  Line,  north  of  those  States.  It  is  allied  to  t'likri,  but 
may  be  reailily  distinguished  by  its  dusky  coloration,  the  excess  of  ocelli  in 
both  sexes,  and  by  the  definite  band  on  under  side  of  hind  winj^s,  It  was  ori- 
ginally described  from  examples  tak^n  by  the  late  II.  K.  Morrison,  who  wrote  : 
'•  This  Chionobas  was  taken  in  Dacota  Terr.,  on  my  way  to  Montana,  in  May 
(ISSl).  It  was  found  on  the  plains,  elevation  aI)out  1,200  feet,  and  in  all  about 
100  were  taken.  All  the  Ulilcrl  I  have  taken  were  in  mountains,  never  at  less 
than  ."j-OOO  feet  elevation,  and  from  that  to  1 1,000  feet,"  etc.  I  had  4  (?,  o  ?  from 
Mr.  Morrison,  and  have  them  here  still,  though  they  now  form  part  of  Dr.  Hol- 
land's collection.  All  are  smaller  than  the  average  of  Montana  examples  before 
me.  and  they  are  less  dusky  than  these,  tiiough  one  of  the  females  is  as  iliirk 
as  any  from  Montana.  For  several  years  after  iSSl  i\othing  was  heard  of 
Viiruiin,  till  Mr.  W.  G.  Wright,  in  18U0,  rediscovereil  it  in  northern  and  cen- 
tral Montana.  Mr.  Wright  says:  "  Varuna  inhabits  the  foothills  of  all  the  low. 
isolated  mountain.s,  namely,  Bear  Paw,  Ilighwood,  Little  Belt,  Great  Belt,  Snow, 
Little  Kocky,  and  Judith.  I  have  never  .seen  it  ilying  west  of  the  Missouri 
River,  nor  on  any  of  the  spurs  of  the  chief  Rocky  Mountain  chain.  None 
of  the  mountains  named  reach  timber  line,  nor  have  much  water,  or  open 
glades  or  meadows.  Vantna  flies  only  on  the  lower  slopes,  say  at  1,000  feet 
or  so  above  the  level  land.  I  saw  none  on  the  level  plains.  They  frequent  gras.sy 
slopes,  and  little  dells  or  valleys,  among  scattering  oak  and  pine  trees  in  open 
glades.  But  I  never  saw  them  in  the  forest,  or  even  in  shaded  places,  such  ns 
butterflies  of  the  genus  Satj'rus  prefer.  They  sit  on  bare  spots  among  the 
grass,  ready  to  fly  up  and  follow  any  passing  butterfly  of  another  species, 
chasing  it  a  few  yards  or  rods,  and  then  perhaps  returning  to  the  old  place  ; 
or,  if  too  far  away,  gently  settling  on  a  new  spot,  but  with  a  hesitating  way. 
with  wings  upraised,  ready  to  give   a  strong  stroke,  in  case  a  lizard  or  a  .snake 


CIIIONOnAS    IV. 

sliuiilil  1)0  \y'n\<r  ill  wiiit  for  it.     In  no  ciwo  did  1  .soo  one  I'ocdiiijf  on  llowci 
llisrlit  of  all  spucio.H  of  Cliionobas  olwcrvcd  by  mo  ih  gentlo  iind  loisuroly, 
hurt  (liHtanct'H,  and  they  nro  easy  to  capture. 

ViiriiiKt  seemed  to  bo  on  llie  wing  but  nbout  two  v\e('ks,  namely,  from  t 
III  liTtli  .Jniie.  1  was  in  the  region  before  and  after  these  dates,  hut  saw 
the  hutterdioH  except  within  the  period  mentioned." 

iMr.  Wright  sent  me  his  whole  cateh  of   Varuna  for  inspection,  ;53(?.  0 
I  he  males  :  — 


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Of  the  females  :  — 

3  have  4  spots  on  fore  wing,  5  on  liind  wing. 

1  has   3    "       "     "        "       3  ''      "        " 

2  4(     2    ''       "     '<       "       5  <'     "       " 

Of  four  male.s  by  Mr.  Morrison  ;  — 

1  has     4      "     on  ftn-e  wing,  5  on  hind  wing. 

2  have    2  spots  "     "        "       5  "      " 

1    has       1  spot     "     "        "       5  "      "        " 

3  ?  have    4  spots  "     "        "       5  "      "       " 

Of  five  males  from  Canada  :  — 

3  have  4  spots  on  fore  wing,  o  on  hind  wing. 

1  has    4  spot    "     "       "        4  "     "        " 

2  u       1       ''        "       "         "  'A    "      "  " 


Suiiiinii  ;  up  :  Of  forty-two  males,  twenty-two  have  five  and  four  ocelli  on  fore 
wing,  five  and  four  on  hind  wing ;  twenty-six  have  five  on  hind  wing ;  twenty- 
eight  have  four  or  more  on  each  wing ;  while  but  four  have  only  a  single  spot 
on  fore  wing,  and  thv^se  have  three  to  five  on  hind  wing.  This  is  in  strong  con- 
trast to  Uhln'l. 


nil  DT^  OIBJ^.^^ 


'11. 


C  H  R"YXU  S  .     12     0    VAR  .  : 
3    4     9CALjAIS,    type  ■      669    same  form  . 


CHIONOBAS  II. 


CHIONOBAS    CHKYXUS,    1-6. 


Var.  Calais,  Suudder.     Femik',  type. 

I  DEEMED  it  best  to  give  a  Plate  to  Calais,  for  the  reason  that  the  individual 
named  by  Mr.  Scudder  nearly  thirty  years  ago  still  remains  miique,  and  it  may 
some  (lay  be  of  importance  that  its  likeness  is  preserved.  (Figs.  3,  4.)  Figs. 
5,  6,  represent  a  female  Ghryxus,  from  Banff,  which,  on  the  under  .side,  and  in 
the  outlines  of  the  band,  agrees  well  with  Calais.  I  have  been  unable  to  find  a 
male  with  a  band  in  .same  style. 

Figs.  1,  2,  represent  a  form  of  male  Chryxus  sometimes  found  in  Colorado, 
tlioiigh  never  of  such  size  as  in  this  male  from  Banff,  sent  me  by  Mr.  IT.  K. 
Harrison.  Similar  males  were  taken  at  same  place  by  Prof.  E.  T.  Owen,  1890. 
The  dark  upper  side,  with  pale  extra-discal  area,  agrees  well  with  the  Calais. 
On  the  under  side,  the  band  stands  out  in  higli  relief,  and  what  Mr.  Bean  calls 
"  the  color  areas  "  are  contrasted  conspicuously. 

I  asked  Mr.  Bean  to  look  over  his  large  collection  of  Chryxus,  taken  at  Lag- 
gan,  and  tell  me  how  they  compared  with  the  figures  on  Plates  I.,  II.  ;  and  he 
obligingly  writes  as  follows  :  "  Comparing  my  materials  with  your  figiwcs,  I  find 
as  follows,  beginning  with  the  females,  and  the  upper  side  :  my  examples  are 
ciiiefly  of  the  type  of  Figs.  3  and  5,  PI.  I.  About  three  quarters  are  of  this  type, 
but  varying  from  light  to  rather  dusky  brown.  About  one  in  five  tend  away 
from  that  type,  and  in  various  degrees  approach  Fig.  5,  PI.  II.  I  have  none  with 
ihe  upper  side  of  the  hind  wings  showing  such  a  contrast  of  color  as  in  Calais 
ftMuale,  Fig.  3,  PI.  II.,  though  several  have  the  fore  wings  pretty  close  to  that  of 
tills  figure. 

"  As  to  the  under  surface :  while  I  have  females  which  come  nearer  to  Fig.  4, 
Calais,  than  does  Fig.  6,  yet  I  have  not  one  quite  of  the  detail  shown  in  Fig. 
4.     Most  of  my  examples  are  nearer  to  the  pattern  of  Fig.  6. 

"  As  to  the  males :  on  the  upper  surface  of  the  fore  wings  my  males  are  much 
of  the  pattern  of  Fig.  1,  PI.  II.,  showing  a  strong  contrast  of  color  between  the 


liB 


CHIONOBAS   II. 

basal  and  sub-marginal  areas.  On  the  nnder  side  the  majority  range  somewhat 
near,  in  pattern  of  the  hind  wing,  band,  etc.,  to  Fig.  2,  PI.  I. ;  and  difler  from  Fig. 
2,  PI.  II.  An  occasional  specimen  has  an  unusual  amount  of  rich  dark  brown 
throughout  tha  wing,  and  this  makes  a  striking  contrast  in  coloration. 

"  There  remains  a  minority  of  more  dull  contrasts  and  more  sombre  coloring. 
These  mostly  occur  above  timber  line.  The  under  iide  of  the  hind  wing  is  more 
definitely  separated  into  color  areas,  instead  of  being  mottled  or  wavy  through- 
out. The  band  is  ordinarily  made  more  conspicuous  because  the  areas  next  to  it 
on  either  side  are  dull  and  pale.  But  these  two  styles  are  not  separable  by  any 
hard  and  fast  limitations.  Both  tendencies  are  presented  in  various  degre'^s,  and 
they  combine  in  many  individuals.  The  small  female  you  sent  me  from  Hall 
Valley,  Colorado,  is  more  unlike  the  prevailing  style  of  Laggan  female  than  is  the 

Calais. 

"  I  find  no  evidence  to  support  the  view  that  Calais  is  a  species  distinct  from 
Chryxus  ;  but  it  is  possible  that  Calais  of  Hudson's  Bay  may  be  that  exceedingly 
rare  thing  in  nature,  —  a  true  variety.  Chryxus  is  a  sparsely  but  >videly  dis- 
tributed species,  the  very  opposite  of  a  local  species." 


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CHIONOBAS  y. 


CIIIONOBAS    JUTTA,  1-6. 

Chionnhas  Jultn,  Iluhner,  S.imml.  Eur.  S<:hmctt.,  Vol.  I.   p.  25,  figs.  614,  615.     1806-1819  ;  Miisclilor,  Wion. 

Knt.  Moniitsclir.,  Vol.  IV.  p.  342.    1860  ;  Scuiidcr,  Proc.  Eiii.  Soc.  Phil.,  Vol.  V.  p.  3.    1865  ;  id.,  Biilt.  N. 

Engliiiul,  Vol.  I.,  p.  149.     1890  ;   Fernald,  Butt.  Maino,  p.  75.     1884. 
lUliler,  Boisduval,  Icoiies  Hist.  Lep.,  p.  189,  jil.  39,  figs.  1-3.     1832. 

Male.  —  Expand.s  about  2.2  inches. 

Upper  .side  yellow-brown,  the  marginal  holders,  especially  on  secondaries, 
darker  ;  primaries  have  a  broad  dark  brown  se.xual  band,  a  small  part  of  which 
lies  within  the  cell,  the  remainder  across  the  median  interspaces ;  on  the  extra- 
(liscal  area  are  two  or  three  black  ocelli,  if  two,  placed  on  the  upper  disroidal  and 
lower  median  interspaces  ;  these  are  small,  usually  blind  ;  if  a  third  is  present 
it  is  on  the  upper  median,  minute;  all  these  stand  on  diffuse  browii.sh  yellow 
rings ;  sometimes  but  one  ocellus  is  present,  the  upper  one  of  the  series,  and  the 
position  of  the  others  is  indicated  by  yellow  patches  ;  secondaries  have  a  single 
.small  ocellus  on  the  lower  median  interspace,  and  there  is  often  (not  always)  a 
small  yellowish  spot  on  each  of  the  interspaces  above  the  ocellus  to  the  outer  angle, 
no.\t  the  marginal  border ;  fringes  white,  less  pure  next  inner  angle  of  primaries. 

Under  side  of  primaries  paler  brown,  with  n  yellowish  tint  over  the  extra- 
(liscal  area  ;  the  costa  cro.ssed  by  fine,  alternate  streaks  of  dark  brown  and  yel- 
low-gray ;  the  apical  area  gray,  with  abbreviated  tran.sverse  brown  streaks ;  the 
oi'L'lli  repeated,  usually  enlarged  and  pupiled  ;  secondaries  sordid  gray-white, 
more  or  less  streaked  with  blackish  brown,  finely  and  transversely ;  in  some 
examples  there  is  an  absence  of  the  mesial  band,  a.'t  shown  in  Fig.  6,  but  gen- 
erally this  is  distinct ;  sometimes  the  outer  limb  is  ligiiter,  more  gray,  than  the 
basal  area,  especially  just  outside  the  band  ;  the  band  is  brojid,  bends  at  a  right 
angle  on  the  median  nervure,  and  is  narrowly  bordered  on  both  sides  by  black, 
while  within  it  is  streaked  like  the  rest  of  the  wing,  though  usually  the  darker 
shade  prevails  ;  the  outer  edge  is  twice  and  deeply  crenated  next  costa,  then 
projects  considerably  and  sharply  on  the  upper  discoidal  interspace,  to  be  fol- 


CIIIONOUAS   V. 

lowed  by  a  shiillow  nn;:fiilar  incision,  and  then  runs  to  the  inner  margin  in  a 
straight  coin'.sc,  sliglitly  donated  in  each  interspace ;  the  inner  border  has  a 
Hligiit  angular  incision  on  the  costal  interspace,  followed  by  a  rounded  promi- 
nence on  the  nervure,  and  a  deep  angular  sinus  in  the  cell,  then  irregularly  wavy 
to  margin  ;  the  edges  on  the  posterior  half  of  the  band  are  nearly  parallel,  and 
this  part  is  l)road,  while  the  anterior  half  is  comparatively  narrow,  and  very 
irregular  ;  the  ocellus  often  wanting  ;  in  some  examples  there  is  a  row  of  yellow 
points  in  line  with  the  ocellus  and  to  the  outer  angle.     (Fig.  G.) 

Body  atjove  dark  brown,  beneath,  the  thorax  black,  abdomen  sometimes  black, 
sometimes  dull  gray-yellow  ;  legs  dark  brown,  the  under  side  yellow-brown  ;  palpi 
furnished  with  long  black  hairs  ;  antennii3  fuscous  above,  finely  annulated  whitish, 
red-brown  below  ;  club  red-brown  above,  testaceous  below.     (Figs.  1,  2,  6.) 


Female.  —  Expands  about  2.25  inches. 

Upper  side  colored  as  the  male  ;  the  ocelli  usually  three  in  number,  large,  with 
white  pupils,  or  small  and  unpupiled,  sometimes  round,  but  generally  ovate,  and 
the  middle  one  is  smallest;  sometimes  there  are  one  or  two  more,  minute,  on  the 
lower  sub-costal  and  lower  median  interspaces  ;  each  larger  ocellus  is  surromided 
by  a  yellow,  sometimes  red-brown,  nimbus,  and  these  are  often  diffuse  and  con- 
fluent, thus  forming  a  broad  band,  as  seen  in  Fig.  5.  Secondaries  liave  a  large 
or  small  ocellus,  pupiled  or  blind,  and  sometimes  one  or  two  additional  minute 
ones;  in  one  example  from  Quebec  there  is  a  .second  pupiled  ocellus  on  the 
upper  median  interspace  ;  sometimes  the  sub-marginal  yellow  or  fulvous  area  is 
much  extended,  and  takes  tlie  form  of  large  ctmeiform  spots,  but  other  examples 
show  nothing  of  this,  the  light  color  being  limited  to  a  nimbus  about  the  ocellus. 
Under  side  as  in  the  male,  varying  in  the  .same  manner ;  the  larger  proportion 
of  the  examples  under  view  have  the  band  distinct,  but  others  show  very  little 
of  it.     (Figs.  3,  4,  5.) 

Ego.  —  In  general  as  in  C,  Chri/xiis,  somewhat  narrower  in  proportion  to  the 
height,  the  breadth  to  height  being  nearly  as  1  to  1.15;  the  base  flattened, 
rounded  ;  broadest  at  about  one  fourth  the  distance  from  base,  narrowing  u])- 
wards  very  gradually  till  near  the  top,  the  sides  not  much  arched,  the  top  flatr 
tened  ;  marked  by  vertical  ribs  varying  in  number  from  sixteen  to  twenty-one  ; 
in  part  these  arc  quite  straight,  in  part  a  little  sinuou.s,  occasionally  one  branch- 
ing either  at  top  or  bottom  ;  narrow  at  the  summits  and  rounded,  the  slopes 
nearly  Hat,  each  slope  with  many  irrcgidar  horizontal  narrow  excavations  with 
intervening  little  ridges;  the  micropyle  is  in  the  centre  of  a  rosette  of  five-sided 
cells,  outside  of  which  are  three  or  four  rows  of  similar  cells,  gradually  enlarging ; 


CIIIONOIJAS   V. 

boyond  tlieao  to  the  ends  of  tlio  ribs  tlif'  flattoncd  wpnce  presents  shallow  colls  of 
iir('j;;iilar  sizes,  soinetinu's  coiilluent,  oftener  separated  (Fig.  «'-);  in  wonie  exam- 
[ilt'H  this  Hat  area  is  much  restricted,  the  ends  of  the  ribs  coniiny  nearer  the  ro- 
sette ;  these  ends  are  depressed  and  send  short  spurs  toward  each  other,  so  that 
tlio  interspaces  make  low,  cushion-like  welts  ;  color  yellow-white  (Fig.  «j.  Du- 
ration of  this  stage  from  ten  to  si.xteen  days. 


Yoirxo  Larva.  —  Length,  at  twenty-four  hours  from  the  egg,  .11  inch  ;  .fliape 
(if  C/irj/xiis  and  Uhleri ;  the  tubercles  and  processes  the  same  in  niniiber,  posi- 
tion, and  shape  as  in  those  species  (Fig.  b^,  process  from  3  to  middle  of  13)  ;  color 
;:iMy-wliite  with  a  pink  tinge ;  the  stripes  as  in  the  allied  species  named,  .vellow- 
hrown,  the  mid-dorsal  one  rather  heavy,  illy  defined,  the  sub-dorsal  a  line,  the 
lateral  brcrtid,  clearly  defined  ;  a  pale  brown  line  runs  with  the  spiracles,  and 
another  underlies  the  dull  white  basal  ridge  ;  under  side,  feet  and  legs  yellow- 
jiTiMMi  (Figs.  }>,  U^)  ;  head  as  in  the  other  species,  and  tuberculated  in  same  way ; 
color  yellow-green  with  a  tint  of  brown  (Fig.  h*).  Duration  of  this  stage  twelve 
to  11  f teen  days. 

After  first  moult :  lengtli,  at  twenty-four  hours,  .23  inch  ;  nearly  the  .^ame 
siiape  as  before,  and  as  in  the  species  mentioned  ;  the  tubercles  and  processes 
as  in  those  species,  the  latter  being  short,  upright,  clubbed,  and  bent ;  color  vari- 
able, some  individuals  being  light  gray-green,  others  wholly  light  green,  others 
still  green-yellow  ;  through  tiie  light  ground  run  exceedingly  fine  and  abbrevi- 
ated longitudinal  streaks  of  redbrown  ;  the  dorsal  stripe  of  the  general  hue,  edged 
on  either  side  by  a  whitish  line  ;  the  sub-dorsal  lino  rod-brown  ;  the  lateral  band 
dark  on  both  edges,  and  either  vinous  or  dark  brown  within,  but  greenish  on 
the  anterior  segments;  a  brown  line  runs  with  the  spiracles,  and  another  lies 
under  the  pale  yellow  or  buff  basal  ridge  ;  under  side,  feet  and  legs  green- 
yellow  (Figs,  c,  c'*) ;  head  as  in  the  other  species,  indented  in  same  way,  with 
similar  tubercles  and  processes,  and  nebulous  dusky  vertical  stripes  ;  color  pale 
green-yellow,  sometimes  with  a  brown  tint  (Fig.  c'').  Duration  of  this  stage 
twelve  to  fourteen  days. 

After  .second  moult :  length,  at  twenty-four  hours,  .34  inch  ;  shape  as  in  the 
second  stage  ;  color  very  much  the  same,  but  the  brown  streaks  are  more  decided  ; 
the  lateral  band  as  before  ;  the  sub-dorsal,  spiracular,  and  sub-basal  lines  red- 
brown  ;  the  ridge  buff  ;  under  side  yellow-green  (Figs,  d,  (P) ;  head  as  before 
(Fig.  d^).     To  next  moult  six  days,  in  the  fall. 


CIIIONOUAS    V. 

After  tliinl  moult:  li>n;^tli,  at  twenty-four  liourn,  .5  inch;  slmpo  rh  before; 
color  greenish  l)ulT ;  on  inid-dorsuni  traces  of  a  Ijlackiwh  hand  now  appear,  con- 
Histing  of  dark  patches  at  the  junctions  of  the  segnients  ;  the  brown  streaks  take 
the  form  of  rather  indistinct  continuous  lines;  the  sub-dorsal  stripe  blackisb,and 
belosv  it,  on  tiie  light  area,  a  brown  line  ;  the  lateral  band  as  before,  more  de- 
cidedly black  on  the  edges  ;  the  processes  nearly  as  in  the  hvst  two  preceiling 
stages,  rather  more  slender,  the  top  less  cliil)bed  ;  head  us  before  (Figs,  c  to  e*). 
To  fourth  and  last  moidt  twelve  days  in  the  fall,  sixteen  in  "spring. 


After  fourth  moult:  length,  at  twenty-four  hours,  .65  inch  ;  shape  as  before; 
color  brown-buff;  the  mid-dorsal  stripe  broken  by  definite  black  spots  at  the 
juncti(iiis  of  the  segments;  the  lateral  band  black  on  its  upper  edge ;  tlie  basal 
ridge  yellowish.  One  larva  dilTered  from  all  others  observed,  in  that  on  tiie 
dorsal  area  of  4  to  7  appeared  three  longitudiiuil  rows  of  pale  black  rectangular 
spots,  arriinged  in  checker.  In  about  twelve  days  from  the  moult  the  larvio 
were  full-grown. 

Matuue  Larva.  —  Length,  1.1  inch;  shape  of  C7iry.rns  and  Uhleri,  stout, 
obese,  thickest  in  the  middle,  the  dorsum  much  arched,  sloping  rapidly  from  4  to 
the  head,  ending  in  two  sliort,  sub-conical  tails ;  surface  thickly  covered  with 
short,  still",  tapering  red-brown  hairs  or  processes,  from  sharp,  conical  tubercles 
(Fig./^);  color  greenish  butif  in  .lade.s,  the  sides  more  green  than  dorsum; 
striped  loiigitu<liiuilly  as  in  the  allied  species  mentioned  ;  the  mid-dorsal  stripe 
pale  green,  broken  by  sub-rectangular  blackish  spots  at  the  junctions  of  the  seg- 
ments, which  spots  are  incised  deeply  at  either  end  ;  the  lateral  band  broad, 
running  from  2  to  end  of  tail,  pale  green,  the  upper  edge  blackened ;  basal  ridge 
yellowish  ;  under  side,  feet  and  legs  greenish  bulT ;  head  sub-globose,  well- 
rounded  frontally  ;  the  surface  thi(;kly  covered  with  shallow  indentations,  be- 
tween some  of  which  are  very  small  tubercles,  bearing  hairs,  or  proces.ses  like 
those  on  the  body  ;  acro.ss  the  top  six  dark  stripes,  as  in  the  allied  .species  men- 
tioned (and  probably  present  throughout  the  genus).  (Fig. /slightly,  /'  greatly 
enlarged).  In  several  cases  the  adult  larva)  have  hibernated,  and  in  the  spring, 
without  feeding,  have  pupated  ;  in  other  cases  the  hibernation  has  taken  place  in 
first  larval  stage,  and  after  both  first  and  second  moults.  But  no  pupa  has  been 
reached  in  the  same  season  in  which  the  egg  was  laid. 

CiinvsALis.  —  Length,  .6  inch  ;  breadth  at  mcsonotum  .18  inch,  at  abdomen 
.2  inch  ;  the  ventral  outline  arched,  the  dorsal,  from  the  thoracic  depression  to 
the  end,  very  much  .so ;    head  case  closely  as  in  Chryxus,  truncated,  dome-shaped 


CUIONOIJAS   V. 

lit  top;  mcHonotiini  noarly  ns  in  fhri/rtiit,  more  roiinrlod  lonjritiiditmlly,  and  Iosh 
lingular  than  in  U/t/vri.  without  carina,  roundtMl  transvcrHoly,  followed  hy  n 
nlight  (luprcHsion  ;  the  wing  caHes  but  little  elevated  ;  beveled  down  to  the  ab- 
domen oti  the  marj^in  ;  abdomen  conical,  tiunid  ;  the  oreinaster  consists  of  a  two- 
coneil  ridgi!  ( Fij^.  y,'  the  ti[)  of  the  cone  rj'^),  naked,  there  being  neither  hooks  nor 
bristles  ;  surface  smooth,  but  on  the  wing  eases  are  very  line  granulations  ;  color 
yellow-green,  the  wing  casoH  more  green,  lews  yellow  ;  the  abdomen  dotted  with 
i)io\vn  points,  sub-ventral  and  lateral,  in  longitudinal  rows,  and  dorsal,  extending 
lioiii  the  extremity  to  the  mesonotuin  (Kig.  fj).  Duration  of  this  stage,  accord- 
ing to  Mr.  Fyles,  about  thirty  days. 


JuTTA  inhabits  the  boreal  regions  of  both  hemispheres.  In  North  America,  it 
ranges  from  the  eastern  coast  of  Labrador  to  and  beyond  the  Rocky  Mountains, 
possibly  to  the  Pacific.  According  to  authorities  quoted  by  Mr.  Scudder,  it  oc- 
curs even  in  Cfieenland,  and  on  the  main  land  as  far  to  the  north  as  lat.  TiS", 
west  of  Hudson's  Bay.  I  formerly  received  examples  from  Godbout,  Province 
(if  tiuebec,  on  tlie  lower  St.  Lawrence.  Mr.  Fletcher  has  taken  it  at  Nepigon, 
Mr.  Bean  at  Laggan,  Alberta  Terr.,  Captain  Geddes  at  Emerald  Lake,  near  Lag- 
gau,  and  Mr.  Burrison  at  Ottertail,  twenty-four  miles  west  of  Laggan,  so  far  the 
most  western  locality  noticed.  The  most  southern  localities  recorded  are  Ottawa, 
Quebec,  and  Bangor,  Maine.  Following  Mr.  Scudder :  "In  Europe  it  was  long 
supposed  to  be  confined  to  points  north  of  lat.  CT,  in  Norway,  Sweden,  Lapland, 
and  Finland,  but  has  latterly  been  found  in  isolated  spots  about  Stockholm,  St. 
Petersburg,  and  in  the  neigbborbood  of  Riga,  lat.  50°  30'.  In  Asia,  it  apparently 
occurs  throughout  the  whole  breadth  of  Siberia,  as  it  is  found  on  the  northern. 
banks  of  the  Amur  River." 

As  will  be  seen,  the  habits  of  this  butterfly  in  Europe  and  America,  as  re- 
corded by  several  observers,  are  diflferent  in  some  important  respects. 

The  only  person,  so  far  as  I  know,  who  has,  up  to  the  present  time,  reared 
Jiitkt  from  egg  to  imago,  is  the  Rev.  Thomas  W.  Fyles,  of  South  Quebec,  Prov- 
ince of  Quebec  ;  and  he  relates  his  experience,  first,  in  the  Seventeenth  Annual 
Report  of  the  Entomological  Society  of  Ontario,  1887,  p.  10  ;  later,  in  the  Cana- 
dian Entomologist,  XX.  p.  131,  1888,  and  XXL  p.  12,  1889.  He  visited  the 
Gomin  swamp,  near  Quebec,  on  31st  May,  and  in  its  inner  recesses,  after  wading 
through  deep  sphagnum  moss  and  water,  doubting  whether  he  "  might  not  sink 
bodily  out  of  sight  in  the  treacherous  bog,"  noticed  at  a  distance  a  growth  of 
young  bushes  which  seemed  to  indicate  a  drier  spot.  With  great  difficulty  he 
reached  that,  and  found  it  to  be  a  ridge  thrown  up  for  drainage  purposes. 


CIUONOBAS   V. 


"  Suddenly  a  fluttering  brown  object  arose  before  me,  made  a  short  flight,  and 
then  settled  down  a  few  yards  away.  I  noticed  the  mottling  of  t'  o  under  wings, 
brought  down  my  net,  and  captured  my  first  specimen  of  Jutta.  Soon  a  secoiul 
sp,ecimen  arose,  but  a  king-bird,  Tyrannus  Carolinensis,  gave  chase  to  the  but- 
terfly, and,  after  much  doubling  and  twisting,  caught  it.  It  was  long  before 
anotlier  specimen  rewarded  my  search,  but  at  length  a  third  did  make  its  ap- 
pearance, iind  I  had  the  good  fortune  to  secure  it." 

Mr.  Fyles  made  anotlier  expedition  to  the  swamp,  June  12lh,  and  captured 
two  or  three  females.  On  tlie  first  trip,  he  says  he  noticed  what  grasses  grew 
in  the  swamp.  "  I  found  several  all  rooted  in  the  sphagnum.  I  took  home  roots 
of  every  kind,  and  potted  tiiem  in  sphagnum.  I  placed  the  pots  containing  these 
in  .1  box,  and  filled  up  tlie  interstices  to  the  level  of  the  rims  of  the  pots,  with 
snhagnum.  I  tlien  made  an  arched  lattice  over  it,  and  covered  this  with  a  piece 
of  netting."  Tlie  females  captured,  as  related,  he  placed  in  this  cage.  "  On 
17tii,  I  found  a  number  of  eggs,  not  laid  on  the  blades  of  grass,  but  scattered 
over  the  netting.  When  the  larva)  appeared,  by  means  of  a  camel's-hair  brush 
I  placed  a  few  of  them  on  each  plant ;  but  I  soon  found  that  they  congregated 
on  tlie  sedge  (Carex  oligosperma,  see  Plate).  This,  then,  I  concluded,  was  their 
favorite  food  plant.  I  kept  the  cage  on  the  seat  of  an  open  window,  and  when- 
ever it  rained  removed  the  covering  of  the  box  and  lot  Mie  larvtc  have  the  bene- 
fit of  the  sliower.  In  dry  times,  I  occasionally  sprinkled  them  at  sunset  with  soft 
water." 

In  August,  he  noticed  that  they  were  seriously  decreasing  in  number ;  discov- 
ered a  wounded  larva,  and  on  thoroughly  examining  the  sphagnum,  pulling  it  in 
pieces,  found  "  several  very  well-grown  specimens  of  the  Myriapod,  Letliobius 
Americanus  "  (said  by  Packard  to  feed  on  insects  and  earthworms).  "  On  the  ap- 
proach of  winter  the  care  of  the  larvae  became  perplexing,  the  more  so  as  I  was 
about  to  leave  for  England.  I  at  length  resolved  to  place  the  case  near  a  win- 
dow in  an  outer  passage  leading  to  a  dairy.  I  left  the  larv;e  abundantly  supplied 
with  sedge  growing  in  well-soaked  sphagnum.  On  my  return  in  February,  only 
six  of  the  larvoB  remained.  They  were  torpid,  but  fresh  and  plump.  A  mild 
day  came,  and  one  of  them  revived,  but  the  mild  day  was  followed  by  a  bitter 
night,  and  the  adventurous  larva  perished.  When  the  others  began  to  revive,  I 
removed  the  cage  into  a  room  where  the  temperature  could  be  better  regidated. 
Of  the  remaining  larva),  one  afterwards  died,  four  went  to  chrysalis.  The  chrysa- 
lids  were  naked,  unattached,  and  lay  on  or  partly  below  the  surface  of  the  sphag- 
num. 3ne  of  them  I  sent  to  Mr.  Edwards,  and  one  I  preserved  as  a  specimen. 
The  other  two  produced  butterflies  Slst  May  and  1st  June."  The  chrysalis  sent 
me  is  the  one  represented  on  the  Plate. 


CHIONOBAS   V. 


In  Can.  Ent.,  Mr.  Fyles  gives  the  period  of  the  several  stages  thus  :  eggs  hiid 
!7th  June,  hatched  1st  July,  14  days;  first  moult,  6th  July,  5  days;  .second 
moult,  oOth  July,  24  days;  third  moult,  14tli  August,  15  days;  fourth  moult,  1st 
September,  17  days;  pupation,  21st  April;  emergence  of  the  two  images,  31st 
]\Iiiy  and  1st  June,  or  at  30  and  31  days.  Therefore,  from  laying  the  egg  to  the 
fourth  moult  was  75  days ;  the  egg  stage  14  days ;  the  larval,  to  fourth  moult, 
(il  days ;  the  pupal  about  30  day.s.  Mr.  B'yles,  on  his  return,  supposed  that  a 
fifth  moult  had  taken  place  during  his  ab.sence.  He  recently  lias  written  me: 
'•  1  noticed  changes  in  color  which  led  me  to  suppose  the  larva;  iiad  again  moulted, 
but  increa.sed  knowledge  of  the  SatyriniB  has  shown  me  that  this  could  not  have 
been  the  case." 

The  recital  in  Can.  Ent.  XX.  ends  with  these  words:  "The  perfect  insect 
appears  in  this  locality  from  May  31st  to  June  15th."  The  conditions  under 
wliicli  the.se  larva3  were  bred  seem  therefore  to  have  been  natural,  and  the  but- 
tortlies  apparently  came  forth  in  the  very  days  they  would  have,  had  they  grown 
in  the  swamp.  And  it  is  to  be  inferred  that  the  earliest  Jidki  butterflies  come 
from  larvsc  which  hibernate  full  grown.  It  is  remarkable  that  all  the  larvas  that 
survived  the  earlier  stages  reached  the  adult  stage  tiie  same  season  in  which  the 
cirjr.s  were  laid. 

Mr.  Fyles  continues  :  "  You  may  wish  to  know  something  of  the  habits  of 
Jutta  in  its  native  haunts.  I  have  never  found  this  insect  befoie  the  31st  of 
May,  nor  after  the  15th  of  June.  Through  the  first  week  in  June,  it  may  be 
met  with  at  its  best,  but  even  then  one  seldom  sees  the  .slightly  hoary  appear- 
ance which  is  found  in  the  bred  specimens,  the  down  which  gives  this  appearance 
is  so  soon  lost.  Jutta  delights  in  sheltered  nooks  on  the  margin  of  the  swamp.  I 
know  several  such,  in  which,  during  the  season,  I  am  very  sure  to  meet  with  it. 
1  find  it  restirig  on  the  surface,  usually  on  sedge,  or  on  Vaccinium.  not  on  trees. 
I  have  never  .seen  it  settle  on  the  swamp  spruces  that  surround  the  inar.sh,  nor 
even  upon  the  Kalinir.  and  other  shrubs.  It  is  with  us  (I  .say  'with  us,'  for 
Holmgren  speaks  of  Jutlo-  congregating  around,  and  settling  on,  trees)  decidedly 
a  ground  insect.  It  may  easily  be  taken,  if  approached  warily,  and  under  cover 
of  a  bu.sh,  but  when  it  takes  to  flight  it  is  in  vain  to  follow  it.  It  is  very  pugna- 
cious, and  is  sure  to  rise  and  give  chase  for  a  few  moments  to  a  passing  butterfly. 
1  have  often  watched  the  flight  of  a  stray  Vanessa  or  Grapta,  knowing  that  Jutta 
would  ri.se  and  betrr-y  its  position  to  me." 

I  inquired  of  Mr.  Fyles  as  to  his  visits  to  the  swamp  later  than  15th  June,  and 
whether  he  could  say  that  there  was  no  late  flight  of  Jutta  to  correspond  with 
the  difference  in  the  age  of  the  larvae  at  hibernation.  He  replied  :  "  The  late 
Mr.  George  J.  Bowles  informed  me  of  this  locality  for  Jutta,  and  said  that  the 


CHIONOBAS   V. 


speeios  was  on  the  wing  from  1st  to  ITjili  Juno.  He  gave  me  directions  and  a 
rougli  map  which  enabled  nie  to  find  the  spot.  It  is  a  spliagniim  swamp  manv 
acres  in  extent,  such  as  is  coninionly  called  by  the  French  Canadians  a  '  savane.' 
It  is  surrounded  for  a  considerable  distance  by  a  thick  growth  of  swamp  laurel 
(Kalmia),  Labrador  tea,  black  spruce,  tamarack,  etc.,  and  the  whole  district  is 
popularly  known  as  '  the  Goinin.'  I  have  for  some  years  past  visited  this  swamp 
regularly  two  or  throe  times  a  week,  in  favorable  weather,  from  the  beginning 
of  May  to  the  bcgiimiug  of  October  (the  whole  season  with  us),  and  the  earliest 
appearance  of  Jutta  which  I  Iiave  witnessed  was  on  the  31st  May.  I  have  never 
seen  it  on  the  wing  iifter  the  loth  of  June.  I  have  looked  most  carefully,  year 
after  year,  for  a  .«econd  flight,  but  have  never  seen  a  sign  of  it." 

On  page  155,  Butt.  N.  E.,  Mr.  Scudder  a.sks :  "  Where,  in  a  morass  mostly 
under  water,  can  the  half-grown  larvio  find  a  suitable  plpce  to  hibernate,  and 
whore,  in  the  still  higher  waters  of  spring,  can  the  caterpillar  securely  pup",te  ?  " 
To  this  Mr.  Fylcs  replies  :  "  The  spliagnum  rises  with  the  water  and  is  never 
submerged." 

1  will  now  give  my  own  experience  with  the  larvae  of  Jidtn.  In  1880,  I  re- 
ceived ten  eggs  from  Mr.  Bean,  at  Laggan,  laid  29th  and  30th  June.  The  larvas 
hatched  on  11th  and  12th  July,  and  at  once  went  into  hibernation.  In  August, 
they  were  sent  to  Clifton  Springs,  N.  Y.,  to  go  into  the  refrigerating  house  there, 
but  came  back  dead  the  following  spring. 

In  1889,  I  received  four  lots  of  eggs  from  Mr.  Bean,  between  26th  June  and 
2d  J^'ly,  laid  from  20th  to  25th  Jrine.  The  oldest  ones  hatche-  1st  July,  the 
youngest,  7th  Jidy.  On  14th,  the  fir.st  larvae  began  to  pass  their  first  moult;  on 
20th  August,  one  passed  its  second  ;  and  8th  August,  this  larva  died  while  trying 
to  pass  its  tiiird  moult.  All  the  other  larvae  hibernated  after  the  first  moult,  and 
died  during  the  winter. 

In  1890,  I  again  received  eggs  from  Laggan,  laid  l.st  July.  They  hatched 
11th  ;  on  20th,  the  larvae  began  to  pass  the  first  moult.  On  23d  October,  there 
were  living  five  larva;,  all  in  hibernation  after  the  second  moult.  Mr.  Bean  wrote 
me,  15th  October,  that  he  had  more  than  forty  larvsB  from  the  same  lot  of  eggs, 
all  then  past  the  .second  moult  and  about  to  hibernate.  Therefore,  larva3  from 
Laggan,  in  different  broods,  have  hibernated  direct  from  egg,  after  the  first 
moult,  and  after  the  second. 

In  1888,  I  received  five  eggs  from  Mr.  Fletchar,  at  Ottawa,  laid  3d  July.  The 
female  was  caught  fully  *  .vo  weeks  later  than  Mr.  Fyles  has  ever  seen  Jutta  at 
fb"  Gomin,  and  prol)ably  came  from  a  larva  which  had  hibernated  in  second  or 
third  stage.  The  eggs  hatched  19th  and  20th  July.  On  4th  August,  one  larva 
passed  its  first  moult,  on  15th,  its  second.     I  had  sent  one  to  Mrs.  Peart,  at 


CmONOBAS   V. 


I'liiladelphia,  where  it  passed  its  second  moult,  25tli  August,  and  was  roturnod  to 
me.  Both  were  asleep  in  September,  and  were  sent  to  Clifton  Springs.  One  of 
the  two  came  back  alive,  16th  April,  1889.  On  20th,  was  feeding  ;  on  10th 
May,  passed  the  third  moult;  on  26th  May,  the  fourth  moult.  A  few  days 
later  it  had  changed  color,  from  yellow-bulf  to  pale  yellow-green.  It  became 
lull  'nown  by  lOtli  June,  and  by  13th  showed  signs  of  approaching  pupation. 
It  was  on  a  sod  of  blue  grass,  Poa  pratensis,  set  in  a  large  ilower-pot,  and 
around  the  plant  was  sphagnum  moss.  The  larva  would  disappear  in  the  moss 
for  hours,  then  for  hours  be  wholly  or  partly  in  view.  I  saw  it  last  on  18th 
June,  and  as  it  did  not  come  out  I  supposed  it  had  gene  down  to  pupate.  On 
2;id,  I  searched  the  moss  and  then  the  earth,  and  found  no  trace  of  the  larva; 
but  did  find  a  newly-made  pupa  of  a  noctuid,  and  concluded,  inasmuch  as  a  noc- 
tuid  larva  had  been  caught  in  the  act  of  devouring  an  adult  larva  of  Erebia 
Marjddlena,  that  the  Jutta  had  gone  in  the  same  way.  From  the  day  that  this 
larva  began  to  feed  in  the  sj.ring  to  its  third  moult  was  20  days  ;  from  third 
moult  to  fourth,  16  days;  from  fourth  moult  to  uuiturity,  15  days;  total  from 
lirst  feeding  to  maturity,  51  days.  Had  pupation  occurred  by  2()th  June,  the 
imago  might  have  been  expected  to  appear  25  or  30  days  later,  or  about  middle 
of  Jidy. 

In  1891,  Mr.  Fyles  sent  me  forty-three  eggs,  which  wore  received  18th  June. 
They  began  to  hatch  22d.  Four  larvae  pas.sed  the  first  moult,  18th  July,  but 
another  passed  the  second  on  the  same  day,  and  another  had  passed  its  second 
on  16th.  This  last  one.  A,  passed  the  third  moult,  22d  July.  On  that  day  one 
larva  passed  its  first  moult.  Larva  A  passed  the  fourth  moult,  2d  August.  By 
1st  September,  it  had  ceased  feeding  and  changed  from  buff  to  green,  had  become 
very  stout  and  smooth,  the  creases  on  the  segments  were  quite  obliterated,  and 
there  was  every  appearance  of  speedy  pupation.  The  sod  was  surrounded  by 
wet  sphagnum,  and  on  this  or  in  the  grass  the  larva  would  lie  motionless  for  two 
or  three  days  at  a  time,  and  then,  when  I  confidently  looked  for  a  pupa,  I  would 
lind  the  larva  had  moved,  or  perhaps  climbed  up  the  netting.  Finally  I  .sent  it 
north  to  be  subjected  to  a  cool,  even  temperature,  but  it  died  during  the  winter. 

The  periods  of  larva  A  were  thus:  from  egg  to  first  moult,  15  days;  from 
first  moult  to  second,  11  days;  from  second  to  third,  6  days;  from  third  to 
fourth,  11  days  ;  from  fourth  to  maturity,  about  25  days.  These  changes,  up  to 
fourth  moult,  had  been  rapid,  only  48  days  intervening  between  hatching  and 
the  fourth  moult. 

At  the  time  larva  A  had  reached  its  full  growth,  another,  B,  which  Mrs.  Peart 
had,  was  equally  advanced  ;  changed  color,  and  was  obese  and  smooth.  This 
larva  behaved  just  as  A  had  done,  did  not  pupate,  and  finally  died  20th  Decern- 


CHIONOBAS   V. 


ber.  It  h;i '  been  supplied  with  moss,  and  during  the  last  weeks  seemed  to  be 
fiivorably  hibernating.  Anotliur  larvu,  C,  died  5th  August,  while  trying  to  cast 
its  skin  for  the  fourth  moult.  A  fourth,  D,  got  through  that  moult,  but,  being 
unal)le  to  get  rid  of  the  old  face,  its  jaws  became  deformed,  so  that  after  I  hail 
got  the  face  off,  the  larva  could  not  feed,  and  died.  Thus  four  of  this  lot  of  larva' 
passed  fourth  moult.  A  few  others  hibernated  after  only  one  moult,  and  were 
mailed  to  Mr.  Fletcher.  When  Mr.  Fyles  sent  the  eggs  to  me  he  overlooked  a 
single  one,  and  from  it  obtained  a  larva  whicii  proceeded  to  its  second  moult  and 
then  hibern;ited,  and  he  wrote  me,  23d  February,  1892,  that  it  was  then  alive 
j:nd  healtiiy  looking.  If  any  of  these  small  larva)  run  tiieir  full  cour.se,  it  seems 
cortain  that  their  butterflies  should  show  themselves  at  least  a  month  later 
than  loth  June ;  and  I  do  not  understand  why  there  is  not  a  .second  flight. 

While  these  Quebec  larvai  were  feeding  I  had  in  hand  a  brood  hatched  I'rom  a 
lot  of  twonty-five  eggs  sent  mc  by  Professor  Braun,  at  Bangor.  The  eggs  were 
laid  from  7tli  to  9th  June  ;  began  to  hatch  18th.  One  larva,  E,  passed  first 
moult,  1st  July,  and  by  9tli,  four  more  had  passed  the  same  moult.  On  14th 
July,  p]  passed  its  second,  on  20th,  the  third,  on  2d  August,  the  fourth.  On  1st 
September,  E  looked  like  A  from  Quebec,  had  changed  color  in  same  way, 
and  was  obese  ami  smooth.  On  21st  September,  Ihad  lain  motionless  nearly 
three  days,  and  I  felt  sure  now  of  a  pupa.  But  I  was  disappoi-ited,  and  this 
larva  also  was  sent  north,  and  died  there.  Anotiier  larva,  F,  passed  the  first 
moult,  3d  July;  tiie  second,  15th;  the  third,  23d  ;  the  fourth,  4th  August,  and 
soon  after  died.  So  it  is  that  I  luive  never  obtained  a  pupa  of  Jutla,  though 
several  larv;e  were  reared  to  maturity. 

Larva  A  was  but  thirty-iivo  days  from  hatching  to  fourth  moult ;  B  was  thirty- 
seven  days  ;  and  in  both  cases  there  was  plenty  of  time  for  pupation,  and  the 
emergence  of  the  imago  the  same  season,  before  cold  weather  set  in. 

Prof(>ssor  Braun  wrote  me,  December  14,  1891,  that  of  a  large  number  of 
Juttn  eggs  which  he  sent  out,  the  preceding  .season  (besides  those  sent  me),  so 
far  as  he  could  learn,  all  the  larva?  died  before  or  shortly  after  the  first  moult. 
But  tliat  he  carried  one  hundred  and  twenty  larvae  to  the  bog,  and  put  them  on 
sedge  wliich  had  been  planted  in  pots,  set  in  a  bo.\,  and  bedded  in  the  sphagnum. 
He  visited  them  weekly,  and  gave  new  plants  when  nece.ssary.  "About  half  of 
them  died  when  quite  young  ;  about  fifty  passed  the  first  moult,  and  thirty-six 
the  third,  and  were  rolled  up  for  hibernation  at  my  last  visit  to  the  place,  24th 
Septe.uber.  1  intend  to  takeoff  the  co\cr  of  leaves  and  moss  as  soon  as  the  snow 
goes,  that  is,  about  the  time  the  young  plants  begin  to  leaf.  My  other  experiment 
at  home  was  not  successful.  Of  about  fifty  young  larvas  I  only  succeeded  in 
getting  three  to  the  second  moult,  and  one  of  them  to  the  third ;  but  all  three 
lingered  and  died." 


CIIIONOBAS   V. 


On  May  2d,  1892,  he  wrote  again  :  "  About  a  week  ago,  I  was  at  the  bog,  and 
investigated  the  larvae.  The  spring  is  very  late  here,  and  the  plants  are  but 
just  coming  out.  I  found  the  larvae  curled  up  among  the  mo.ss.  Some  have 
(!ied,  but  I  counted  fifty-eight  live  ones.  They  have  eaten  all  the  small  sprouts 
of  sedge  which  were  inside  the  box,  and  even  of  the  mo.ss.  It  seems  to  me  that 
this  is  the  only  \vn.y  of  rearing  these  larva)  successfully." 

I  wrote  Mr.  Braun  also  to  ask  if  he  was  certain  there  was  no  second  flight  of 
Jntla,  and  his  answer  was:  "  Since  1882,  I  have  taken  Jitfta  every  season.  It  is 
found  in  the  Stillwater  bog  only,  about  five  miles  from  Bangor.  The  road  to 
Stillwater  goes  through  the  bog,  which  is  about  one  half  mile  long  and  one  quar- 
ter mile  wide,  and  is  surrounded  by  spruce  mixed  with  birch  and  juniper.  The 
insect  tlies  in  numbers  only  on  the  left  side  of  the  road  leading  to  Stillwater,  for 
the  reason,  no  doubt,  that  the  food  plant  of  the  larva  is  found  only  on  that  side. 
The  bog  is  covered  with  a  luxuriant  growth  of  long,  soft  brown  moss,  through 
wliicli,  among  a  variety  of  shrubs  and  plants,  sprouts  up  the  Juncus  articulata, 
which  is  the  food  plant  of  Jtitla.  In  1884,  the  first  week  in  May,  while  looking 
for  the  earlier  Geometridas,  I  found  a  full-grown  larva  which  I  then  supposed  to 
be  a  noctuid,  but  which  I  now  know  to  have  been  of  Julia,  on  a  blade  of  this 
plant.  I  have  never  found  any  larvae  since,  in  spite  of  diligent  search,  and  I 
conclude  that  they  feed  only  at  night,  and  hide  in  the  moss  by  day.  I  can  say 
with  certainty  that  this  insect  has  onl}'  one  brood  or  one  flight  here.  The  but- 
terfly appears  in  small  numbers  in  the  last  week  of  May.  All  are- males,  no  fe- 
males being  seen  until  about  five  days  after  the  first  male  makes  its  appearance. 
The  first  week  in  June,  I  have  found  both  sexes,  and  sometimes  pairs  in  copula- 
tion have  risen  from  the  moss  at  my  approach.  At  the  end  of  the  second  week 
in  June,  tl)cy  gradually  disappear.  I  have  never  taken  a  fresh  specimen  later 
than  10th  June.  A  very  few  worn  ones  linger  to  the  third  week,  when  they 
all  suddenly  are  gone.  I  vi.sit  the  bog  several  times  during  the  collecting  season, 
from  1st  May  to  1st  October,  in  search  of  Geometridae  and  Noctuidas,  but  Jutta 
I  do  not  find.  If  there  were  a  second  biood  or  second  flight  I  should  certainly 
see  it,  even  though  there  were  very  few  individuals.  In  no  other  part  of  the 
State,  so  far  as  I  can  fiiul  out,  does  Jutta  exist,  and  when  the  Stillwater  bog  is 
drained,  as  it  will  be  in  a  few  year.s,  this  butterfly  will  become  extinct  in  Maine. 
Jxtla  has  a  low,  jerky  flight,  and  alights  suddenly  when  pursued,  vanishing  under 
the  eyes  of  the  collector.  It  drops  into  the  moss,  and  it  is  useless  to  search  for  it ; 
but,  if  let  alone,  it  will  soon  rise  again  and  come  back  to  the  place  from  which  it 
stiirted.  This  is  the  only  time  to  catch  it,  for  it  is  not  to  be  caught  by  running' 
after  it.  The  flight  of  the  female  is  not  so  quick  as  that  of  the  male.  On  my 
trips  in  former  years,  this  butterfly  was  not  so  shy  as  it  is  now.     Of  late  years 


CIIIONOBAS   V. 


they  have  been  persistently  liunted  by  myself  and  a  few  of  my  young  students, 
and  have  learned  to  take  more  care  of  themselves.  Jutia  is  not  common  by  any 
means.  I  think  the  entire  flight  of  any  one  year  will  not  exceed  two  hundred 
individuals,  about  one  quarter  of  which  we  take.  The  last  two  seasons  I  have 
tried  a  different  plan  of  capture.  On  tying  a  battered  live  female  to  a  i)lant,  the 
Labrador  tea,  two  or  three  males  will  very  soon  appear,  and  can  easily  be  taken. 
We  only  preserve  good  speeimen,s,  releasing  unhurt  all  that  are  worn.  To  got, 
eggs,  1  pot  one  of  the  food  plants,  cover  it  with  a  net,  and  inti'oduce  one  or  moie 
females.  I  keep  these  alive  by  feeding  with  molasses,  a  few  drops  of  which  are 
sprinkled  on  the  net,  and  to  this  the  insects  come  regularly.  P]ach  fresh  female 
will  lay  from  seventy-five  to  one  hundred  eggs  in  course  of  a  week,  which  is  as 
long  as  she  will  live  in  such  confinement.  Dissection  has  shown  that  rarely  are 
all  the  eggs  laid. 

"  As  regards  the  females  resting  high  in  trees,  as  you  tell  me  Menetries  and 
Holmgren  state,  it  .seems  to  me  like  a  fable.  In  ten  years'  collecting  I  never 
saw  one  on  bush  or  tree.  They  fly  still  lower  than  the  males.  I  believe  I  have 
once  or  twice  seen  a  male  alight  on  the  trunk  of  a  little  juniper-tree,  about  three 
feet  from  the  ground,  after  I  had  stirred  it  up  several  times  from  the  moss  and 
persistently  pursued  it.  I  ought  to  know  the  movements  of  this  butterfly,  having 
had  years  of  experience  in  studying  its  habits.  I  have  taken  with  the  net  about 
three  hundred  specimens.  As  Mr.  Fyles  says,  '  it  is  a  ground  in.sect,'  and  of  that 
there  can  be  no  doubt  whatever." 

Mr.  Scudder  accompanieil  Professor  Braun  to  the  swamp,  in  1890,  and  writes 
me  :  "  The  only  Jutta  I  saw  settled  right  at  my  feet,  and  my  net  was  over  it  in 
an  instant.     It  was  much  as  if  it  came  at  my  bidding." 

Mr.  Fletcher  took  a  single  example  of  Jutta,  a  female,  in  his  garden,  at  Ot- 
tawa, and  another  at  Nepigon.  This  latter  "  was  flying  past  very  quickly.  I 
struck  at  it,  and  it  almost  immediately  dropped  to  the  ground  and  I  threw  my 
net  over  it."  As  to  the  other  ;  "  it  flew  over  a  fence  into  the  garden,  and  after 
flying  backwards  and  forwards  three  or  four  times,  like  a  Grapta,  which,  strange 
to  sa}',  I  took  it  for  at  first,  it  settled  on  the  leaves  of  some  low  beans.  I  ap- 
proached it  quietly,  and  then  it  flew  off  to  the  ground,  and  lay  over  so  that  the 
wings  were  almost  horizontal  with  the  ground,  and  thus  I  caught  it  by  putting  a 
glass  bowl  over  it,  for  I  had  no  net. 

"  There  is  a  small  bog  within  half  a  mile  of  this  garden,  but  I  never  could  find 
the  butterfly  there.  Within  ten  miles  there  is  another  very  large  bog,  and  the 
railway  runs  through  it,  the  trains  stopping  at  a  station  within  two  hundred 
yards  of  where  I  took  this  specimen.  Is  it  possible  it  might  have  flown  into  a 
passing  train?  " 


CIIIONOIJAS    V. 


Captain  Gamble  Geddus,  at  Toronto,  writes  that  tlie  single  specimen  of  Jntta 
taken  by  him,  1884,  near  P^inerald  Lake,  Alberta  Terr.,  elevation  about  G,UOO 
feet,  was  in  a  dried-up  swamp  through  which  the  trail  he  was  following  ran.  It 
was  a  female,  and  the  time  wa.s  the  first  week  in  August,  the  appearance  of  the 
species  being  delayed  according  to  the  elevation. 

Mr.  Burri.son  says  of  the  single  Jntta  which  he  took  at  Ottertail,  elevation 
8.700  feet,  the  date  1st  July  :  *'  On  my  wa}'  from  Banff  to  (ilacier,  I  found,  on 
reaching  Ottertail,  that  the  train  would  have  to  be  held  some  little  time  while 
the  bridge  over  the  Wapta,  or  Kicking  Horse  River,  was  being  repaired.  I  whiled 
away  the  moments,  never  daring  to  get  far  away,  by  netting  what  buttertiies  1 
cDuld.  The  road  ran  near  the  river  and  through  a  bog,  and  on  the  edge  of  this, 
either  on  a  low  plant  or  directly  on  the  moss,  I  took  this  Jutta." 

All  records  of  the  habits  of  this  species  therefore  agree  in  this,  that  it  is  only 
to  be  found  in  bogs  or  morasses,  and  Mr.  Scudder  thinks  it  is  confined  "  even  to 
very  limited  stations  within  them.  Holmgren  calls  particular  attention  to  this, 
stating  that  it  is  found  on  the  rocky  i.sliinds.  near  Stockholm,  only  where  sphag- 
num abounds,  and  that  a  quarter  of  a  mile  therefrom  in  a  mar.shy  area  of  about 
lii'ty  acres,  he  has  searched  in  vain  for  it."  M.  Menetries,  Enum.  Acad.  St.  Pe- 
tersburg, p.  107,  says:  "  Mr.  Bremer  has  taken  a  great  many  examples  of  Jutta 
in  a  mar.sh  about  twenty-five  versts  north  of  our  capital."  On  p.  108:  "This 
butterlly  is  found  at  the  end  of  May  in  marshes,  often  inundated,  where  grow 
here  and  there  small  and  stunted  pines  ;  it  is  upon  the  trunks  of  these  that  the 
insect  rests,  its  color  so  resembling  the  bark  that  it  is  difficult  to  discover  it.  It 
is  necessary  to  .shake  or  beat  the  branches  to  cause  it  to  fly." 

Mr.  Scudder  quotes  Holmgren  :  "  When  it  alights,  it  is  generally  upon  the  tree 
trunks,  and,  in  the  pairing  season,  the  female  usually  rests  high  up  in  the  tree, 
and  it  is  in  this  .search  after  the  females  that  the  males  fly  around  and  up  the 
trees."  M.  Menetries  got  this  at  second-hand,  but  the  account  is  supported  by 
Holmgren  from  his  own  observation,  and  it  indicates  a  curious  difference  in 
liabit  from  that  of  the  American  Jutta.  As  to  this  habit  of  hiding  in  and  rest- 
ing on  trees,  farther  observations  are  much  to  be  desired. 

Note.  —  As  I  am  revising  the  proofs  of  this  paper,  I  am  able  to  add  the  follow- 
ing particulars:  Professor  Braun  writes.  May  19th,  "1  visited  the  bog  on  14th, 
and  found  that  about  one  half  the  larva;  looked  as  if  they  would  pupate  in  a  few 
days.  I  changed  them  to  another  spot  where  the  plant  was  abundant,  and  have 
no  doubt  that  by  the  middle  of  next  week  most  will  have  pupated." 

On  29th  :  "  I  was  at  the  bog  Saturday,  21st,  and  found  five  chry.salids  of  Juttn. 
Seventeen  larva;  had  fixed  themselves  for  pupation  among  tlie  grass  stems  and 
next  the  net ;  the  rest  were  still  feeding.     One  of  the  five  pupoe  gave  a  male 


CHIONOBAS  V. 

butterfly  this  morning,  and  the  others  will  do  likewise  by  to-morrow.  These 
pupoo  were  quite  soft  when  I  found  them,  and  must  have  formed  on  20th,  which 
would  make  seven  days  for  the  length  of  the  pupa  stage." 

On  30th:  "  I  was  at  the  bog  hist  Saturday,  28th,  and  found  to  my  disiiiny 
that  somebody  had  destroyed  my  poor  Jutta.  The  frame  and  covering  were 
broken  and  torn,  and  trampled  into  the  mo.ss.  All  the  larvoo  were  gone,  but  I 
found  fifteen  that  had  been  killed,  apparently  in  the  act  of  pupating,  and  six 
crushed  pupa3.  This  is  the  end  of  the  work  which  had  given  me  so  much  de- 
light Some  boys  have  done  this."  The  last  sentence  explains  the  situation. 
Just  so  the  arboreal  ancestors  of  these  boys  behaved  among  the  primeval  birds' 
nests. 

I  have  also  a  letter  from  Mr.  Fletcher,  of  June  30th  :  "  I  went  to  the  peat 
bog,  twelve  miles  from  Ottawa,  on  23d,  to  search  for  Jutta.  I  had  the  good  for- 
tune to  disturb  one  example,  which  I  secured.  This  confirms  the  fact  that  my 
specimen,  taken  July  1st,  1888  (as  herein  related),  was  bred  near  here,  and  not 
brought  in  moss  to  the  gardeners,  as  Mr.  Fyles  has  suggested." 


EXPLANATION  OF  THE  PLATE. 


JcTTA,  1,  2  4  (from  South  Quebec),  3,  4  9  ,  bred,  from  same  loc.,  5,  9,  from  Bangor,  6  var.  5i  Quebec. 

a  Egg  ;  a-  niicropyle. 

b  fc"  Young  Larva  ;  i'  process  on  3  to  middle  of  13  ;  i*  head. 

c  Larva  at  1st  moult ;  c'  dorsum  of  segments  7  and  8  ;  c'  head. 

d  Larva  at  2d  moult  ;  (P  dorsum  of  7  and  8 ;  (/"  head. 

e  Larva  at  3d  moult ;  e'  dorsum  of  7  and  8  ;  e'  form  and  proportions  of  processes  from  8  to  13  ;   e*  head. 

f  Adult  Larva,  after  4111  moult,  a  little  enlarged  ;  /'  process  of  dorsum  ;  /*  head. 

f*  Adui.t,  after  change  of  color. 

g  Chrysalis,  much  eidarged ;  g*  ventral  view  of  cremastcr,  g"^  sidn  view  of  ono  o£  the  cones  of  the 
cremasier. 
The  plant  is  Carex  oligosperma. 


'heso 
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nnny 
well! 
)iit  I 
1  six 
1  de- 
ition. 
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peat 
1  foi- 
t  my 
I  not 


I*  head. 


of  tlie 


CRAMB I S 


B  H,  U  C  fiJ  I 


:'/•',  BRUCEI 


"/III//"/      I    '■'  /,'iri-fi       iii'itin,-,  iii,i.iin/ii 


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■I      </    '    '  /I  '  I/-".!  I 


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i 


CHIONOBAS  VI. 


CHIONOBAS  CRAMBIS,   1-4. 


Chionobat  Cramhis,  Frcyor,  Nouoro  Rcitriij;e  ziir  Schmotterlintrskunde,  Vol.  V.  p.  99,  pi.  440,  figs.  3,  4.     184£i 

liutlvr,  Cut.  Diiirn.  LcpUl.,  Siityriilu.-,  p.  tC3.     IHtiH  ;  Stuudiiiger,  Cat.,  p.  27.     1871. 
Also,  Moflcliler,  Wcin.  Entoni.  Monat.H,     IHB.I. 
Oeito  «nil  Alio,  Scuadur,  I'loc.  Ent.  Soc.  I'liil.,  Vol.  V.  p.  113.     1868  j  Kirby,  Cat.,  p.  70.     1«71. 

Malk.  —  Expand.s  1.8  to  2  inches. 

Wiiig.s  Hoinewhat  translucent ;  upper  side  dark  brown  ;  costa  of  primaries  a 
liUlo  .streaked  with  gray-wliite ;  on  the  upper  di.scoidal  interspace  a  .small  black 
0(;eIluH,  not  always  present ;  on  each  subcostal  interspace  a  yellow  point  ;  fringes 
yellowish,  pale  fuscous  at  the  ends  of  the  nervules.  Under  side  of  primaries 
nearly  of  the  same  color  as  above,  the  costal  margin  and  apex  dusted  brown ; 
the  ocellus,  if  present,  pupilled  with  white. 

Secondaries  variable  ;  one  example  under  view  has  the  area  from  base  to  outer 
side  of  the  mesial  band  dark  brown  (the  inner  edge  of  the  band  undefined), 
everywhere  slightly  mottled  with  gray-white,  but  the  dark  color  greatly  pre- 
dominates ;  the  space  beyond  the  band  sordid  gray-white,  finely  streaked  with 
brown,  rather  more  den.sely  next  the  margin  :  another  example  (Fig.  2)  has  the 
band  boldly  defined  on  a  gray  ground  that  without  makes  a  belt  nearly  half  as 
broad  as  the  band  ;  beyond  to  margin  light  brown,  streaked  with  dark  brown  ; 
on  the  other  side  of  the  band  the  clear  gray  space  is  narrow,  but  gray  a  little 
streaked  occupies  part  of  the  costal  interspace  ;  the  rest  of  the  basal  area  brown ; 
the  edges  of  the  band  are  dark,  the  interior  gray  and  brown  ;  the  inner  edge 
shows  an  angular  incision  in  the  costal  interspace,  followed  by  a  slight  promi- 
nence on  the  sub-costal  nervure,  and  by  a  sinus  between  this  and  the  sub- 
median,  nearly  square  at  the  bottom  ;  the  exterior  edge  projects  a  little  on  costa, 
after  which  is  an  angular  incision  to  the  discoidal  nervule,  then  an  arch,  doubly 
crenated,  to  the  lower  branch  of  median,  from  which  to  the  margin,  in  one  ex- 
ample, the  course  is  straight,  in  the  other,  with  a  double  even  crenation  in 
the  lower  median  interspace. 


CIIIONOBAS  VI. 

Body  black  above  and  below  ;  tiie  femora  black,  tibioB  red-brown  on  upper 
side,  gniy  underneath  ;  palpi  black  ;  antennae  fiiscouH  above  with  a  little  creiaceoiis 
at  the  joints,  and  the  same  hue  along  the  under  side;  club  red-brown  above, 
tipped  black,  cretaceous  below.     (Figs.  1,  2.) 

Fkmale.  —  Expands  2  to  2.25  inches. 

Wings  opaque;  upper  side  darker  than  the  male ;  costa  of  primaries  rather 
gray  than  brown,  dusted  and  streaked  with  black-brown  ;  the  ocelli  vary  ;  one 
example  has  a  single  black  point  on  a  yellow  spot  on  the  lower  median  in- 
terspace, and  a  small  yellow  spot  on  each  interspace  above,  making  a  row  of  six 
spots  (Fig.  3)  ;  another  lias  a  similar  black  spot,  on  the  under  side  pupilled 
with  wliite,  but  the  yellow  spots  are  wanting ;  a  third  has  two  rather  large  equid 
black  ocelli,  the  upper  one  on  the  upper  discoidal  interspace,  and  both  are  pupilled 
beneath.  Secondaries,  in  all  the  examples,  have  a  complete  extra-dif^cal  row  of 
five  yellow  spots  (repeated  in  white  beneath),  and  the  hind  margin  is  edged  by 
a  .series  of  blackish  serrations,  either  obscure  or  well  defined  ;  in  all  the  examples 
the  band  on  under  side  is  defined  oa  both  edge.'!,  and  is  about  one  fourth  broader 
than  in  the  male.     (Figs.  3,  4.) 

From  2  c? ,  3  ?  ,  from  Labrador,  sent  me  as  Crambis  by  the  late  H.  B.  Mfischler, 
who  made  a  specialty  of  Labrador  insects. 


I  know  nothing  whatever  of  the  present  species  beyond  the  fact  that  it  if 
credited  to  Labrador,  and,  siccording  to  Miischler,  flies  in  July  and  August.  In 
my  Catalogue  of  Diurnal  Lepidoptera  of  America  north  of  Mexico,  1884,  I  gave 
as  localities  for  Cramhls,  Labrador,  boreal  America,  Alaska,  Colorado,  and  New 
Mexico.  But  what  was  then  suppc^ed  to  be  Cramhis  in  the  Rocky  Mountains 
is  Bruce'i.  Cramhis  is  a  larger  species  than  Brucei,  of  a  different  color,  trans- 
parent in  a  less  degree,  and  only  in  the  male,  and  is  co-  -picuously  marked  by 
ocelli,  and  common  rows  of  yellow  poinds  ;  while  Brucei  is  equally  transparent  in 
both  sexes,  and  is  without  ocelli  or  poiiUs.  I  have  been  unable  to  see  Freyer's 
book,  and  know  of  but  one  copy  in  the  United  States,  and  that  is  inaccessible. 
But  Mr.  Butler,  Cat.  p.  163,  pronounces  his  figures  "  not  good."  Mo.schler  gives 
Cramhis  as  a  synonym  of  Also,  Boisduval.  I  have  in  my  possession  Dr.  Holland's 
copy  of  Boisdiival's  Icones,  in  which  are  figured  and  described  both  C.  Also  and 
C.  Oeno.  I  have  no  doubt  whatever  that  Oeiio  is  Semidea,  Say.  The  figure 
agrees  as  closely  as  is  possible  with  Semidea  insects  from  Labrador  and  tbe  White 
Mountains  of  New  Hamp.sliire  (but  copies  of  the  Icones  vary  in  respect  to  thu 
figures  of  Oeno,  and  some  of  them  are  very  badly  colored).  As  to  Also,  it  is  more 
like  Brucei  than  Cramhis  in  coloration  and  appearance  of  upper  surface,  "nd  the 


CIIIONOBAS   VI. 

(Gxt  says  that  the  author  thinks  it  is  the  same  species  as  Eritiosn,  Harris,  from 
ilie  White  Mountains,  a  mistake  for  Semidm,  Say.  It  does  look  more  like  Semi- 
dm  than  Cramhis.  But  on  the  under  side  it  is  not  like  either  of  the  species 
named.  Moreover,  Boisdnval  says  his  drawing  and  description  were  made  from 
II  Siberian  example.  I  think,  therefore,  Also  may  be  dismissed  as  no  American 
species.  Mr.  Miischler  sent  me  these  insects  labelled  "  Cramhis,''  after  the  date 
of  his  paper  referred  to,  and  probably  he  had  seen  reason  for  changing  his  mind 
about  the  identity  of  Cramhis  with  Also. 

Note.  —  As  I  was  writing  the  description  of  Cramhis  above  given,  having 
occasion  to  examine  closely  the  insects,  I  discovered,  adliering  to  a  leg  of  one  of 
the  females,  a  good  eggshell,  compressed,  but  not  flattened  so  as  to  injure  the 
.side  ribs.  Mrs.  Peart  will  be  able  to  make  a  figure  of  this  egg,  which  .shall  be 
given  on  a  subsequent  Plate.  That  egg,  with  the  insect,  has  been  in  my  cabinet 
more  than  twenty  years,  unnoticed,  of  course. 


CHIONOBAS  VI. 


CHIONOBAS  BRUCEI. 


Chion(Aas  Brucei,  Edwards,  Canadian  Entomologist,  Vol.  XXIII.  p.  1.54.     1891. 


Male.  —  Expands  1.8  to  1.95  inches. 

Wings  semi-transparent ;  upper  sid^  uniform  gray-brown  ;  costa  of  prima- 
ries sordid  white,  streaked  transversoiy  with  dark  brown,  the  light  color  much 
predominating  j  fringes  of  both  wings  yellow-white,  fuscous  at  the  tips  of  the 
nervules.  Under  side  of  primaries  nearly  of  same  color  as  above,  a  shade  lighter ; 
sometimes  the  whole  wing  is  flecked  with  brown  scales,  but  often  the  area  behind 
the  cell  is  immaculate ;  in  all  cases  the  cell  is  so  flecked,  in  varying  degree, 
and  the  apical  area  is  both  specked  and  streaked  brown  on  a  dull  gray-white 
ground  ;  the  costal  margin  much  as  above,  but  the  dark  streaks  ar  i  heavier.  In 
no  example  viewed  is  there  an  ocellus  on  either  wing,  or  a  trace  of  one. 

Secondaries  gray-white,  somecimes  with  a  tint  of  yellow  over  disk  and  to 
margin  ;  next  base  nearly  black,  with  whitish  scales  sparsely  scattered  through 
this  ;  on  the  basal  side  of  the  band  is  a  strip  of  nearly  clear  ground,  but  little 
dustef^l  brown  ;  beyond  the  band  a  broader  area  of  clear  color,  similarly  dusted, 
and  i>r'»dually  the  dusting  increa^-es,  and  fine  streaks  come  in,  reaching  a  maxi- 
rr  ri  Ufa:  the  margin,  where  the  dark  color  takes  the  form  of  loose  patches  in 
.1  iv-paces;  the  band  is  prominent,  both  edges  black,  the  interior  more  or 
.  fv  J-.jp  V  covered  with  black  ='cales  and  streaks  on  the  whitish  ground;  the 
inner  t ' /!?  bows  a  narrow  crenation  on  or  ju.st  below  the  costal  nervure,  followed 
l)y  a  rounded  prominence  on  sub-costal,  and  by  an  angular  sinus  between  sub- 
costal and  sub-median,  square  at  the  bottom,  oi  sometimes  erose  ;  the  exterior 
edge  projects  o  harp  tooth  on  costa,  which  is  followed  bj'  an  angular  sinus  reach- 
ing to  the  discoidal  nervule,  then  a  slight  arch  to  lower  median  interspace,  and 
arching  again  to  inner  margin ;  but  sometimes  the  curved  part  is  crenated  to 
margin. 

Body  blackish  above,  black  below,  with  some  gray  hairs  near  and  at  the  ex- 


CHIONOBAS  VI. 

treniity  ;  the  femora  l)laok,  tihinc  red-brown  on  upper  side,  gray-white  underneath ; 
palpi  black  ;  antoniuu  fuscous  above,  alternated  with  cretaceous,  which  last  covers 
the  under  side  on  lower  half,  the  upper  half  red-brown ;  club  cretaceous  above, 
red-brown  below,  a  little  darkened  at  tip.     (Figs.  5,  6.) 

Female.  —  Expands  1.8  to  2  inches. 

Transparent  as  the  male  ;  closely  like  the  male  on  both  sides,  and  in  the  color 
areas  of  the  under  side  of  secondaries.  (Figs.  7,  8.)  I  have  had  ten  examples  of 
both  sexes  under  view  in  drawing  up  the  foregoing  description,  and  none  of  them 
show  an  ocellus  on  either  wing.  1  applied  to  Mr.  Brace  to  examine  his  collection 
as  to  this  point,  and  he  writes  ''lat,  of  ninety-three  examples  present,  none  sliow 
an  ocellus.  Apparently  the  at,  i  ■  "  ocelli  is  a  feature  characteristic  of  this 
species,  in  contradistinction  to  boi,.  nbls  and  Semidea. 

Egg.  —  Sub-conic,  the  breadth  to  height  nearly  as  1  to  1.15,  the  base  flattened, 
rounded  ;  broadest  at  about  one  third  from  base,  narrowing  upward  considera- 
bly, the  sides  much  arched  ;  marked  by  about  twenty  vertical  ribs,  very  nearly 
straight,  occasionally  one  branching  either  at  bottom  or  top  ;  these  are  narrow 
at  the  summits  and  rounded,  and  the  depressions  are  shallow  and  rounded,  the 
slopes  excavated  much  as  in  Jutta,  but  are  not  so  decided  in  the  shape  and  char- 
acter of  the  spurs  ;  the  top  flattened  ;  the  micropyle  is  in  the  centre  of  a  rosette 
uf  five-sided  cells,  outside  of  which  are  three  or  four  rows  of  similar,  less  regular, 
larger  cells  ;  beyond  these  is  a  confused  mass  of  flattened  ridges,  broken  up,  lying 
in  every  direction,  and  not  a  continuation  of  the  ribs;  color  dull  white.  (Figs. 
a,  a^.)  Duration  of  this  stage  about  eleven  days.  This  egg  resembles  that  of 
Semidea  at  all  points  more  closely  ihan  any  of  the  species  observed. 

Youxo  Lakva.  —  Length,  at  twenty-four  hours  from  the  egg,  .08  inch  ;  shape 
of  Chry.nis,  Jutla,  Semidea  ;  segments  2  to  4  nearly  equal,  arched  dorsally,  then 
tapering  regularly  on  dorsun)  and  sides  to  11  and  more  rapidly  to  13,  which  ends 
in  two  short  and  stubby  projections,  —  scarcely  to  be  called  tails,  —  which  are 
separated  by  an  angular  sinus  at  base  (closely  as  in  Semidea) ;  the  tabercles  are 
brown,  the  processes  from  them  white,  and  both  are  the  same  in  number,  position, 
and  shape  as  in  the  other  species  named,  and  indeed  in  all  the  species  of  the 
genus  observed  (Fig.  U",  process  on  dorsum  from  3  to  13) ;  color  pale  greenish 
white  ;  a  dorsal  stripe  and  sub-dorsal  line  of  pale  brown,  and  a  lateral  band  of 
same  hue ;  under  side  dull  white ;  feet  and  legs  translucent,  whitish ;  head 
broader  than  2,  sub-globose,  broadest  below,  depressed  slightly  at  the  suture  ; 
surface  covered  with  shallow  indentations  ;  a  few  tubercles  like  those  on  the  body 


CIIIONOBAS   VI. 

lire  present.     (B'igs.  b  to  ¥'.)     Tlie  number  .and  position  of  the  head  tubercles  is 
tlie  s:une  as  shown  by  the  cut  accompanying  the  text  of  Chryxus. 

At  about  ten  days  from  the  egg  the  color  becomes  greenish  gray,  and  the 
stripes  are  more  distinct,  the  lateral  one  broader  and  darker.  Duration  of  this 
stage  fifteen  to  eighteen  days. 

After  first  moult:  length,  at  twenty-four  hours,  .15  inch;  nearly  the  same 
sliiipe  as  before,  the  anterior  segments  arched  in  the  same  way  ;  tlie  projections 
lit  extremity  very  short,  blunt  ;  surface  thickly  covered  with  fine  conical  tuber- 
cles, each  bearing  a  short,  cylindrical,  and  bent  process  (Fig.  c") ;  color  of  body 
pale  buff;  the  mid-dorsal  stripe  gray  with  illy-defined  dark  spots  at  the  junctions 
<jf  the  segments,  the  ends  of  these  spots  more  or  less  incised  ;  the  sub-dorsal 
line  red-brown  ;  the  lateral  band  pale  black  on  the  posterior  half,  greenish  gray 
Miiteriorly,  dusted  black,  edged  below  by  a  whitish  line  ;  the  basal  ridge  yellow- 
white  ;  under  side  greenish  buff ;  feet  and  legs  translucent,  white,  but  there  is  a 
Ineak  in  the  middle  stripe  on  either  side  (a  feature  observed  in  no  species  except 
Scuudea) ;  head  closely  as  before,  pale  green-yellow,  witii  six  vertical  stripes,  as 
ill  the  genus,  pale  brown.  (Figs,  c  to  fA)  Fig.  c*  shows  the  usual  attitude  of  the 
larva  at  rest,  during  the  earlier  stages.  To  next  moult,  thirteen  to  seventeen 
(lays. 

After  second  moult :  length,  at  twenty  hours,  .26  inch  ;  shape  as  in  the  second 
stage  ;  processes  same  ;  color  buff ;  the  mid-dorsal  stripe  gray-green,  with  brown, 
not  well-defined,  spots  at  the  junctions,  as  before,  edged  on  either  side  by  a 
wliitish  line  ;  the  belt  between  this  and  the  red-brown  sub-dorsal  line  is  gray- 
green,  streaked  finely  and  longitudinally  with  red-brown  ;  the  belt  below  the 
sub-dorsal  line  light  buff,  bisected  by  a  fine  brown  line  ;  tlie  lateral  band  pale 
black,  darker  posteriorly,  edged  below  by  a  whitish  line,  and  that  by  a  brown 
one;  another  brown  line  on  upper,  and  ohc  on  under,  side  of  the  yellow-white 
basal  ridge  ;  head  as  before,  (Figs,  d  to  d^.)  To  next  moult,  thirteen  to  twenty 
days. 


After  third  moult :  length,  at  twelve  hours,  .35  inch  ;  shape  as  before  ;  the 
jirocesses  as  at  last  previous  stage  ;  color  buff ;  the  dorsal  area  obscured  by 
liliickish,  abbreviated  longitudinal  streaks  ;  the  mid-dorsal  stripe  gray-green,  the 
spots  at  the  junctions  as  before,  but  darker  ;  the  sub-dorsal  line  obsolete  ;  the 
middle  of  the  bulT  belt  next  below  streaked  with  brown  ;  the  lateral  band  nearly 
as  before  ;  the  basal  ridge  yellow-buff ;  head  as  before.  (Figs,  e  to  e^.)  To  next 
moult,  seven  to  ten  days. 


CHIONOBAS   VI. 

After  fourth  moult :  length,  at  twenty  hours,  .5  inch  ;  the  processes  consider- 
ably longer  in  proportion  than  in  the  previous  stages.  (F'g./^.)  In  about  eight 
days  was  full-grown. 

Mature  Larva.  —  Length,  .9  inch  ;  stout,  indeed  obese,  thick  in  the  middle, 
tapering  rapidly  from  5  to  head,  and  from  9  or  10  to  13,  ending  in  two  .sliort 
blunt  projections  ;  surface  thickly  covered  with  fine  conical  tubercles  of  irrefular 
sizes,  each  bearing  a  cylindrical,  slender,  bent  process  ;  color  buff,  in  shades  ;  tlie 
.aid-dorsal  stripe  gray-green,  with  a  rectangular  spot,  incised  sharply  at  either 
end,  at  the  junctions,  edged  on  either  side  by  a  whitish  line ;  the  dorsal  aroa 
gray-buff,  obscured  by  blackish  longitudinal  streaks,  which  are  confluent  on  tiie 
lower  edge  at  the  junctions  ;  the  buff  area  below  this  is  cut  in  the  middle  by 
two  brown  lines ;  the  lateral  band  broad,  deep  blnck,  paler  on  the  anterior  seg- 
ments, edged  below  by  a  light  buff  line  ;  the  .spiracular  band  dark  gray  ;  basiil 
ridge  light  buff,  with  a  gray  stripe  beneath  it  ;  under  side,  feet  and  legs  gray- 
butf  ;  head  small,  scarcely  broader  than  2,  sub-globose,  broadest  below,  narrowing 
towards  the  top,  slightly  depressed  at  the  suture  ;  the  surface  thickly  covered 
with  .'hallow  indentations,  between  some  of  which  are  small  tubercles  with  jiro- 
ces.ses  like  those  on  the  body  ;  color  greenish  yellow,  with  a  brown  tint ;  across 
the  top  si.K  darlc  brown  stripes,  as  in  the  allied  species,  but  the  middle  one  on 
either  side  is  broken.  (Figs,  /to  Z*^.)  No  larva  bred  b^' me  reached  pupation; 
but  Mr.  Bruce  sent  a  dead  pupa,  from  which  Mrs.  Peart  was  able  to  make  the 
outline  fiy;ure  given. 


Chrysalis.  —  Length,  .5  inch ;  breadih  at  mesonotum  .2,  at  abdomen  .22 
inch  ;  cylindrical,  stout,  the  ventrnl  side  arched  ;  the  dorsal,  from  the  thoracic 
depression  posteriorly,  much  more  so  ;  head  case  truncated,  closely  as  in  Semtdca 
and  Uhleri,  less  than  in  Jutta,  dome-.shaped  at  top  ;  mesonotum  without  carina, 
rounded  every  way  ;  the  depression  slight ;  abdomen  sub-conical ;  wing  cases 
bevelled  down  to  the  abdomen  on  the  margin  ;  cremaster  naked,  without  hooks 
or  bristles,  the  ridges  V-shaped,  converging  but  not  attingent,  elevated,  com- 
pressed. (Figs.  (J  to  (f.)  The  cremaster  resembles  that  of  Semidea  rather  than 
any  of  the  allied  species  so  far  observed. 

C.  Brucei  inhabits  certain  lofty  peaks  of  Colorado,  and  Mr.  Bean  reports  find- 
ing it  at  Laggan,  Alberta  Territory.  He  says,  Dec.  29,  1890 :  "  I  have  only 
found  it  as  yet  on  one  mountain,  nnd  scarcely  any  are  to  be  had  there."  Prob- 
ably, therefore,  the  species  lives  in  Montana,  though  I  have  not  heard  of  an 
example    being  taken   in  that  State.     Mr.  David  Bruce  has  kindly  written  an 


CHIONOBAS   VI. 


account  of  its  habits,  times  of  fliglit,  and  localities,  as  observed  by  himself,  as 
follows:  "  C.  Bkucei  is  found  on  most  of  the  mountains  aiound  South  Park,  at 
between  12,000  and  1;],0U0  feet  elevation,  but  I  have  never  seen  it  in  such 
numbers  anywhere  as  on  Mts.  Bullion  and  Ilayden,  which  are  twin  mountains, 
and  may  be  called  one  locality.  South  Park  proper  is  on  the  south  of  these 
mountains,  and  is  a  succession  of  grassy  valleys,  surrounded  by  a  broken  range 
of  varying  altitude.  Every  mountain  and  peak,  as  well  as  every  gulch  and  creek, 
has  a  name,  not  all  found  on  the  maps,  but  well  known  to  the  miners  and  cattle- 
men. For  convenience,  I  call  it  all  the  South  Park  District.  I  first  took  this 
species  on  the  opposite  side  of  the  valley  froui  Bullion,  two  or  three  worn  ex- 
amples, in  the  month  of  August.  But  I  have  never  found  it  at  the  same  place 
since,  and  I  think  these  were  blown  across  the  valley.  1  have  never  seen  Brucei 
at  a  lower  altitude  than  12,000  feet.  It  does  not  fly  to  the  tops  of  the  rocky 
peaks,  like  C.  Semidea,  nor  does  it  frequent  the  same  localities  anywhere  as  that 
species,  but  is  confined  to  grassy  depressions  on  the  sides  of  the  mountains.  It 
is  of  a  gentle  flight  and  playful  habit,  and  may  be  seen  in  companies  of  a  dozen 
or  more,  circling  around  and  pursuing  each  other,  or  hovering  about  a  tuft  of 
grass,  where  probably  a  newly  emerged  female  is  drying  her  wings.  If  ap- 
proached suddenly,  it  is  apt  to  be  alarmed,  and  will  make  a  wild,  dashing  flight 
for  a  short  distance,  and  then  dive  into  the  herbage,  where  it  will  elude  search 
by  holding  itself  perfectly  still ;  or  it  may  make  a  succession  of  short,  leaping 
flights,  and  is  then  very  difficult  to  capture.  When  caught,  it  will  lie  in  the  net 
as  if  dead  •,  but  this  trick  is  practiced  by  all  the  species  of  Chionobas  and  Hip- 
parchia  that  I  have  had  experience  with.  On  the  eastern  side  of  Bullion  Moun- 
tain Brucei  is  very  abundant,  tiiough  local.  The  entire  slope  of  the  mountain  is 
well  covered  with  grass  and  wild  flowers,  but  from  the  peculiar  position  of  the 
surrounding  peaks  the  greater  part  of  this  mountain  meadow  lies  in  shadow  until 
the  afternoon;  but  one  central  spot,  about  an  acre  in  area,  feels  the  uninterrupted 
rays  of  the  sun  all  the  day.  On  this  favored  place  C.  Brucei  and  Pyrgus  Cen- 
taitrice  absolutely  swarm.  By  standing  still  I  have  frequently  taken  scores  in  a 
few  minutes.  Sunshine  is  a  necessity  with  the  Brucei.  The  thinnest  cloud  will 
stop  their  flight,  but  the  moment  the  sun  is  out  again  they  are  up  and  busy. 
The  air  at  this  altitude  cools  rapidly  when  the  sun's  rays  are  absent,  and  a  few 
minutes'  cloudiness  is  sufficient  to  chill  the  collector.  If  the  insect  is  on  the 
wing  when  the  cloud  covers  the  sun,  it  drops  at  once  into  the  grass.  The  moun- 
tain storms,  that  often  occur  without  a  minute's  warning,  are  thus  instinctively 
guarded  against. 

"  My  recorded  captures  are  from  June  10th  to  August  20th,  but  I  have  not 
taken  from  one  of  these  dates  to  the  other  in  any  one  year.     In  some  years  the 


CHIONOBAS   VI. 


grounil  in  covered  with  snosv  to  the  mi(hlle  of  Juno,  and  again,  by  August  12th, 
I  have  liuowu  sharp  frosts  and  driving  snow  to  cut  oil'  everything  ;  but  it  gener- 
ally rains  about  tliis  time  of  the  niontli,  followed  by  a  few  weeks  of  fine  weather. 
In  1889,  frost  an<l  snow  occurred  in  August,  and  everything  was  apparently 
killed,  yet  through  September,  when  the  weather  was  fair,  plenty  of  butterllies 
were  to  be  found,  many  of  wiiich  had  doubtless  emerged  before  the  cold  snap, 
but  had  not  paired  then.  But  by  2()th  August,  generally,  the  Bnicei  are  old  and 
so  worn  as  to  be  almost  unrecognizable,  and  will  sit  in  a  listless  way  on  the 
flowers  iis  if  waiting  for  death.  These  late  individuals  are  always  females,  and  I 
have  never  seen  a  male  later  than  July.  As  the  snow  lies  on  the  very  spot  on 
Bullion  where  this  species  occurs  until  late  in  May,  in  the  most  favorable  seasons, 
it  is  evident  that  the  larvaj,  or  part  of  them,  must  mature  the  first  year.  I  found 
a  pupa  of  Jirurei,  22d  July,  1881),  while  I  was  .searching  at  the  roots  of  Sedum 
for  the  larvii>  of  Parnassius  Smlnlhetis.  It  was  buried  in  the  light  soil  near  the 
surface  ;  was  apparently  alive  and  about  to  disclose  the  imago,  as  the  markings 
of  the  wings  were  plainly  to  be  seen  through  the  transparent  skin.  But  the 
imago  died  in  the  pupa,  and  in  this  condition  was  sent  to  Mr.  Edwards.  I  have 
examined  several  hundreds  of  Briicei  (I  have  certainly  taken  as  many  as  three 
hundred),  and  never  found  any  variation  in  color  or  markings  worth  mentioning. 

"  There  are  few  or  no  birds  on  these  high  stations  to  destroy  the  larvas  or  catch 
the  butterllies,  but  mice,  ground  .squirrels,  spiders,  and  predaceous  beetles  arc 
legion.  Parasitic  diptera  and  ichneumon  flies  are  as  numerous  as  on  the  lower 
levels  ;  a  large  gray  Asilus,  too,  is  ever  present  like  an  evil  spirit,  capturing 
Brucel  without  the  least  effort.  It  is  therefore  surprising  that  so  frail  a  butterfly 
should  hold  its  own  so  persistently." 

A  few  examples  of  Brncei  have  been  taken  the  present  year  (1892)  near  Pike's 
Peak,  and  one  near  Gray's  Peak,  both  localities  having  an  elevation  above  13,000 
feet. 

Mr.  Bruce,  then  at  Hall  Valley,  Colorado,  sent  me  eggs  of  C.  Bnicei,  which 
were  received  on  14th,  18th,  and  21st  July,  1890.  The  first  lot  began  to  hatch 
on  18th  ;  on  .3d  August,  three  larvfe  passed  the  first  moult ;  on  16th,  one  passed 
the  .second,  another  on  19th  ;  on  29th  August,  one,  A,  passed  the  third  moult, 
and  anot'.icr,  B,  the  same  moult,  in  Philadelphia.  On  8th  September,  A  pas.scd 
the  fourth  moult,  and  B  had  done  likewise  on  flth  ;  on  15th  September,  a  third 
larva,  C,  also  passed  the  fourth.  A  and  C,  at  Coalburgh,  were  feeding  as  late  as 
8th  October,  but  had  become  ve-y  stout,  and  were  evidently  full-grown.  A  few 
days  later  they  seemed  torpid,  but  on  18th  October,  A  died.  A  month  later  there 
remained  C,  adult,  and  two  which  had  pas,sed  the  third  moult,  all  in  hibernation. 
B  was  reported  as  also  hibernating,  but  soon  after  died.     I  left  the  larvae  out  of 


CIIIONOBAS   VI. 

doors,  on  n  shaded  porch,  and  up  to  the  middle  of  February  they  seemed  to  be 
healthy,  but  shortly  after  all  died.  The  largest  one  had  been  attacked  by  a 
fungoid  growth  on  one  side,  at  the  spiracles.  So  I  failed  to  get  a  pupa.  Many 
of  the  hatched  larvie  died  when  quite  young,  or  disappeared  unaccountably.  But 
the  five  that  passed  the  third  and  fourth  moults  proceeded  as  satisfactorily  as 
imy  Satyrid  larva)  from  the  lowlands  could  have  done.  One  nearest  allied  species, 
Semklea,  on  the  other  hand,  is  exceedingly  difficult  to  rear,  indeed  almost  im- 
possible. The  food,  Poa  pratensis,  agreed  with  my  larva;.  The  advanced  ones 
became  excessively  stout,  and  segment  2  was  so  large,  and  rose  above  the  head 
HO  high  and  abruptly,  that  it  seemed  as  if  the  pupa  must  have  taken  form  within, 
and  would  shortly  appear. 

In  1891,  I  again  received  eggs  from  Mr.  Bruce,  at  the  same  place,  and  they 
began  to  hatch  28th  July.  On  13th  August,  two  larvaj  passed  the  first  moult, 
others  soon  after  ;  on  29th,  two  died  in  trying  to  pass  the  .second  moult ;  a  third 
passed  second,  in  Philadelphia,  5th  September,  and  presently  died.  All  the  other 
larvae  stopped  at  first  moult,  and  were  sent  to  Canada  to  hibernate  in  a  snowbank, 
but  died  before  I  received  them  in  the  spring. 

These  attempts  se(!med  to  show  that  larvae  hatched  in  the  early  part  of  the 
summer  may  reach  the  adult  stage  the  same  season,  if  the  weather  conditions  are 
favorable,  but  that  those  hatched  some  weeks  later  will  pass  only  the  earlier 
moults.  Others  may  probably  hibernate  direct  from  the  egg.  The  first  would 
pupate  as  soon  as  the  melting  of  t!ie  snow  had  uncovered  them,  which  would  be 
late  in  May,  and  from  these  would  come  the  butterflies  of  middle  June.  The 
larva?  which  have  hibernated  after  third,  second,  first  moults,  or  from  the  egg, 
would  reach  imago  in  successive  detachments  up  to  the  middle  of  July,  or  some- 
what later.  In  this  way  the  appearance  of  the  species  on  the  wing  for  so  long  a 
period  as  seventy  days,  as  testified  by  Mr.  Bruce,  is  accounted  for. 


EXPLANATION  OF  THE  PLATE. 


CiiA.vims,  I,  2  6,  .3,  4  J. 
liiiucEi,  5,  6,  6,  7,  8,  9. 

a  Kgo  ;  a^  micropyle. 

b,  It'  Young  Lakva  ;   6»,  h*  last  segments ;  A»  process  on  2  to  1,S  ;  h'  head. 

c,  c"  Lrirva  .it  Ist  moult  ;  c»  process;  c*  attitude  ilurins  the  joungcr  stages  ;  c*  head. 
(i  Larva  at  2d  uioult  ;  (P  sei^mcnts  7  and  8 ;  d'  head. 

«  Larva  at  3d  moult  ;  e'  segments  7  and  8  ;    e'  head. 

/  Adult  Larva,  a  little  enlarged  ;  /'  srreatly  enlarged  ;  /»  segments  7  and  8  ;  /*  process  ;  /«  head. 

g  C11BY8ALI8,  enlarged ;  g''  side  view  of  last  segments  ;  g'  front  view  of  the  cremaster. 


r^-iLi  omjx'i  o'i£j . 


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ORM  . 


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NEOMINOIS  I. 


NEOMINOIS    RIDINGSII,   1-G. 

\"nmli;ni.1  (Satyvus)  RIdinijsu,  Eilwards,  f,  I'roc.  Knt.  Snc.  I'liil.,  Vol.  IV.  p.  201.  \Hi]r,  ;  Rcakirt,  g, 
I.  c,  Vol.  Vr.'  ]).  1  If).  1H(I7  ;  Streckor,  $,  o,  L,.pi,l.  Xo.  -|,  p.  ■><),  pi.  .1,  fi..r.  (I,  y.  187:!  ;  Mead,  Kep. 
Wlholer  KxpiilUion,  Vol.  V.  p.  771.     187i  ;  (Neominois)  Scudder,  BuUeiin  Buffalo  Soc.  Nat.  lILst.,  Vol.  II. 

p.   L'U.      187.3. 


Male.  —  Expands  1.6  to  1.8  inches. 


Early  Form  :  Upper  side  dusky  gray-brown,  pale  over  the  basal  areas,  be- 
yond to  margin  dark ;  a  common  extra-discal  werics  of  buff  spots,  on  primaries 
separated  a  the  lower  discoidal  interspace ;  the  four  above  this  contkiont,  tlioir 
outer  extremities  lanceolate,  and  bearing  on  the  upper  discoidal  interspace  a 
whitc-pupillod  black  ocellus  ;  tlie  fifth  spot  is  long  oval,  narrower  than  the  inter- 
space—  the  upper  median;  the  sixth  is  sul)-oval,  broad,  and  carries  a  second 
ocellus,  usually  equal  to,  but  sometimes  a  little  smaller  than  the  other ;  the  next 
Iwo  spots  are  sometimes  completely  confluent,  and  are  about  hnlf  the  length 
of  the  sixth  ;  on  secondaries  the  spots  form  a  continuous  band  of  nearly  even 
width,  the  ujiper  three  more  or  less  incised  on  the  basal  side  ;  the  outer  ends 
serrate,  or  partly  lanceolate  ;  a  small  black  patch  near  the  outer  edge  of  the  spot 
ill  lower  median  interspace  ;  occasionally  a  lu.nute  pupilled  ocellus  is  present  on 
the  lower  sub-costal  interspace  of  primaries,  outside  the  lino  of  the  principal 
ocelli,  as  seen  in  Figure  4  ;  fringes  fuscous,  yellowish  at  the  tips  of  the  nervules. 

Under  side  paler  ;  the  cell  of  primaries  and  the  basal  and  marginal  areas  of 
Iiotii  wings  covered  with  fine  abbreviated  dark  streaks  ;  .Ue  spots  and  ocelli  of 
primaries  repeated  ;  the  buff  band  of  secondaries  rarely  l-\arly  repeated,  but  the 
position  of  the  outer  edge  of  it  is  indicated  by  a  blac.  serrated  line ;  the  mar- 
i^inal  inscription.s  usually  extend  across  this  line  well  toward  the  mesial  band  ; 
this  band  is  clo.sely  as  in  the  allied  genus  Chionobas,  light  within,  dark  near  and 
along  both  edges  ;  the  elbow  without  rectangular  on  the  lower  discoidal  inter- 


NEOMINOIS   1. 

space,  with  equal  serrations  from  the  angle  to  costa  (though  sometimes  the 
lower  two  are  much  prolonged,  acuminate)  ;  on  the  basal  side  a  small  angular 
sinus  on  the  sub-costal  nervure,  and  a  large  rectangular,  or  sometimes  rounded, 
projection  on  the  median. 

Body  dusky  gray-brown;  beneath  hght  and  concolored  with  the  wings; 
femora  light  gray,  the  tibia;  red-brown  ;  palpi  whitish,  with  many  black  frontiil 
hairs ;  antennae  fuscous  above,  cretaceous  below ;  club  red-brown  beneath  and 
at  tip.     (Figs.  1,  2.) 

Female.  — Expands  from  1.8  to  2  inches. 

Very  like  the  male  ;  some  individuals  have  a  small  ocellus  on  the  upper 
median  inter.space.     (Fig.  3.) 

Late  Form  :  A  little  larger  than  the  other;  paler  colored,  especially  beneath, 
where  the  inscriptions  are  faint  and  the  space  which  on  the  upper  side  is  occupied 
by  the  buff  band  is  scarcely  outlined ;  the  mesial  band  but  a  shade  darker  tliiui 
the  basal  area.     (Figs.  4,  5,  6.) 

Egg.  —  In  general  like  the  egg  of  Chionobas  Uhleri  ;  sub-conic,  the  base  and 
top  flattened  and  about  equiilly  rounded  ;  broadest  at  two  fifths  the  distance 
from  base,  towards  ihe  top  narrowing  gradually,  the  sides  consideriihly  arched ; 
marked  by  nineteen  and  twenty  vertical  ribs,  nearly  straight,  occasionally  one 
branching  ;  the.se  are  rounded,  somewhat  broader  than  high,  broader  than  in 
Uklerl,  the  bases  finely  incised,  making  pretty  regular  crenate  edges ;  the 
interspaces  rather  narrow,  nearly  flat,  very  slightly  convex,  cro.ssed  by  many 
horizontol,  equidistant  raised  thn..us;  'he  micropyle  is  in  the  centre  of  a  liiit 
rosette  of  irregular  hexagonal  siiallo»v  cells,  the  walls  of  which  are  .slightly 
raised  ;  outside  of  these  are  two  rows  of  similar  larger  cells ;  the  remainder 
of  the  area  varies  ;  some  examples,  as  in  the  figure,  resembling  C.  Jxtta, 
showing  shallow  rounded  cells,  irregular  in  size  and  position,  separated  by 
welts  or  cushions  .somewhat  raised  in  the  middle  and  rounded  ;  others  are  as 
in  C.  Uhhri  and  C.  Britcel,  covered  with  low  knobs  from  which  radiate  thread- 
like spurs  ;  in  .some  examples  the  ends  of  the  ribs  come  nearer  the  rosette, 
and  are  depressed,  with  short  spurs  from  one  to  the  other;  color  chalk-white. 
(Figs,  o,  «^)     Duration  of  this  stage  eleven  to  thirteen  days. 

Young  Larva.  —  Length,  at  twelve  hours  from  the  egg,  .13  inch;  shape  of 
Chionobas  ;  thickest  anteriorly,  tapering  from  the  head  on  both  dorsum  and  side 
to  13,  ending  in  two  sub-conical  tails  which  meet  at  base  (as  in  C.  Jutta  and 


NEOMINOIS   I. 

otliers,  but  not  as  in  C.  Brucei) ;  furnished  with  three  rows  of  pale  black,  low 
conical  tubercles  on  either  side  above  the  spiracles,  a  dorsal,  sub-dorsul,  and 
lateral ;  one  tubercle  to  the  segment  in  each  row  fron.  3  to  12  ;  on  2,  four  at 
the  front,  near  together  and  equidistant,  standing  in  a  line  somewhat  obliquely 
l);xck  from  the  top  ;  a  process  in  front  of  and  above  the  spiracle,  and  under  it  a 
tapering  hair ;  on  3  and  4  each  a  second  process  in  front  of  the  lateral  one  ;  the 
tubercles  on  these  segments  are  in  vertical  row,  on  the  middle  of  the  segment, 
after  4,  in  triangle ;  on  13  is  a  second  triangle,  the  apex  of  which  is  at  the  tip 
of  the  tail ;  also  on  the  inner  side  of  the  tail,  a  little  below  tlie  tip,  is  a  smaller 
tubercle;  each  bears  a  clubbed  and  bent  white  process  ;  these  are  at  least  twice 
as  long  as  the  height  of  their  tubercles,  and  become  longer  after  11  (much  longer 
than  in  any  species  of  Chionobas  viewed) ;  under  the  spiracles  is  another  row  of 
iiiinute  tubercles,  two  on  segment  2,  one  on  3  and  4  each,  two  on  5  to  12,  one 
on  13,  with  similar  processes;  over  each  foot  is  one  short  hair,  over  the  pro-legs 
two,  the  anal  leg,  one ;  color  at  first  pale  whitish  green,  with  no  stripes,  the 
under  side  nearly  the  same  ;  but  after  about  twenty-four  hours  from  the  egg 
appeared  two  dorsal  lines  close  together,  and  a  sub-doi'sal  line,  all  pale  brown,  a 
lateral  stripe  a  shade  darker,  the  basal  ridge  buft",  with  the  faintest  tint  of  red  ; 
at  three  days  from  the  egg  the  general  hue  had  become  yellow-green  ;  head  sub- 
globose,  a  little  broader  than  high,  broader  than  2,  narrowing  upward  a  little, 
depressed  at  the  suture  ;  surface  covered  with  shallow  indentations,  and  showing 
a  few  tubercles  like  those  on  body,  each  with  its  clubbed  an'!  bent  glassy  white 
process,  the  proportions  of  which  to  the  tubei'cles  are  closely  as  in  figure  //'  ;  of 
these  four  are  in  cross  row  near  the  top  of  the  face,  siv  in  a  line  with  tln'  apex 
of  the  frontal  triangle,  four  a  little  higlier  than  the  'T  ocellus,  one  a  little  in 
front  of  and  above  the  largest  ocellus,  and  two  behiun  ach  irroup  cif  ocelli;  in 
all  twenty,  ten  on  each  lobe  ;  color  at  first  pale  green,  later  dc  Idedly  green. 
(Figs.  6  to  h^.)     Duration  of  this  stage  about  twenty  days. 


After  first  moult:  length,  at  twenty-four  hours,  .17  inch;  nearly  of  same 
shape  as  before,  the  tails  same  ;  color  greenish  white,  with  a  tint  of  gray  over 
tlie  donsal  area;  the  niid-dors<al  stripe  pale  green,  edged  on  either  side  bv  a  brown 
line;  outside  of  this  is  a  narrow  whitish  space;  the  sub-dorsal  line  brown;  ilie 
lateril  band  pale  green,  much  blackened,  especially  after  5;  the  basal  ridge 
buff  ;  the  whole  upper  surface  thickly  covered  with  fine  conical  tubercles,  each 
with  its  short,  appressed  clubbed  process  or  hair  ;  under  side,  feet  and  legs  gray- 
green  ;  head  very  much  as  before,  the  surface  covered  with  rather  deep  rounds i 
indentations,  between  some  of  which  are  minute  tubercles  and  processes ;  from 
back  to  front  six  nebulous  brown  stripes,  one  following  the  suture  on  either  lobe, 


NEOMINOIS   I. 

anotliLT  oiitsulo  of  tliiw,  reaching  nearly  to  the  ocelli,  the  third  short,  at  tliu 
side  (these  are  us  ip  (.'hloiiobas,  and  the  middle  stripe  is  continuous,  as  in  C. 
Jutla,  and  not  hrokeii,  as  in  C  JJrucei) ;  ocelli  brown ;  color  pule  yellow-green. 
(Figs,  c  to  c'.)     To  next  moult,  about  fifteen  days. 

After  second  moult:  length,  at  twelve  hours,  .24  inch;  shape  as  at  second 
stage;  the  tubercles  and  pi oces.ses  essentially  the  same;  color  yellow-buff,  the 
sides  pale  green ;  the  buff  dorsal  area  shows  a  tint  of  green,  and  is  considerably 
llecked  with  iirown ;  the  mid-dorsal  stripe  green,  and  as  before  ;  the  lateral  band 
as  l)efore  ;  the  spiracular  greenish  bar.d  dusted  l)rown  ;  basal  ridge  yellow-buff; 
under  side,  feet  and  legs  gray-green  ;  head  as  before.  (Figs,  d  to  d*.)  To  next 
moult,  thirteen  days. 

After  third  moult:  length,  at  eighteen  hours,  .32  inch;  same  .shape  and  color 
as  at  third  stage,  except  that  the  buff  is  darker.  (Figs,  e  to  e'.)  To  next  moult, 
twenty-three  days. 

After  fourth  moult :  length,  at  eighteen  hours,  .52  inch ;  reddish  buff,  lighter 
next  the  pale  black  mid-dor.sal  stripe ;  the  sides  pale  green.  (Fig.  /".)  In 
twenty-nine  days  from  the  moult  the  only  larva  observed  reached  maturity. 

Mature  Lakva.  — Length,  .90  inch  ;  stout,  obese,  tapering  rapidly  from  5  to 
head,  and  from  S  to  L),  ending  in  two  short  sub-conical  tails  which  meet  at 
base  ;  surface  thickly  covered  with  small  pointed  tubercles  of  irregular  sizes,  each 
bearing  a  rather  long,  clubbed  and  appre.ssed  whitish  process  (but  these  are  of 
irregular  length);  color  reddish  buff,  the  sides  jiale  green ;  banded  and  striped 
as  in  Chionobas  ;  tiie  mid-dorsal  stripe  pale  black,  the  buff  dorsal  band  a  shiide 
darker  than  the  adjoining  upper  lateral  band,  the  sub-dorsal  line  which  in  the 
early  stages  was  distinct  is  now  obsolete  ;  the  mid-lateral  stripe  or  band  much 
obscured  by  black,  especially  next  its  upper  edge  ;  the  green  spiracular  band 
dusted  brown ;  basal  ridge  but!" ;  below  this  a  narrow  space  of  green-buff  which 
shades  into  the  gray-green  of  under  surface  :  feet  and  legs  gray-green  ;  head 
small,  sub-globose,  well-rounded  frontally  ;  surface  covered  with  pretty  deep  in- 
dentations, between  some  of  which  are  glassy  processes  like  those  on  body, 
those  on  the  lower  half  of  the  face  longer  ;  color  brown-yellow ;  across  the 
top  six  ^lot  very  distinct  brown  stripes,  less  strongly  presented  than  in  Ciii- 
onobas,  the  brown  color  being  only  in  the  bottotn  of  the  pits,  three  on  either 
lobe ;  the  inner  one  follows  the  suture  naif-way  down  the  triangle  ;  the  second 
is    narrower   and   ends   nearly  at    the    ocelli  ;  the  third  is  at  the  side,  short ; 


NEOMINOIS  I, 

these  stripes  and  other  pcculi.-iritie.s  are  closely  as  in  Chionobas.     (Figs./,/", 
/■'.)     From  fourth  moult  to  pupation,  in  the  only  exainple  observed,  I'orty-l'our 

iliiys. 


Chrysalis.  —  Length,  .45  inch  ;  breadth,  at  mesonotum,  .18,  at  abdomen, 
.22  inch ;  cyliudrieal  ;  the  ventral  outline  arched  Irom  13  to  base  of  head 
case,  the  dort;:\l  outline  of  abdomen  strongly 
iirched;  head  case  short,  projecting  but  little 
lieyond  the  mesonotum,  compressed  transversely, 
I  lie  sunnnit  rounded  both  ways,  the  sides  not 
c.vcavated  (Fig.  (j*);  along  tiie  posterior  edge 
of  the  pro-thoracic  spiracle  a  small  flattened 
cylindrical  process,  perhaps  serving  as  a  guard 
or  protector  to  the  spiracle  (Fig.  </');  on  either 
side  of  head  case  two  small  clusters  of  exceed- 
ingly fine  processes  shaped  much  like  what  is 
(idled  an  Indian-club,  the  thicker  portion  beset 
with  sharp,  tapering  spurs  (Fig.  /');  one  cluster 
being  near  the  centre  of  the  exposed  portion  of 
the  eye  case,  one  in  the  middle  of  the  si<1e  of  the  pronotum  just  in  front  of 
the  spiracle  ;  a  third  on  the  extreme  side  of  the  metanotum,  and  a  fourth  on 
the  mesonotum  just  in  front  of  the  third  (the  position  of  these  clusters  is  shown 
on  the  cut  {(t),  and  the  shape  of  the  processes  in  the  second  figure);  mesonotum 
rather  prominent,  highest  posteriorly,  narrow  at  summit  and  rounded,  but  with- 
out carina,  the  sides  sloping,  very  little  convex  ;  followed  by  a  slight  excava- 
tion ;  the  wing  cases  somewhat  elevated,  bevelled  down  to  the  abdomen  ;  this 
last  sub-conical,  tumid  ;  the  cremaster  small,  bluntly  rounded,  compressed,  the 
ridges  not  prominent,  naked,  without  books  or  bristles ;  color  red-brown,  dark- 
est anteriorly,  the  divisions  of  the  abdomen  green  ;  wing  ca.ses  green,  around 
the  margins  brown.  (Fign.  tj-,  rf.)  Pupation  took  place  at  about  a  half  inch 
under  the  surface  of  the  earth,  in  a  cavity  made  by  the  larva  by  pressure  and 
of  about  twice  the  diameter  and  one  fourth  greater  length  than  the  pupa. 
(Fig.  g.)     Nothing  of  the  nature  of  a  spun  cocoon  was  present. 


RiDiNGSii  was  named  in  honor  of  Mr.  James  Ridings,  who  first  made  known 
the  species.  He  had  taken  a  few  examples  at  Hurlington,  Boulder  County,  Col- 
orado, in  1864,  but  gave  no  information  as  to  habits.  We  are  indebted  to  Mr. 
Theodore  L.  Mead,  who,  in  1871,  spent  some  months  in  Colorado  in  collecting 
and  observing  butterflies,  for  our  first  knowledge  on  this  point.      In  his  Report 


NEOMINOIS   I. 


of  the  Wlieeler  Expedition  he  say.s  of  liidiiujsu  :  "  About  the  first  of  June,  on 
the  plfiins  near  Denver,  a  few  specimens  were  found  hiding  in  the  short,  pfirflitMl 
grass,  and  Hying  up  when  disturbed,  exactly  as  is  tiie  habit  of  Drasteria  among 
the  moths.  The  color  of  these  butterflies  harmonizes  excellently  with  that  of 
the  dry  herbage,  and  renders  them  quite  difficult  of  detection,  even  when  near 
at  hand.  It  appears  to  be  a  rare  species  about  Turkey  Creek,  but  in  the  sage- 
brush country,  about  Twin  Lakes  (Arkansas  Valley,  8,000  feet  elevation),  is  very 
ainmdant  in  July,  appearing  there  in  company  with  Satyrus  Charon.  It  is,  how- 
ever, much  less  partial  to  flowers  than  is  the  case  with  that  species,  and  has 
almost  entirely  the  habits  as  well  as  the  appearance  of  Chionobas  rather  than 
Satyrus." 

Mr.  David  Bruce,  who  has  enlarged  our  knowledge  of  so  many  species  of  Col- 
oradan  butterllies,  writes  me  on  R'lilhujs'd :  "  It  seems  to  occur  in  plenty  in  suit- 
able locations  throughout  eastern  Colorado,  certainly  as  far  as  Salida,  which  is  at 
the  geographical  centre  of  the  State.  Around  Denver,  especially  on  the  prairie 
land  to  the  north  of  th  ;  city,  are  a  number  of  ponds  (they  are  dignified  by  the 
name  of  lakes,  because  it  sounds  better,  but  most  of  them  are  mere  mudholos 
in  a  dry  season).  About  these  places  flowers  are  plenty,  and  of  course  insects 
are  abundant.  On  the  dryer  uplands  in  the  immediate  vicinity,  on  and  among 
the  short  grass,  cacti,  and  sage-brush,  liidiDgsil  is  sure  to  occur,  from  5,000  feet, 
the  elevation  of  Denver,  up  as  high  at  least  as  7,000  feet.  It  is  not  partial  to 
damp  spots  where  tlie  herbage  grows  high  and  rank,  but  to  a  dry  soil  more  or 
less  covered  with  bunch-grass.  This  is  its  favorite  home.  Oh  the  lowlands  the 
snow  soon  melts,  and  this  butterfly  is  flying  there  by  the  end  of  May  or  begin- 
ning of  June.  Eggs  from  the  early  females  produce  a  second  brood  of  tlio 
imago  in  August  and  September,  the  examples  of  which  are  paler  and  slightly 
larger  than  the  spring  brood.  In  higher  localities,  they  appear  about  the  end  of 
June.  I  found  them  on  the  Arkansas  Divide,  8,000  feet,  July  11th,  in  fine  con- 
dition and  very  active.  At  the  same  place,  twelve  days  later,  they  were  still 
plentiful,  but  worn,  mostly  ragged,  and  sat  sluggishly  on  the  flowers  of  Rud- 
beckia  and  other  composita;  with  Satyrus  Charon  and  Melitaea  Mimtta,  which 
two  species  were  also  common  and  the  worse  for  wear.  liidingsii  is  an  easy 
species  to  catch,  and  the  collector  may,  with  care,  secure  almost  every  one  he 
sees.  When  disturbed,  it  takes  a  short,  springing  flight,  so  like  the  leap  of  a 
gray  species  of  Orthoptera  which  frequents  the  plains  that  I  have  often  been 
deceived.  After  it  has  been  flushed  two  or  three  times  in  succession,  it  becomes 
thoroughly  alarmed,  and  will  then  take  a  long  flight  and  drop  suddenly.  If  it 
alights  on  grass,  it  dives  to  the  roots  and  hides  ;  if  on  the  bare  ground,  it  lies 
flat  on  one  side,  motionless  and  as  if  dead.     It  is  then  very  apt  to  be  overlooked. 


NKOMIN.JS   r. 

I  have  been  surprised  at  the  diniculty  in  detecting  tlicm  when  I  have  seen 
tliuni  alight,  and  after  a  vain  search,  1  have  only  discovered  thcni  by  violently 
funning  the  earth  with  my  net.  The  motion  of  the  air  woulii  turn  the  insect 
over  and  render  it  visible.  While  thus  shannriing,  it  may  be  picked  up  with  no 
clfort  on  its  part  to  escape,  or  even  a  sign  of  life.  I  have  never  found  this 
species  above  'J,OUU  feet,  and  then  in  but  one  ])lace,  near  Griinite,  in  the  central 
|)art  of  the  State.  It  closely  resembles  Chionobas  Vliryrus  and  C.  Ulderl  in 
ireneral  habits.  I  have  taken  it  Hying  with  the  latter  .'jpecies,  the  two  pursuing 
each  other  and  indulging  in  a  mild  flirtation." 

Mr.  Wright  says  :  "  At  Maiden,  Montana,  I  got  one  female  RkUngsn,  no  other 
one  seen.  It  was  near  the  top  of  a  rather  low  peak,  at  the  altitude  of  about 
4,500  feet,  higher  peaks  and  low  valleys  about  in  all  directions.  The  soil  was 
<i:ravelly  to  rocky,  with  much  grass  and  small  flowering  plants  growing  among 
the  stones,  and  a  few  small  trees  scattered  about.  Upon  starting  up  the 
Jiitllntjsii,  it  (lew  rapidly,  low,  just  above  the  grass,  and  suddenly  dropped  among 
some  stones.  I  cast  the  net  over  the  spot,  but  I  had  much  trouble  to  find  the 
insect,  so  completely  was  it  concealed.  I  searched  the  hilltop  many  times  after- 
ward, hoping  to  find  another,  but  in  vain." 

Mr.  Fletcher  writes  that  the  species  is  not  to  be  seen  in  Canada,  so  far  as  he 
is  aware. 

Mr.  Mead  says  :  "  Specimens  were  brought  from  southern  Utah  by  the  Expe- 
dition." Undoubtedly  the  species  found  in  Utah  is  Dionyalus,  Scudder,  now 
known  to  inhabit  western  Colorado  a.s  well  as  parts  of  Arizona. 


I  first  received  eggs  of  Ridi\gs;i  from  Mr.  H.  W.  Nash,  at  Rosita,  Colorado, 
4th  August,  1884.  The  females  that  laid  them  were  taken  on  the  mountains 
near  the  town,  at  about  9,000  feet.  The  eggs  began  to  hatch  on  8th,  and  the 
larva)  were  not  observed  to  eat,  and  soon  died.  But,  10th  August,  Mr.  Na.-<h 
sent  other  eggs,  which  were  hatching  17th.  On  28th  August,  one  larva  pa.ssed 
tile  first  moult ;  on  3d  September,  the  second,  and  was  asleep  a  few  days  later. 
This  was  the  only  larva  that  advanced  so  far  as  the  second  moult,  and  it  died 
during  the  winter. 

On  17th  June,  1886,  I  received  eggs  from  Mr.  Bruce,  at  Denver,  laid  on  12th. 
These  were  hatching  on  25th.  A  few  of  the  larvae  appeared  to  eat  nothing,  and 
in  course  of  next  two  days  had  disappeared.  I  thought  they  had  gone  down  to 
the  base  of  the  plant,  but  could  not  find  them.  One  larva  pas.<ed  first  moult  on 
19th  July,  a  second  passed  same  moult  on  21st,  and  a  third  on  25th.  On  7th 
August,  number  one  passed  its  second  moult;  on  20th,  the  third  moult;  and  on 
13th  September,  the  fourth.  On  18th  September,  I  sent  it  to  Mrs.  Peart  for  its 
portrait.     But  this  larva?  failed  to  reach  pupa. 


NHOMINOIS  I. 


On  June  23,  1888,  the  late  William  S.  Foster,  at  Salida,  elevation  7,000  feet, 
sent  o<r,u;.s  which  were  laid  on  17th.  These  began  to  hatch  29th.  One  larva 
passed  tiio  first  moult  10th  July,  another  14th.  Number  one  passed  its  .second 
moult  2uth  July,  the  third  6th  September,  and  then  went  into  hibernation.  One 
of  this  lot,  at  Philadelphia,  pa.s.sed  the  second  moult  12th  August,  the  third  3il 
September,  and  tlien  hil)ernated.  Both  died  during  the  winter.  The  rest  of  the 
brood  had  died  in  the  early  stages. 

On  5th  March,  1S89,  I  received  from  Mr.  T.  D.  A.  Cockerell,  at  West  Cliff, 
Colorado,  altitude  7,500  feet,  a  hibernating  larva,  which  I  recognized  as /i'(V?(H5r.>(u', 
past  the  second  moult.  It  had  been  found  under  a  stone.  1  left  it  out  of  doors, 
and  4th  April,  discovered  that  it  had  recently  passed  its  third  moult.  On  l.'llii 
April,  it  pa.ssed  the  fourth.  On  13th  May  was  changing  color,  becoming  blue- 
green,  and  was  evidently  approaching  pupation.  On  14th,  it  had  disappeared. 
I  searched  for  it,  18th,  and  found  it  half  an  inch  below  the  surface,  wdiere  it  had 
made  a  little  hollow  for  itself  in  tlie  leaf  mould  which  had  been  provided  iu 
anticipation  of  this  mode  of  pupation.  The  same  day  it  pupated.  Its  likeness 
is  given  on  the  Plate.     Unfortunately,  it  died  i)ef()re  imago. 

The  same  year,  1889,  1  again  received  eggs  from  Mr.  Bruce,  at  Denver,  laid 
12th.  Those  began  to  hatch  2''3th.  On  9th  July,  some  of  the  larvcc  passed  their 
first  moult;  one  reached  the  .second  on  19th.  None  went  beyond  this,  and  all 
had  become  lethargic  by  8tli  August.  I  have  therefore  failed  to  rear  any  one 
larva  from  the  egg  to  pupa  ;  yet,  at  one  time  and  another,  every  larval  stage 
has  been  reached.  The  only  pupa  observed  came  from  a  larva  which  had  hiber- 
nated on  its  native  peak.  The  species  has  proved  as  difficult  to  rear  as  any  of 
the  Chionobas. 

It  appears  that  larvtc  from  Denver,  5,000  feet,  from  June  eggs,  of  the  earliest 
flight  of  the  imago,  reached  the  fourth  moult  the  same  season ;  that  other  larva' 
from  same  place,  also  from  June  eggs,  reached  the  second  moult  in  July,  and 
then  hibernated  ;  that  two  larvai  from  June  eggs,  Salida,  7,000  feet,  reached  tiie 
third  moult,  and  hibernated  ;  and  one  from  Kosita,  9,000  feet,  from  egg  laid 
early  in  August,  hibernated  after  finst  moult.  The  larva  found  at  West  Cliff, 
7,500  feet,  had  hibernated  after  second  moult.  There  were  also  young  larvii* 
which  apparently  went  to  ground  immediately  from  the  egg.  These  observa- 
tions favor  Mr.  Bruce's  view  that  at  the  lower  elevations  this  species  has  a 
second  brood  of  the  imago  in  the  fall,  while  at  the  higher  elevations  there 
is  but  one  brood  of  the  imago,  though  freshly  emerged  individuals  make  their 
appearance  for  some  weeks,  because  of  the  different  ages  at  which  their  larva' 
had  gone  into  hibernation. 


EXPLANATION   OF   THE   PLATE. 


KiDlNOSii,  early  form  1,  2  5,  n  9  ;  lato,  form  J  5,   "1,  (1  9. 
((  K(iCi  ;  d''  inicropylc. 
4, i*  YousCf  Larva  ;  h'  last  aoiTments  ;   b*  process  on  body;  Ifi  head. 
c,  c^  Larva  at  1st  moult  ;  c"  head. 
d,  (P,  <l'  Larva  at  2d  moult  ;  il*  head, 
e,  e-  Larva  at  .Id  moult  ;  c"  head. 
/'  Larva  at  Ith  moult,  enlarj;ed  ;  /'  process  on  body ;  /*  licad. 
/  Adui.t  Larva,  i;reatly  enlarged. 

g'  CiiRVSAi.is,  cnlarijed ;  (/  showing  mode  of  pupation  in  the  ground  ;  g'  side  view  of  crcmaster  ; 
g*  ventral  view  of  head  case  ;  g^  flattened  cylindrical  process  next  pro-thoracic  .spiracle  ; 
g'  one  of  the  minute  processes  on  head  case,  pronotiim,  and  nietanotum. 


'W 


■.'•J-J.-J' 


CFINC-    1    2     J      3    4     9  ^     ^i    ,    .     b    VAB  ,    ^ 
AS  SIM  I  L,  IS      /        »,  d  '  ii'.ri',,  i..,i. 
CRAMB  I  S        ■'    ■'      ''■'/■/ 


\ 


CHIONOBAS  VII. 


CHIONOBAS   (ENO,   1-8. 


Chionobus  (Enn,  Uoi.sduvnl,  Iconcs,  Vol.  I.  p.  195,  pi.  .1!),  figs.  4  to  fi.     1832. 
Var.  Ammilh,  Butler,  Cat.  of  Satyridn',  p.  KJa,  pi.  2,  fig.  10.     ISBS. 

Wings  somewhat  translucent,  as  in  C.  Semidea. 

Male.  —  Expands  from  1.8  to  2.T  inches. 

Upper  side  from  livid-brown  to  yellow-brown ;  costa  of  primaries  yellow-white, 
.streaked  brown  and  black ;  occa.sionalIy  there  is  a  small  blind  ocellus  on  the 
upper  discoidal  interspace ;  secondaries  disclose  more  or  less  distinctly  the  mark- 
ings of  the  under  surface ;  fringes  of  both  wings  yellow-white,  fuscous  or  brown 
at  tiie  tips  of  the  nervules. 

Under  side  of  primaries  paler ;  in  some  examples  the  larger  part  of  the  wing 
is  sprinkled  with  dark  scales,  in  others  is  densely  covered  by  fine,  abbreviated, 
transverse  brown  streaks,  mo.st  so  in  the  cell ;  the  apical  area  more  or  less  gray. 
Secondaries  yellow-gray,  mottled  and  streaked  with  dark  brown,  pretty  equally 
distributed  from  base  to  margin ;  but  sometimes  the  basal  area  has  the  ground 
gray-white,  and  outside  the  band  is  a  narrow  space  of  same  color ;  the  band  well 
defined  on  its  outer  edge,  which  in  the  main  is  arched,  but  sometimes  made  angu- 
lar by  the  prominence  of  the  serration  on  upper  median  interspace,  the  anterior 
half  in  narrow  serrations,  sometimes  sharp,  .sometimes  rounded,  the  posterior  half 
crenated  ;  the  inner  edge  most  often  not  clearly  defined,  and  the  mottling  of  the 
l)asal  area  is  continued  through  the  band ;  but  when  tliis  edge  is  distinct,  the 
cour.se  from  costal  margin  to  about  one  third  across  the  cell  is  straight,  then  is 
incurved,  or  makes  a  sinus  in  the  cell  and  submedian  interspace,  and  crenated  or 
Close  to  inner  margin;  midway  between  the  band  and  hind  margin  is  a  row  of 
wiiiti.sh  points,  one  on  each  interspace. 

IJody  f  U.SCOUS  above,  black  below ;  the  upper  half  of  Hie  femora  black,  the  rest 
and  the  tibiae  yellow-brown;  palpi  yellow-white  with  the  frontel  hairs   black; 


CHIONOBAS  VII. 

antennae  fuscous  above,  paler  below,  and  ringed  with  cretaceous ;  club  cretaceous 
below,  red-brown  above.     (Figs.  1,  2,  6.) 

Female.  —  Expands  from  2  to  2.1  inches. 

Like  the  male,  but  usually  more  yellow ;  the  ocellus  on  primaries  present,  and 
sometimes  there  are  three  small  whitish  spots  on  the  lower  interspaces,  in  line ; 
on  secondaries  a  small  blind  ocellus  sometimes  appears  in  the  lower  median  inter- 
space, the  under  side  of  primaries  sometimes  much  streaked  at  apex  and  over  the 
basal  two  thirds  of  the  wing,  with  an  obscure  mesial  band,  the  outer  side  of  which 
is  irregularly  orenated,  and  throws  a  sharp  projection  along  upper  branch  of 
median.     (Figs.  3,  4,  5.) 

Var.  AssiMiLis.  —  The  band  is  wanting,  or  there  is  scarcely  more  than  a  sug- 
gestion of  it.     (Figs.  7,  8.) 

(Exo  flies  in  Labrador,  at  least  along  the  coast ;  also  at  Fort  Chimo,  Davis 
Straits,  in  Ungava.  Two  examples  were  taken  by  Mr.  Ludwig  Kumlein,  Natu- 
ralist of  the  Howgate  Polar  Expedition,  1877-78,  at  Quickstep  Harbor,  Gulf  of 
Cumberland,  lat.  66° ;  and  were  mentioned  by  me  in  Bulletin  15  of  the  U.  S. 
National  Museum  as  Semiden,  Say.  Mr.  Butler  gives  Repidse  Bay,  which  is  of 
about  the  same  latitude,  but  several  degrees  to  the  west,  as  a  locality.  The 
species  is  also  found  in  Colorado,  inhabiting  the  tops  of  the  loftiest  peaks.  It 
has  been  taken  in  New  Mexico,  though  I  do  not  know  the  locality,  as  is  evidenced 
by  a  pair  formerly  received  by  me  from  one  of  the  exploring  expeditions.  I  am 
not  informed  that  OJuo  has  been  taken  to  the  northward  of  Colorado.  In  that 
State  and  in  Labrador  the  variety  Assimilis  accompanies  the  parent  form. 

About  twenty  years  ago,  a  collection  of  butterflies  made  by  Lieutenant  W.  L. 
Carpenter,  U.  S.  A.,  in  Colorado,  was  sent  me,  and  among  them  were  two  pairs 
of  (I^no  which  had  been  caught  in  copulation.  They  had  been  killed  and  put  in 
envelopes  without  separation,  and  in  this  condition  I  found  them.  These  are 
before  me  as  I  write.  Both  males  are  dark ;  in  one  the  band  is  distinct  on  both 
edges,  in  the  other  the  outer  edge  is  c^'^lned,  the  inner  lost.  One  female  is  dark, 
the  other  very  yellow,  and  in  this  last  the  band  is  wanting ;  that  is,  it  is  the 
variety  AsshnH'm.  In  the  dark  example  the  band  is  faint  throughout.  I  sent 
Mr.  Butler  an  example  similar  to  the  one  shown  on  the  Plate,  figure  7,  and 
another  like  8.  and  he  replied  that  both  were  AsximUis.  An  excellent  uncolored 
figure  of  this  form  is  given  in  the  Cat.  Satyr.,  and  the  description  reads  :  "  Under 
side  color  of  (J'Jno,  but  the  band  is  less  distinct." 

Mr.  Bruce  has  kindly  furnished  me  witii  notes  on  the  localities  in  Colorado 


CHIONOBAS   VII. 


inlml)ited  by  (Eno,  and  its  way  of  life  :  "  The  tops  of  the  Front  Range  of  the 
Kocky  Mountains  are  generally  irregular  plains  sloping  towards  the  west.  On 
these  comparatively  little  snow  lies,  as  they  are  swept  by  the  violent  west  winds 
which  blow  throughout  the  winter  and  spring  months.  Owing  to  this  the  snow 
nocumulates  in  immense  rolls  and  wreaths  just  on  the  extreme  verge  of  the  eastern 
.-iide  of  the  mountain,  and  extends  downward  in  vast  fields.  These  accumulations 
melt  slowly,  but  by  the  middle  of  June,  in  ordinary  seasons,  the  upper  levels  are 
nearly  free,  except  in  depressions  and  on  rocky  declivities.  On  the  very  rim  of 
these  mountains,  as  the  snow  recedes,  a  bare  .space  of  gravelly  earth,  or  decom- 
posed granite,  occurs,  the  result  of  constant  attrition  by  the  elements ;  and  it  is 
this  narrow  belt,  entirely  clear  of  vegetation,  on  the  upper  side  of  the  snow  fields 
which  still  clothe  the  mountain  side,  that  C£'/<o  frequents.  There  it  can  be 
found  from  the  middle  of  June  until  the  end  of  August,  or  during  a  period  of 
fully  six  weeks.  Though  during  August  the  snow  all  disappears  except  in  deep 
cluisms,  the  butterfly  holds  to  its  favorite  haunt,  occasionally  straying  a  few 
liundred  feet  downward  where  th»  character  of  the  surface  accords  with  that  of 
tlie  belt.  It  is  a  strong-winged  and  vigorous  species,  shy  and  wary.  By  watch- 
ing where  it  alights  and  approaching  witli  caution,  however,  it  may  easily  be 
covered  by  the  net ;  but  when  on  the  wing  it  is  useless,  indeed  impossible,  for 
the  collector  to  follow  it.  It  sweeps  over  the  mountain  edge  and  across  the  snow 
with  a  bold  dash,  and  takes  a  long  excursion,  but  generally  returns  in  a  short  time 
and  alights  as  suddenly  as  it  started.  I  took  several  fine  examples  on  a  warm 
and  still  July  morning  this  year  (1893)  by  sitting  quietly  on  a  rock  in  one  of 
the  favorite  haunts.  The  butterflies  played  around  me  and  apparently  fought 
for  a  position,  —  a  jutting  point  on  the  edge  of  the  snow.  On  this  they  would 
walk  a  few  inches  in  their  jerky  manner,  slop  a  few  seconds  and  begin  an  almost 
imperceptible  gliding,  then  stand  quiet  a  moment,  and  walk  again, — about  which 
time  a  rival  would  appear,  and  the  usual  skirmish  in  the  air  would  ensue  ;  and 
1  generally  improved  the  occasion  by  catching  both  of  them.  Like  the  allied 
species,  it  lies  flat  on  closed  wings,  especially  if  the  wind  is  blowing.  About  mid- 
day they  take  short  flights  on  the  plateau,  the  females  apparently  for  the  pur- 
|)ose  of  depositing  their  eggs,  and,  the  males  to  feed  on  the  flowers,  preferring 
spots  where  the  rocks  ciop  up  through  the  scanty  vegetation.  For  shelter  diuiug 
storms  they  return  to  the  mountain  verge.  I  once  took  quite  a  cluster  of  them 
in  a  crevice  imder  a  huge  overhanging  rock  where  I  had  taken  refuge  during  a 
furious  hailstorm.  I  have  found  this  species  at  all  elevations  aI)ove  12.000  feet 
in  Park  and  Summit  counties.  It  is  found,  as  I  have  said,  at  the  highest  points 
attainable  and  is  common;  yet  from  its  frequenting  such  inaccessible  localities, 
collectors  have  not  often  captured  it. 


CHIONOBAS   VII. 


"  (Eno,  on  its  belt,  seems  to  be  on  the  constant  watch  for  intruders,  and  will 
even  oha.se  the  rufous  humiiiing-bird,  which  is  coniiuon  in  the  same  ro<non. 
YiYdh'vA Magdultnd,  Meliticas  Anicia  and  Palbi,  I'ioiis  Occidentalis,  Colias  Meadii, 
Vanessa  Californlcn  and  Chrysophanus  Sitoioi,  all  inhabit  the  higher  slopes  and 
levels,  and  QJno*  is  on  the  aleit  for  every  individual  of  them  that  crosses  its 
domain.  This  habit  is  observed  in  the  whole  genus  Chionobas,  but  appears  to  be 
more  developed  in  CtJiio,  which  is  a  bolder  and  stronger  species  than  some  of  its 
congeners.  C.  lirucei  is  far  more  quiet ;  a  little  playful  dancing  in  the  air  is 
occasionally  indulged  in  by  half  a  dozen  at  once,  but  they  take  no  such  Higlits  as 
CKiio  docs.  As  Bruci'l  lives  on  the  gras.sy  places  on  the  slopes  and  plateaus,  the 
habitats  of  the  two  species  sometimes  overlap,  and  they  may  be  found  in  com- 
pany. 1  have  now  and  then  seen  C.  Chryxus  with  CEno,  though  as  a  rule  this 
species  lives  at  a  lower  altitude." 

Chionobas  OiJno  was  described  by  Dr.  Boisduval,  sixty  years  ago.  He  says  of 
the  inuler  side  of  the  hind  wings :  "  Marbled  with  black  and  white,  cros.>jed 
in  the  middle  by  a  blackish  band  which  is  trenated  on  its  posterior  edge  and 
is  .sometimes  entirely  lost  in  the  marbling  of  the  base."  That  agrees  with  the 
species  as  it  is  known  to-day  fron'  Labrador  and  Colorado.  The  figure  agrees 
with  the  description  in  Dr.  Holland's  copy  of  the  Icones,  which  he  has  kindly 
loaned  me  for  examination,  except  that  the  outer  edge  of  the  band  represents 
an  aberration  in  which  the  crenations  are  flattened  except  the  three  on  the  disk, 
and  the  upper  two  of  these  are  serrated  rather  than  crenated.  This  is  a  pecul- 
iarity sometimes  seen  in  other  species  of  the  genus,  even  in  quite  a  different 
group,  as  in  C.  CuVfornka.  But  all  copies  of  the  Icones  have  not  the  plates  so 
well  colored  as  the  one  before  me,  for  one  was  sent  me  which  had  unintelligil)le 
black  lines  dispo.sed  over  the  region  of  the  band  so  as  to  destroy  that  feature. 
Therefore  it  is  safest  to  follow  the  description,  which  is  drawn  with  Dr.  Boisduval's 
usual  felicity ."•'     He  speaks  of  having  under  view  several  examples,  and  goes  on  : 

'  III  the  text  of  C.  Brucei  (Chion.  VI.),  Mr.  Bnico  says  of  that  sfH-eies  :  "  It  does  not  fly  to  the  tops  of  tb« 
ro(.k.v  pfak?  like  C.  Semidea."  This  should  have  read  "  like  C.  CEno,"  which  was  the  species  Mr.  Brute  had 
in  mind. 

■■'  I  eopy  the  deseriptlon  from  the  loones :  — 

"  Se.s  ailcs  Bont  d'une  texture  mince  et  assez  delicate.  I^  fond  de  leur  couleur  est  en  dcssus  d'un  gris-hru- 
niltre-liviile  mele  de  jaunfttre.  T.ei  superieures  sont  pres<pie  transparentes  prfes  do  rextrc^mile,  qui  est  un  ptu 
plus  jaumitre  ipie  le  restc  de  la  surface,  avec  la  puinte  apieale  et  le  bord  mar{;inal  diarfjos  de  quelipics  petits 
atonies  noiriltres. 

"  I.cs  ailes  infdrieuros  sont  i>-[ieu-pres  du  nienie  ton  que  les  supericures,  et  Iciir  tr.msparence  est  telle,  ipio 
Ton  voit  ii  travers  tout  le  dessiii  ihi  dessous.  Leur  extremitiS  est  un  peu  plus  elaire,  avec  quelijues  atonies 
noiratres  condenses  vers  It^  honl  mar;rinal. 

"  Le  dessous  dcs  ailes  supericures  est  un  peu  plus  jaunStre  (jue  Ic  dcssus,  avec  le  sonimet  et  le  bord  de  I.i 
c6te  f.'risiltres  et  piijiu^s  de  briiuatre. 

"  Le  dessous  des  idles  infdrieures  est  varid  et  raarbrc  de  noirltre  et  dii  blanchltre,  traverse?  au  milieu  piir 


CHIONOBAS    VII. 

"  It  is  very  rare  in  collections ;  is  found  in  Russian  Lapland.  I  have  also  a 
female  which  1  received  from  M.  Esclischoltz  as  coining  from  Siberia.  M.  Soni- 
mer  has  sent  me  two  others  which  do  not  sensibly  differ  from  the  type,  and 
wiiicii  were  taken  in  Labrador."  In  view  of  the  language  of  the  Iconos,  it  is 
sinindar  tliat  no  two  later  authors  have  agreed  as  to  what  U'Jao  was.  It  has 
usually  been  confounded  with  Scmiden,  Say,  and  Crarnhh,  Freyer.  Witii  tiiese 
is  mixed  up  Also,  Bois.,  described  in  the  Iconcs  next  to  CEno.  The  late  Mr.  H. 
H.  Moschler,  in  a  paper  on  the  genus  Chionobas,  1803,  gave  the  series  thus :  — 

1.  Ahn,  Bois.  =  Crambls,  Freyer. 

2.  (Fno,  Bois. 

He  says  nothing  of  Snairha,  but  in  later  years  sent  nio  Labrador  examples 
(if  (JEno  with  the  labels  "  Sanldea"  and  therefore  must  have  changed  from  his 
lirst  view. 

Mr.  S.  IL  Scudder,  Proc.  Ent.  Soc,  Phil.,  Vol.  V.,  1805,  says:  — 

1.  CEno,  Bois.  =  Also,  Bois.  =  Crambis,  Doubleday's  Gen". 

2.  Semidea,  Say  =  Also,  Bois. 

In  the  Butt.  N,  England,  1889,  Mr.  Scudder  does  not  mention  (Eiio,  but  gives 
Semidea,  with  Also,  in  part,  as  a  synonym. 

Mr.  A.  G.  Butler,  Cat.  Satyr.,  18G8,  says  of  the  sub-group:  — 

1.  Crambis,  Freyer. 

2.  (Eiio,  Bois.  =  Aim,  Bois. 

3.  AssimUis,  Butler. 

4.  Semidea,  Say. 

5.  Subhyalhia,  Curtis. 

Mr.  W.  T.  Kirby,  Cat.,  1871,  says :  — 

une  banJo  noir'Vtre,  crdnelde  sur  son  cdtn  postcrii'ur,  qui  qiiclqiiefois  so  fxril  prpscpii'  ooniplotcmcnl  clans  les 
marbriirt's  dii  fonii.  I/extnimito  offn-  pri-s  ihi  bonl  ([lU'Wiucs  pctils  jri-oiipcs  (raloiiu's  noiiatri's  iin  pen  plus 
HTirs,  I't  furmant  unt.  rain  ninciilain'  pen  primoiici'o. 

"  La  fraii;,'L'  fsl  blan-hc,  (uitriTouprc  dr  noiratrc.  Le  corps  est  brimatro.  Lcs  aiitcnnos  soiit  cl'tm  jaune- 
testaco  pftUs  nvi'c  la  bast  d'un  cris  brimiltre. 

"Lcs  supcriuiircg  (dc  la  femellv)  sont  plus  nrrondiva,  et  lour  sommi'l  offm  soiivcnt  tin  tri's  petit  ciil  a  peine 
visililc, 

"  Lcs  di'Rsous  do  SI'S  nilfi!  snporiiMin-s  est  plus  j;itiii4tri',  plus  forlcmont  saiipoudrr  ir:itoiiu's  ncpiiatros  ;  If 
sotninct  et  la  fdU!  sont  ph.a  hlani'liitn-s  ;  la  cellule  discoidale  parait  traversee  par  deux  le^ieres  trainees 
d'atouies  noiratres,  forniant  tonnne  deux  raies  tres  p<ni  distinctes.  Au-deli»  de  la  oelliile,  on  volt  une  autre 
trainee  noirfttre,  coiidi'e  en  at  ^lo  aij;u  eoinmn  dans  les  espoces,  et  tres  pen  marquee. 

"  I.cs  desso;is  de«  ailes  iufi  rieures  oUre  ii-[>eu-pr(~>s  le  meme  dessin  (pie  tlans  le  nuile  ;  niais  il  est  un  peu  plus 
vari(!  de  blancbatru,  et  la  bandti  transvurae  eat  miuux  desiinde." 


CHIONOBAS   Vir. 

1.  CEiio,  Bois. ;  var.  a.  Aho,  Bois. ;  var.  b.  Cramh'is,  Freyer. 

2.  SemUlea,  iiny=^  Alao,  Bois.  (but  this  last  is  plainly  a  mistake  for  Booten, 
as  the  reference  shows). 


Dr.  0.  Staudinger,  Cat.  1871,  .says: 
1.   Cramhis,  Freyer. 
3.  Semi  (lea,  Say  =  dJno,  Bois.  = 


Alio,  Bois. 


In  my  Synopsis  of  N.  Am,  Butterllie.s,  in  Vol.  I.,  1872,  I  followed  Kirby,  as  the 
latest  authority,  having  myself  but  a  very  slight  acquaintance  with  some  of  these 
forms,  and  none  at  all  with  others.  At  that  date  no  collection  in  America  had 
all  of  them,  and  very  few  individuals  of  any,  even  of  Scmidea.  It  was  not  till 
Mr.  Bruce  explored  the  peaks  of  Colorado  that  it  became  possible  to  understand 
what  QJno  was,  and  the  limitation  of  Brncel  made  clear  the  po.sition  of  Crambin. 

In  my  Catalogue,  1877,  I  gave:  — 

1.  Somidca,  Say  —CUno,  Bois.  =  AUn,  Bois. 

2.  Cnunb'is,  Freyer  =  AiishnUiH.  Butler. 

.'5.  Subhi/alina,  Curtis ;  and  the  same  iu  the  Revised  Cat.  of  1884. 

To-day,  1893,  I  give  the  series :  — 

1.  Cramhis,  Freyer. 

2.  Drucei,  Edw. 

3.  (I'])w,  Bois. ;  var.  AssimUls,  Butler. 

4.  Semiden,  Say. 

5.  Suhhyalina,  Curtis. 

This  is  very  nearly  as  Mr.  Butler  gave  it,  as  stated  above. 

As  to  C.  Also.  I  reject  it  altogether  as  American.  The  description  of  the 
under  side  hind  wing  says :  '•  It  is  brownish  beyond  the  middle,  with  some  gray- 
ish atoms  and  small  marbling  of  same  color  near  the  outer  border.  The  posterior 
third  is  of  a  whitish  gray  which  has  something  of  violet,  with  streaks,  atoms,  and 
little  undulations  of  l)lackish.  The  band  is  present  as  in  the  other  species,  but 
the  inner  side  is  lost  in  the  basal  color."  I  suppose  by  "  the  other  species  "  the 
author  meant  either  (J'Jno,  next  preceding,  which  has  a  cronated  band,  or  GiJno 
and  Bdhler  (the  second  preceding  and  which  has  a  dentated  band,  as  the  do- 
.scription  says).  The  whole  description  of  Also  is  too  general  to  differentiate  any 
species,  and  the  figure  is  evidently  poorly  drawn  and  poorly  colored  and  gives  no 
help.  The  band  on  the  outer  side  is  irregularly  wavy,  totjiUy  unlike  either  of 
the  species  spoken  of,  and  the  inner  edge  for  half  its  course  is  indicated  by  a 


CllIONOBAS    VII. 

heavy  incurving  black  line,  whercaH  it  should  be  "  totalemcnt  fondue  avec  la 
coiileur  de  la  base."  I  have  never  .seen  an  insect  like  that  figure,  and  the  de- 
^iTiptiun  is  valueless.  Boisduval  says  he  described  from  a  single  male  which  came 
tu  him  from  Siberia,  and  adds:  "I  have  received  from  Mr.  John  Leconte,  under 
the  name  Er'dosa,  Harris  [a  mistake  for  Sanideu,  Say],  an  example  taken  in  the 
While  Mountain.s  of  New  Hampshire,  which  seems  to  me  to  belong  to  this 
species."  That  is  all !  He  has  .seen  a  single  example  of  Semidca  from  America, 
which  "me  parait  appartenir  u  cette  espece,"  just  described  from  a  single  ex- 
ample from  Siberia.  It  is  only  now,  after  the  lapse  of  more  than  half  a  century, 
that  the  species  of  this  sub-group  can  be  distinguished  and  limited,  and  to  accept 
the  conjecture  of  even  Dr.  Boisduval,  great  naturalist  though  he  wa.s,  as  if  it 
were  a  scientific  and  final  determination,  based  on  the  inspection  of  one  Scmklea 
and  one  insect  from  Siberia,  is  out  of  the  question.  Whether  Aho  is  to-day 
anywhere  received  as  a  species  I  am  not  informed,  but,  in  1871,  Dr.  Staudinger, 
Cat.,  doubted  whether  there  was  such  a  Siberian  species. 

CRAMBIS. 

Egg.  —  Nearly  as  in  C.  Brucei,  but  the  sides  less  arched,  and  the  top  nearly  as 
in  C.  Jutta ;  .subconic,  the  base  flattened  and  rounded;  broadest  at  about  one  third 
from  base,  narrowing  upward  considerably,  the  sides  moderately  arched  ;  marked 
by  twenty-two  vertical  ribs,  very  nearly  straight,  occasionally  one  branching 
either  at  bottom  or  top ;  these  are  narrow  at  the  summits  and  rounded,  and  the 
depressions  are  shallow  and  rounded  ;  the  slopes  with  many  irregular  horizontal 
excavations,  with  little  intervening  ridges  (closely  as  in  Brncci) ;  the  top  flat- 
tened ;  the  micropyle  is  in  the  centre  of  a  I'osette  of  six-sided  cells,  outside  of 
which  are  three  or  four  rows  of  similar,  less  regular,  larger  cells ;  beyond  these 
to  the  ends  of  the  ribs  the  flattened  space  presents  shallow  rounded  cells  of 
irregular  sizes,  but  in  general  the  sm.allest  are  next  the  micropyle  ;  these  are 
nuich  as  in  Jutta,  but  they  are  more  numerous,  and  often  run  together ;  color 
dull  white.  (Fig.  a.)  The  egg  here  described  was  found  attached  to  the  leg 
of  a  female  Crumhis,  from  Labrador,  as  stated  on  a  previous  page  in  a  note  under 
the  head  of  that  species. 

EXPLANATION   OF  THE  PLATE. 


(F.SO,  1,2,   S,  from  Colorailo  ;  .'),  4,  9  ;  same  loo. 
.">  9 ,  from  Lftljrador  ;  6  J ,  Hiime  loc. 
Vnr.  AssiMlLiH,  <  ?  ;  S  J,  intt'riiie<Uiitc;  both  from  Colorado. 


c:ii:s.  ox^  o:nj^.Q . 


h  .' 


•/ 
// 


■> 


(D 


(!) 


fl'^l. 


M  A  C  O  U  N  1  I       i    i:     d  ,    .-.    4     9  . 

■'     "     ■'■■'/'/  III, I,,,, ill.,/  f      /„,  tw       iiiiiliir<     ,,,,/    5,„. 


.; 


.f/ 


a 


CmONOBAS  X. 


CIIIONOIJAS  MACOUMI,   1-4. 


CliioiwlHtH  Maeiiumi,  !',ilwaril»,  i,  Ciiii.  KnI.,  Vol.  XVII,  p.  71.  I8H.-i  ;  Flclclicr,  lH  Ann.  Ui'|i.  F.iil.  Soc. 
Ontario,  1H«H,  p.  h:>  ;  iil..  Insect  Mfc,  Vol.  II,  p.  I.).  Nil;  Sciiililer,  S,  9,  Butt.  N.  Kiigluiiii,  Vol.  II,  ]i. 
177.').     IHHU. 

Mai.k,  —  F'lxpiind.s  about  2.G  inches. 

Ill  tliiH  species  tlie  Hcxiinl  band  on  the  fore-winf?  is  wnntlng. 

I'pper  Hide  brown-orange,  but  varying,  soine  exaniplos  being  as  liglit  colored 
ii.s  C.  Culifornlca  female,  while  in  others  the  orange  is  obscured,  brown,  and  even 
dusky;  the  nervures  and  branches  brown,  soiuetinies  dark  and  conspicuous; 
hind  margins  edged  by  a  blackish  border  of  nearly  even  width  throughuiit,  but 
sometimes  widest  on  primaries  ;  costa  of  primaries  dark  brown  ;  in  some  exam- 
ples there  is  a  trace  of  a  brown  band  from  the  costal  border  along  the  outer 
end  of  the  cell,  prolonged  a  little  on  the  upiuT  median  norvure ;  on  secondaries 
the  costal  margin  i.^  edged  with  brown,  and  a  little  before  the  outer  angle,  and 
corresponding  to  the  outer  border  of  the  mesial  band  of  under  side,  is  a  black 
patch  of  loose  scales  ;  primaries  show  two  black  ocelli,  one  on  the  upper  dis- 
coidal  interspace,  large,  white-pupilled  ;  the  other  small,  usually  blind,  souu>times 
pupilled,  on  the  second  median  interspace ;  an  example  under  view  has  two 
additional  small  black  ocelli,  one  in  the  interspace  above  each  of  the  others ; 
.sectmdaries  have  a  small  ocellus,  either  blind  or  pupilled,  on  second  median  in- 
terspace ;  fringes  alternately  yellow-white  and  brown-hlack. 

Under  side  of  primaries  paler,  in  the  light  examples  im  lining  to  yellowish,  es- 
pecially beyond  the  cell ;  in  the  darker  ones  there  is  n  wash  of  brown  over  yel- 
low, and  the  cell  is  much  streaked  transversely  with  darker  brown  ;  costal  edge 
gray-white  streaked  black  ;  the  apex  gray  ;  hind  margin  witli  a  brown  border, 
wavy  on  the  inner  side,  the  outer  edge  black  ;  the  ocelli  repeated. 

Secondaries  gray-whitt  ove-  costal  margin  and  to  middle  of  cell,  yellowish  else- 
where, densely   irrorated   and   finely  and   transversely  streaked   with  light  and 


niioNonAs  X. 

tliiik  brown,  most  so  next  base  and  along  tlie  hind  margin  ;  tlio  mesial  l)nnil 
liroiid  iintt'riorly,  narrowed  to  ;ibout  one  half  on  the  posterior  part,  edged  on 
liotli  sides  by  black,  LIk-  interior  .'treaUed  us  on  tlie  basal  area;  in  the  examples 
viewed  there  are  two  styles  of  exterior  outline,  as  represented  in  lignres  2  and 
4  ;  one  showing  a  sharp  projection  at  the  elbow,  before  which  the  course  is  siiui- 
oMs,  after  tiie  licnd  crenated  on  second  median  interspace,  then  erose  to  margin; 
in  tiic  other  there  is  no  (dbow,  but  an  arch,  somewhat  flattened,  from  the  (irst 
Itranch  of  sub-costa.  to  lower  branch  of  median;  in  all,  the  basal  edge  oi  the 
band  lies  in  ii  double  curve,  largely  convex  on  the  sub-costal  nervure,  deepiv 
concave  on  the  median,  thence  to  in:ier  margin  wavy;  the  ocellus  repeated,  but 
reduced  ;  in  line  with  it  across  the  wing  a  ])ale  yellow  point  on  each  interspace. 

lindy  blackish  l)r()wn  above,  beneatii,  the  thorax  black,  abdomen  dark  gray- 
brown  ;  tlu!  femora  black,  tii)ia'  and  tarsi  reddish  yellow ;  palpi  with  many  long 
black  hairs;  anteniue  nd-brown ;  club  yellow-brown,  the  tip  ferruginous.    (l*'igs. 

Fe.mvf.k.  —  Expands  from  2f)  to  2.7  inches.  Upper  side  as  in  the  male,  vary- 
ing from  liglit  to  du.sky  brown.  Beneath  as  in  the  ntale,  but  some  examples 
have  a  !)roail  mesial  band  on  primaries  entirely  crossing,  dark  on  both  edges,  the 
portion  which  covers  the  cell  broiid,  with  a  spin-  along  the  nj)p-;r  median  ner- 
vule.  Mr.  Fli'tcher  says:  "  Th»,>  females  are  found  to  vary  very  much.  Most 
of  them  are  darker  than  the  males,  with  larger  ocelli,  anil  the  nervures  ahnost 
always  clearly  marked  out  with  black  ;  some,  however,  are  of  the  i)eautifnl  golden 
brown  of  C  ('(i/ifi))'»icn."  Figure  .'}  represents  the  latter  description.  It  had 
been  intendcil  to  give  om  of  the  darkest  females,  but  the  space  would  not  admit 
of  it.  U  may  !)e  done  on  a  later  I'late.  In  this  extreme  variety  there  is  a  sug- 
gestion of  ('liry.iHH,  or  rather  of  Cafaln. 


Kon.  —  Sub-conic;,  the  liase  flattened,  thougU  somewhat  rounded,  the  toi* 
rounded,  broadest  at  about  two  fif'.iis  the  distance  from  the  ba.se,  narrowing 
above  slight'.y,  the  sides  moderately  arched  ;  marked  l>y  from  seventeen  to 
iwenty-one  vertical  ribs  (examples  varying)  nun-h  like  those  of  Chryxits,  sonic- 
wlnit  sinuous,  a  few  branching  at  top  or  bottom  ;  these  ribs  are  narrow  at 
their  summits  and  rr)unded,  the  slopes  a  little  convex,  each  will,  many  fine  and 
irregular  excavations,  with  httle  intervening  ridges;  the  micropylu  is  in  the  cen- 
tre of  a  rosette  of  sjiallow  six-sided  cells,  the  boumlaries  of  which  are  raiscid  like 
threads;  outside  of  these  are  three  or  four  rows  of  larger  and  irregular  cells, 
three  to  six-sided,  and  beyond,  a  network  of  low  riflges  radiating  fi'om  central 
rounded  knobs,  much  a«  in  Uhlcri ;   in  .some  example:}  viewed  the  knobH  were 


(  IIIONOBAS   X. 


w.'intinj,',  l)iit  the  radiating  tlireadH  were  present  to  a  greater  or  loss  degree,  the 
(ills  soini'tiines  running  quite  to  the  ends  of  tlie  ribs  (the  ligure  represents  this 
liist-nientiopud  structure)  ;  color  gray-wliite.  i.Figs.  a,  o".)  Duration  of  this 
stage  about  twenty  days. 


YouNfi  Lakva.  —  Length,  at  six  hours  from  the  egg,  .1;]  inch;  shaped  as  in 
tlie  genus,  thickest  anteriorly,  tapering  from  2  to  8  shghtly  and  regularly  on 
liotli  dorsum  and  sides,  after  H  rapidly  on  dorsum,  arching  to  IH,  which  ends  in 
two  short,  sub-conical  tails  not  (piite  meeting  i  base;  the  tubercles  and  pro- 
ci'sses  the  same  in  nmnber,  position,  and  shape  as  in  ('/iri/xi(t<  and  the  other  spe- 
cies observed  (Fig.  6*,  process  from  3  to  middle  of  13);  color  at  first  pinkish 
white,  blue-gray  on  dorsum  and  over  the  anterior  segments  ;  two  days  from  the 
(.jrjr  gray-green,  the  lines  rcd-bn»wn  ;  the  basal  ridge  bulT,  and  beneath  it  an- 
oilier  brown  line;  under  side,  feet  and  legs  greenish  yellow;  head  as  in  the 
other  species  of  the  genus,  tnberculated  in  same  way  ;  color  at  first  greenish 
yellow,  later  didl  yellow.  (Figs.  '>  to  h*.)  To  next  moult,  nt  Coalburgh,  twelvi? 
days.  Mr.  Fletcher  gives  the  length  of  this  stage,  at  Ottawa,  lus  twenty -one 
day.s,  Mr.  Scndder,  at  Cambridge,  twenty-three  days. 


I     c 


After  first  moult :  length,  at  twelve?  hours,  .2  inch  :  nearly  the  same  shape  as 
I'foro ;  the  tuiicrcles  and  pro(:e.s.ses  as  in  ( 'hri/rus,  the  processes  short,  clublied, 
and  bent ;  color  yellow-bulT  with  a  tint  of  green  •,  the  dorsal  stripe  and  sub-dor- 
sal line,  ns  well  as  the  line  under  the  basal  ridge,  pale  brown  ;  tlie  lateral  band 
red-brown  on  a  green  grotmd  which  shows  o.i  (he  anterior  s(>gnients,  daik  along 
tiie  upper  edge ;  the  l)ulV  ot  the  dorsal  area  nuieh  streaked  longitudinally  and 
finely  by  red-brown;  a  |mle  green  bam!  runs  with  the  spiracles;  basal  ridge 
yellowish  ;  under  side,  feet  and  legs  greenish  yellow  ;  head  as  in  the  genus, 
sul>-globo8e,  indented,  tul)erculat«  il,  and  with  processes  like  those  on  the  body  ; 
the  dusky  vertical  strip<*s  as  usual  ;  color  gret'iiisb  yellow.  (Figs,  c  to  <•''.)  Du- 
ration of  this  stage  in  the  only  larva  which  reached  the  second  moult  the  san>e 
.season,  at  Coalburgh,  twenty-two  ilays  (  IS'.K)).  In  IHHH,  all  the  larva^  six  in 
number,  went  into  hibernation  after  the  first  moult;  so  all  larvte  have  behaved 
at  Ottawa. 


.Vfter  second  moult :  ength  at  twelve  hours,  .35  inch  ;  shape  as  at  the  l.ist 
previous  stage  ,  the  proees.scs  and  stripes  same,  except  that  the  lateral  stripe 
or  band  discovers  moin-  green ;  color  of  body  nearly  as  before,  but  more  yellow, 
le.xs  green;  head  »;•  before.  (Figs,  tl  to  (/'.)  Duration  of  this  atage  at  Ottawa,  in 
spring,  fifty-nine  days. 


CHIONOBAS   X. 


After  third  moult :  loiif;;tli  .5  inch  ;  scarcoly  differing  from  last  previous  wlngo. 
( KigH.  e  to  e'.)     Duriitioii  of  the  staje,  at  Ottawa,  twenty-three  clays. 

After  fourth  moult :  length,  .03  inch  ;  in  about  twenty  days  was  full-grown. 

iMATUitK  Lauva.  —  Length,  l.l.jinoli;  obese,  thiek  in  the  middle,  tapering 
about  equally  to  either  end  (2  of  the  same  diameter  as  12),  and  ending  in  two 
short  sub-conieal  tails,  whicii  meet  at  base  ;  surfaee  thiekly  covered  wi*!i  line. 
sul)-coni('al  tubercles  of  somewhat  irregular  size,  each  bearing  a  short  sjiiue  or 
tapering  process  ;  general  color  brown-buil',  striped  and  banded  longitudinally  ius 
in  the  genus  ;  the  jnid-dorsal  stripe  pale  black ;  the  lateral  band  black,  more 
or  less  disclosing  a  green  un<ler-color,  especially  on  anterior  half ;  the  spiiiu  u- 
lar  band  greenish  bull';  the  ridge  clear  bull';  under  side,  feet  and  legs  gniy- 
gieen  ;  In-ail  small,  as  in  the  geiuis,  sub-globose,  broadest  below,  narrowing 
very  little  towards  the  top,  slightly  depressed  at  the  suture ;  the  surface  thickly 
covered  with  shallow  indentations,  with  many  tubercles  and  processes  like  those 
on  the  body  ;  across  the  top  .six  dark  stri])es,  as  in  tlie  other  species  of  the  genus. 
(Kig.s.  /",  natural  size,/',  great!}'  eidarged,/'',  process  with  its  tubercle,/*,  head.) 
All  larva)  observed  have  died  before  pupation. 

MAcotrxii  was  originally  described  from  twelve  males  taken  by  Profes.-!or  John 
Macoun  "at  Nepigon,  on  the  Canadian  I'acilic  Kailwa}-,  at  the  northern  extrem- 
ity of  Lake  Superior.  In  the  lii.st  week  of  June,  1885,  the  «ame  collector  took  a 
male  and  two  females  at  a  fai'  distant  locality,  Morle\ .  in  the  district  of  Aibeita, 
lying  at  the  eastern  b.i.se  of  the  Hocky  Mountain.^.  Up  to  the  present  time  these 
are  the  only  known  stations  for  this  hand.some  species,  which,  in  .some  respects, 
is  the  nujst  renuirkable  of  the  whole  genus.  In  size  and  general  appearance  it 
approachi's  nearest  to  (J.  ('iilifiinitca,  but  the  sexual  bar.  such  a  conspicuous  fea- 
ture in  tile  males  of  Chionobas,  is  entirely  wanting  in  Mncounii.'  (Fletcher,  in 
In.sect  Life.) 

Mr.  Fletcher  and  Mr.  Scuilder  are  the  only  persons  beside  Professor  Macouii 
known  to  me  who  have  taken  this  butterflv.  and  1  shall  give  the  su!)slance  of 
Mr.  Fletcher's  account,  from  his  paper  in  the  IDtli  Iteport  of  the  Kniomological 
Society  of  Ontario.  "  Our  trip  was  made  in  the  beginning  of  July,  1888,  and  was 
froui  Ottawa  to  Nepigon  and  back.  Starting  from  the  hotel  at  Nepigon  near 
the  railway  and  going  down  to  the  Hud.son  Hay  post  is  a  tract  of  low  wood- 
lan<l,  and  beyoml  ibis  are  fields  and  meadows.  Turning  westwanl,  along  tin; 
track,  high  rocks  and  banks  soon  come  down  to  the  railway  on  the  right ;  but  to 
the   lift  are  low  woodu  with  open  grassy  glades  which  ut  once  tempt  the  ento- 


CHIONOBAS   X. 

moloi,nst.  Nor  will  ho  bo  disnppointod,  for  tliis  is  tlio  now  colohrnfcd  '  Macoun'H 
uliuk','  the  liomo  of  Chionobsis  Macouiiii,  mid  many  other  httie  heiuities.  Upon 
.hily  5th  we  reached  Ncpigon,  iit  12.20  v.  jr.,  and  by  1  o'clock  had  \nipackcd 
I  la-  necessary  apparatus,  disposed  of  dinner,  and  were  ready  to  start.  Wo  had 
pickod  up  half  a  dozen  empty  tomato  can.s,  and  havini^  removed  the  two  end.s, 
(overed  one  of  them  with  a  piece  of  netting  kept  in  place  by  an  elastic  band. 
.\fter  pa.sHing  a  deep  gully  a  few  hundred  yards  along  the  track,  we  turned  in 
liy  a  bridle  path  towards  Macoun's  glade.  In.sects  of  all  descriptions  were  in  the 
greatest  profusion.  In  no  place,  e.vcopt  perhaps  Vancouver's  Island,  have  I  seen 
.'^iich  enormous  numbers  of  specimens.  As  we  stei)])ed  into  the  pathway,  1  was 
carefully  pointing  out  to  my  companion  that  we  were  now  in  the  exact  spot 
where  the  original  ^fav(>unn  was  taken,  when  he  rushed  by  me  and  sprang  out 
Into  the  bushes,  exclaiming,  '  Ijook  out !  there  is  one  —  here  it  is! '  and  the  fir.st 
specimen  was  secured.  A  minute  later  I  had  another.  I  hail  been  at  Nepigon 
once  before  at  exactly  the  rigiit  senHon,  and  again  a  month  later,  but  had  not 
seen  a  specimen,  and  ha<l  begun  to  think  that  there  might  be  .some  mi.stake 
'>l)out  the  locality.  It  was  all  right  now,  though,  and  as  we  were  to  stay  a  week 
vj  felt  confident  of  getting  eggs.  We  took  four  more  males  that  day.  The 
most  important  part  of  an  afternoons  work  wa.s  settling  a  spot  for  our  cage.i.  In 
the  glade  was  a  great  prolusion  of  flowers  and  grasses,  a  few  spruces,  cedars,  and 
pines,  mixed  with  poplars,  aspens,  and  birches  —  all  which  were  dotted  about  in 
a  waving  8ea  of  gras.ses. 

"  On  the  0th  we  started  at  once  to  the  glade  with  the  sot  purpo.se  of  getting 
females,  and  were  successful.  As  we  stepped  info  the  glade,  there  sailed  away 
from  our  feet  n  light  brown  ifutterfly  with  black  stripes,  .so  mudi  the  si'/.o,  ap- 
pearance, and  graceful  flight  of  LimenitLs  Disippiia  as  almost  to  have  escaped 
our  notice.  Something  about  it,  however,  seemed  different,  and  a  few  steps  and 
a  twist  of  the  wrist  captured  our  first  specimen  of  the  fema'e  Muvounii.  During 
flic  day  we  secured  altogether  nine  females,  and  tied  the!-.i  in  three  cages  over 
clumps  of  grass,  Avena  striata.  When  wc  left  we  carried  away  with  us  upwards 
of  250  eggs,  which  wo  afterwards  distributed  to  every  one  we  knew  of  who 
would  take  the  troulile  to  rear  the  laivie."  These  collectors  l)y  no  nu'ans  con- 
fined their  attention  to  Afuronnii,  but  during  the  wejk  captured  many  other  rare 
species,  and  obtained  eggs  of  nine  or  ten  of  them. 


iMr.  Fletcher  has  kindly  written  for  this  paper  a  few  lines  on  the  habits  of 
MiirounU:  "it  lias  a  free  and  graceful  flight,  not  unlike  that  of  Limenitis  Z>i- 
"IppHf,  which  the  males  when  on  the  wing  closely  resemi)le.  The  females  are  of 
a  more  golden  yellow,  and  can  be  told  at  a  glance.     When  disturbed,  it  flies  off 


CHIONOHAS   X. 

nipidly  for  n  lonp  distanro,  after  the  manupr  of  the  Argynni<ls  AtlanCitt  and 
Aphrodik.  Wlieii  closely  ehased  it  will  soinetiinos  lly  over  the  hushes  or  hijrii 
over  the  trees.  It  is  deeideilly  ii  wood  hutterlly.  There  are  two  localities  at 
Nepigon  where  it  occurs.  The  first  of  these  is  a  clearing  surrounded  by  trees 
and  hushes,  and  it  is  almost  invariahly  among  the  Inishes  that  the  hutterlly  aji- 
])('ars.  When  undisturbed,  or  on  dull  days,  it  Hies  slowly  with  the  usual  ihop- 
ping  Satyrid  Hight,  and  fre([uently  alights  upon  the  leaves  or  upon  the  lichen- 
covered  trunks  or  boughs  of  the  trees.  When  the  wings  are  closed  and  tiie 
upper  ones  are  dro|)ped  l)etween  the  hind  ones  so  as  to  hide  the  conspicuous 
ocelli,  the  resemblance  to  the  lichens  is  so  complete  that  it  is  almost  impossible  to 
detect  the  insects.  They  are,  however,  very  wary  and  ditlicult  to  catch  when  so 
resting,  and  although  seeming  to  appreciate  the  protection  they  derive  from 
their  coloration  and  this  habit  of  resting  on  trees,  are  (juick  to  sail  away  at  the 
slightest  movement.  When  at  rest  on  leaves  they  can  be  easily  taken  by  a  <piick 
stroke  from  beneath. 

"  The  other  locality  is  in  open  spaces  along  a  path  which  runs  through  a 
peat-l)og.  thickly  wooded  with  high  bushes,  \.'illows,  spiked  nuiples,  etc.  Al- 
though there  are  high  rocks  near  at  hand,  this  hutterlly  seldom  leaves  the  pro- 
tection of  the  bushes,  it  i.s,  on  the  whole,  nn  extremely  local  insect,  rare,  railur 
hard  to  catch,  fragile,  and  short-lived,  the  sea-son  where  it  Hies  lasting  only  about 
ten  days  or  a  fortnight.  ' 

Mr.  Scudder  says,  Butt.  N.  E.  p.  1777  :  "The  hutterlly  has  a  very  dilTerent 
Might  from  that  of  some  species  of  the  genus,  and  belongs  properly  to  a  distinct 
section  from  Stnildcd,  and  one  to  whit^h  Jiittn  also  belongs  ;  its  moveitx'uts  are 
swift,  and  notwithstanding  their  Satyrid  character,  are  not  altogether  ludike 
those  of  IJasilarchia  Arc/iijijjits  (Limenitis  JJinijjjmH),  which  on  the  wing  it  much 
resembles." 

Mr.  Scudder  has  recently  written  nie  that  his  last  study  of  this  genus  brings 
him  to  regard  Mucdunii  as  nearest  Chryrus,  not  JuUu. 


Although  Messi.s.  Fletcher  and  Scudder  dist.ibuted  2;')0  eggs  of  Macoum'i,  as 
related,  no  one  exce])t  Mr.  Kletcher  succeeded  in  rearing  larva'  from  them  to 
nuiturity,  and  then  oidy  one  imlividual.  Nearly  ail  the  larva'  died  in  the  lirst 
stage.  From  eggs  obtained  by  Mr.  Fletcher  on  another  vi.sit  to  Nepigon,  in 
IS'JO,  he  got  two  adult  larva?  the  next  year,  l)ut  the.H?  as  well  as  the  adult  of 
1K<S'J  (lied  before  pupation.  1  received  about  forty  of  the  lirst  lot  of  eggs  on 
July  23d.  They  began  to  Imtch  tlie  next  day.  On  emerging,  the  larva  nibhli  ^' 
tin;  top  of  the  egg  in  a  circle  of  the  diameter  of  its  head,  but  leaves  a  narrow 
space  which  serves  for  a  hinge  as  the  flap  is  raised  ;  it  works  itsell"  out  slowly 


CHIONOBAS    X. 


iiiitl  with  apparent  difTiculty,  and  the  Map  falls  hack  to  its  place.  The  larva*  were 
put  on  blue  grass,  Poa  itratensis,  and  for  three  or  four  days  seemed  to  feed  well. 
On  oOlli,  a  .small  red  ant  was  discovered  eating  one  of  them,  and  on  investigat- 
ing, at  leaHt  a  Hoore  of  the  larvu5  were  nii.s.sing.  On  August  5th,  one  larva  passed 
till-  first  moult,  the  rest  partly  disappeared,  so  tint  on  August  27th  there  re- 
in.'iinetl  l)ut  six,  one  only  having  moiilted  1  sent  them  to  Clifton  Springs.  New 
York,  to  go  into  the  refrigerating  hou.so  there,  hut  in  April,  1.S8'.),  ail  were  dead. 

On  2Hth  July,  181)0,  1  received  six  more  eggs  from  Mr.  Fletcher,  and  they 
hutched  .'Jist.  On  August  7th,  there  ',va.s  but  one  larva,  and  it  pas,sed  its  first 
moult  on  ItJlh  ;  was  .sent  to  Mrs.  Peart,  and  passed  its  second  moult  while  with 
licr,  and  I  received  it  again  in  hibernation  in  November.  It  was  left  on  a 
sliatled  porch,  under  a  net ;  was  observed  to  be  active  on  a  mild  day,  last  of 
February,  18'JI,  and  fed.  It  died  late  in  April,  not  having  reached  the  third 
moult. 

Mr.  Fletcher,  in  Insect  Life,  gives  his  experience  :  "  The  eggs  hatched  in 
three  weeks,  and  notwithstanding  the  larvif  ate  rerdily  of  all  the  gras.ses  and 
sedges  olfered  them,  there  was  great  mortality  among  them.  They  hatched 
July  27,  1888,  ])a.s.sed  first  moult  August  17tli.  grew  very  little,  and  liibernated 
after  first  moult.  They  were  left  out  of  doors  upon  a  living  plant  of  Cnrex 
pedunculata,  and  rested  ex|)osed  upon  the  leaves,  where  they  finished  feeding 
without  any  protection  and  without  spinning  any  web.  During  Fei)ruary,  I88lt, 
iimch  snow  fell,  and  they  were  covered  by  fotn-  feet  of  it  until  the  middle 
of  March.  When  the  spring  opened  three  larva'  revived,  but  only  one  would 
tit'd  ;  this  passed  its  second  moult  April  15th,  the  third  June  1.3th.  the  fourth 
.lidy  0th.  As  with  many  other  gra.ss  feeder.s,  this  caterpillar  furni.shes  a  good 
instance  of  protective  mimicry,  it  is  extremely  sluggish  in  its  habits,  generally 
fi'cding  very  early  in  the  morning,  and  then  resting  for  several  liours,  head 
ilownward,  at  the  ba.se  of  the  tuft  of  sedge,  where  the  color,  sha|)e,  and  longitu- 
dinal stripes  give  an  exact  resemblance  to  the  tieiid  leaves  and  .scales  always 
found  at  the  base  of  these  plants.  The  distinct  dor.sid  and  lateral  stripes  divide 
the  body  into  widths  c'(|ual  to  the  leaves,  and  the  faint  sub-dorsal  and  stigmatal 
ii.ies  indicate  the  midribs,  whilst  ninny  smiill  black  dots  around  these  lines  not 
!i  little  resemble  the  minute  parasitic  fungi  which  .«"(»  often  discolor  the  leaves  of 
grasses,'' 

In  the  la.st  of  July,  1889,  Mr.  F'letcher  carried  this  larva,  then  arlnlt.  to  Wash- 
ington, where  Mi.ss  Sullivan,  of  the  Kntomological  .section  of  the  Agricultural 
Department,  made  a  drawing  of  it  which  appeared  in  Insect  ^Ai^\  Mr.  Fletcher 
wrote  nie  from  Washington  :  "  My  MaconnU  larva  is  full  grown,  and  although 
still  feudiutf  1  daily  expect  pupation."     From  Ottawa,  August  5lh  :  "The  larva 


CIIIONOBAS   X. 

is  II  puzzle  to  mo.  It  eats  a  little,  but  is  just  the  same  ai*  it  was  when  I  went 
away."  Augu.st  2.')(1  :  *•  This  larva  <^ets  suialler  and  li<(liter  in  color  daily."  Sei*- 
teiuhiT  lOlh:  "  It  is  evidently  in  !iii)ernation  ;  has  ceased  lee<iing,  is  pallid  and 
much  contracted,  but  healthy  looking,  and  holds  on  to  its  .sedge  bravely."  Oc- 
tol)ei-  25th:  "Is  in  hibernation  and  in  good  condition."  April  llth:  "  My 
Mticoiiiiii  is  .still  frozen  in."  .Inne  llth:  "  It  died  this  spring;  was  perfectly 
.sounil  on  the  smiw  going,  but  two  days  after  the  snow  uielteil  away  from  it,  and 
while  1  was  away  from  lu)me,  the  mercury  suddenly  dropped  very  low,  and  the 
larva  began  to  discolor,  anil  soon  was  dead."  1  have  given  those  particulars,  as 
they  .show  that  this  larvn  hibernated  twice,  and  that  its  existence,  had  it  pupated 
the  .second  sjiring,  wouiil  have  liilcd  two  years. 

in  IS'JO,  Mr.  Fletcher  succeeded  in  getting  two  larva)  through  the  winter,  and 
they  readied  the  adult  stage  ,Tuly.  iS'Jl.  He  .'<ent  one  of  them  to  Mrs.  I'eart. 
will)  made  colort'd  drawings  of  it,  from  which  the  (iguri;s  on  our  Plate  are  taken. 
This  larva  was  returned  in  Septend»er,  an<l  both  from  their  appearance  were  ex- 
|)ected  to  pupate  within  the  month.  They  however  went  again  into  lethargy. 
On  .March  Till.  I  SI  rj,  .Mr.  Fletcher  wrote  :  ••  All  the  larvii  are  ilead.  My  two- 
year  old  J/kcoiiiiu  that  went  into  winter  (juarters  in  good  condition  dead  like  the 
rest!"  In  another  letter:  "I  am  sure  that  \)o{h  Mncoviiii  and  Jiitki,  at  Ne- 
pigon,  re(|uire  two  years  between  egg  anil  imago.  Kggs  are  never  laid  there 
till  the  lirst  week  in  .Inly;  they  h.itcli  in  .Mbont  .seventeen  days,  ami  only  have 
time  lo  pa.ss  their  lirst  moult  that  sea.son.  Spring  does  not  come  on  and  snow 
leave  the  woods  before  June  1st.  The  larvii>  nuist  therefore  be  ready  to  pupate 
;it  once  on  the  nudting  of  the  snow,  or  they  would  not  luive  time  for  the  pupa- 
to  give  l)Utterllies  that  \  ear.  ' 


KXI'LANAl'ION   OF  THE  PLATK. 

.M.\ri)i Ml,  I,  •.>.  i  ;  .t,  I,    9. 

II    Kiiii ;  <!-'  uiiLTopylu. 

'.,  Ii'  ViifNii  I.AiiVA  ;  />•  Iii»t  -.".tmi'tits  ;  b*  proci!.''»  on  liwly  ;  Ifi  \u-m\. 

c,  I-'   l.:liv;l  III  (ir^l   llliillll  ;   .»  lirail. 

(/,  ./'  Lurvii  lit  '24  iiiiMili  ;  ,1'  li<'a<l. 

( ,  r-  r,;irva  :it  :li|  ininili  ;  -  ■'  lir;i>l. 

y  .Viliilt  i.arva,  imlurul  nUu  ;  /'  ^alll^•,  ■  iilti');utl  ;  /'  |>rutv>9  of  f[i\\n-  011  liuJ)-  ;  J  *  Uoail. 


went 

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A  STARTS      1    ^     J       '4     .,  ALBEIRTA         ■^    U 


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«5:   ' 


ARGYNNIS  VIT. 


ARGYNNIS  ASTAUTK,   1-1. 


ArfifinniK  Antnrti',  Dniil.li'ilny  nnil  llcwilnnn.  Milihto  .\Mnrl<\  Dniil.l.  anil  lli'w..  ("loncrii  of  Dliiriml  I.t'|ii- 
ilopliTa,  |)1.  :i;i,  li'_'. ,'..  Arijiiwiii  Aslmlf,  id.,  Vol.  I.,  |>,  l«l  (fuoliiuti!  ')•  "*'■'<•  lic/.irid,  KdwiinlH,  Caimdiaii 
Kntomoloi,'i»l,  Vol.  XXIll.,  p.  i:in.     l«!'l. 

M.vi.K.  —  Kxpimtls  two  inches. 

Upper  side  palo  lulvoiis;  priinnrios  a  little  ob.scureil  next  Ij.ise,  secondaries 
liirjfoly,  the  darit  area  covoriii;.;  nearly  half  the  winj^  ;  the  hlack  markings  on 
liotii  wings  ratiier  iieavy  ;  a  common  lilaek  marginal  honler,  niurow  on  prima- 
ries, one  third  wider  on  secondaries;  a  common  series  (»f  small  .>^ul>-marginal 
spots,  snh-oval  on  primaries,  crescent  on  secondaries,  on  neitiier  wing  touching 
tlie  marginal  bonier  ;  the  ronnded  sjuits  largest  on  primaries  ;  the  discal  angular 
liand  heavy  on  primaries,  light  on  secondiiries  ;  a  bar  on  arc  of  cell  of  primaries, 
another  crcssing  the  cell  a  little  within,  a  ronnded  elongated  s])ot  depending 
from  sidwostal  nervm-e,  and  a  crescent  near  base;  in  the  siilnnedian  interspace 
an  angular  cross-i)ar  ;  on  secomlaries  a  V-shaped  spot  at  the  end  ot  cell. 

Under  side  of  prinniries  faded  fulvous,  brownish  over  the  ba.sal  part  of  cell ; 
.small  patches  of  orange-ferruginous  in  the  sub-costal  interspaces;  the  markings 
repeated,  reduced,  pale  ;  secondaries  v,..  nge-ferruginou.s,  deepest  next  base  ;  a 
marginal  black  line,  within  which  is  a  Heavier  parallel  one  ;  next  this  on  each 
interspace  a  small  yellowish  patch,  which  cros.scs  the  inner  line   nearly  or  (luito 

'  Tilt!  f<)otni)ti'  rcfiTrcil  to  rcmls:  "  Mclilioft  Astitrle,^. 'i\  (\'i.  U,  in  rii  Arsyiiiiis.  1  wa.<  inisliMl  liy  tliu 
inaikinjjs  of  tin:  iimliT  surfai-f,  wliidi  ri'scmbli!  tlin.sn  of  tlic  lirst  spccir'!  of  the  pri'jcnt  (;cnii!<  (Melllii-a 
Miilurnii),  Oclis."  On  pa;;i'  K.'iis  yivrn  "No.  lH,  Ar^'Miiiis,  ii.  i>|i.,  Uoiky  Moiiiil.-iiiis,  North  Anicrlra." 
Dr.  H.  S.  Skinner,  who  l;as  kindly  lookcil  tlii.i  malKr  \ip  fur  in.',  «ay»:  "  'riic  spiiiis  is  li.Mirril  only  as  to  its 
upper  siilc.  It  is  not  MienlioiM'd  in  eitlirr  the  Ap^ynnis  or  the  Melilu-a  lists  in  tlie  work,  lint  in  a  f.iojnote,  on 
yiv^M  IMl,  in  fine  print  I'n  '  ■  Melilivtt,  is  the  mention  I  <piole  aliove."  Mr.  Klwes,  Trans.  KnI.  .Soc.  Load., 
Dee.  1HH!»,  says;  '^Astnile  in  ii:  almost  unknown  speiies,  whieli  was  disi'overeil  in  some  part  of  lirilish 
("olnndiia,  perhaps  in  tli  Tai^ci.'  Afonnlains,  many  years  n^jo,  hy  some  of  Lord  Derliy's  eolleclors.  I  he 
l\pe  is  in  the  Hrili.sli  A?ni  I'O  "'  Vliere  this  information  was  obtained  does  not  appear;  hut  Douhleday  evi- 
dintlv  knew  nulhinj'  of  it  i  .  1S!h. 


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23  WEST  MA;N  jTREET 

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ARGYNNIS   VII. 

to  tlie  inurgin,  and  on  basal  side  of  it  are  a  few  black  scales,  which,  in  the  two  or 
three  posterior  interspaces,  take  crescent  shiipe  ;  the  round  spots  of  upper  side 
repeated  ;  close  above  these  is  a  narrow  transverse  band  of  connected  yellow- 
white  crescents,  not  well  defined,  each  with  scattered  black  scales  at  the  top  ; 
across  the  disc,  a  broad  angular  band  of  yellow-white,  with  something  of  a  niar- 
garitaccous  sheen,  edged  on  both  sides  rather  heavily  by  Ijlack  ;  this  band  may  be 
considered  a  chain  of  spots,  as  the  separating  nervules  are  black,  and  the  one  in 
the  cell  is  jjrolonged  nearly  to  the  yellow  band,  and  cut  almost  in  two  by  tiic 
black  bar  on  tlic  arc  of  tlie  cell;  the  deep  orange  space  beyond  the  band  dis- 
covers no  spot  except  a  small  whitish  triangle  in  the  cell ;  at  the  base,  whitisli 
patches  at  the  tops  of  the  interspaces,  which  are  dusted  with  black,  the  posterior 
ones  also  edged  without  by  black. 

Body  red-brown  above,  the  abdomen  beneath  gray-yellow  ;  legs  red ;  palpi 
have  long  red  frontal  hairs,  among  which  are  a  few  black  ;  antenni\3  fuscous  above, 
red  below;  club  black,  tip  ferruginous.     (Figs.  1,  2.) 

Fkmalk.  —  Expands  2.1  inches. 

The  Ijlack  markings  heavier,  ti>e  inner  marginal  line  of  the  male  has  become 
diffuse,  —  a  band;  color  as  in  the  male.     (Figs.  ;},  4.) 


This  species  was  described  by  me,  in  1891,  as  A.  Victoria,  from  a  single  male 
furnished  by  Mr.  Bean.  lie  did  not  suspect  that  it  could  be  Astartc  of  Double- 
day,  which,  though  attributed  to  the  Rocky  Mountains  by  that  author,  was  cata- 
logued by  Mr.  Kirby,  in  1871,  <is  belonging  to  Jamaica.  Doubleday  had  not 
described  Astdiic,  but  gave  a  figure  of  tlie  upper  side  only,  which  in  the  genus 
Argynnis  is  not  the  distinguishing  side.  Moreover,  he  had  taken  it  at  Hrst  for  a 
Melitiea.  The  type,  however,  was  in  the  British  Museum,  and  on  sending  an 
example  of  Victoria,  which  was  fin-nished  by  Prof.  Edward  T.  Owen,  and  taken 
by  him  at  Laggan,  in  1S9.S,  to  Mr.  A.  G.  Butler,  he  compared  it  with  the  typo, 
and  pronounced  the  two  to  be  one  species  beyond  a  doubt.  It  is  remarkable 
that  the  single  specimen  should  have  been  taken  so  long  ago  as  1848,  and 
how  much  earlier  is  not  known ;  and  that  no  other  example  of  the  species  should 
have  been  noticed  till  18SS.  Antarte  is  not  closely  related  to  any  other  Xortii 
American  species  of  Argynnis,  though  it  has  alHnities  with  the  C'liaricha  sub- 
group in  the  discal  band  of  the  under  side  of  secondaries. 

Mr.  ]5ean  writes  me  of  the  localities  and  habits  of  this  species  as  follows  :  — 
'•  AsTAiiTE  is  at  present  known  only  from  the  mountains  on  the  eastern  face  ol 
the   Bocky  Mountain  central  range,  in  the  Bow  Valley,  on  the  western  edge  of 
Alberta  Province,  latitude   5F  25'.      It  occurs  on   two  mountains  near  Laggau. 


AUGYMNIS   VII. 


one  of  them  three  miles  southwest,  in  the  main  range,  tiie  other  a  low  smooth 
mountain  directly  north  of  Laggan.  Upon  each  Aslartc  has  two  established 
resorts,  the  two  highest  and  most  definite  sununits.  These  summits,  on  the 
mountain  first  mentioned,  are  respectively  at  8,500  feet  and  8,000  feet.  On  the 
mountain  north  of  Laggan  the  two  peaks  have  altitudes  of  8,000  and  7,000  feet. 
On  the  inferior  summit  of  this  mountain  I  found  the  species,  in  1888.  On  either  of 
these  four  high  points  males  maybe  seen  on  most  fine  days  in  the  proper  season. 
The  mountain  south  of  Laggan  proves  to  be  the  better  locality.  The  male  has  tiie 
same  preference  for  ultimato  peaks  so  observable  in  the  male  of  our  local  alpine 
(Jliionobas  near  to  Suh/ii/alliia,  Curtis  (figured  on  the  plate  of  Chionobas  VIIL  as 
Siihhyalina),  but  it  is  noticeable  that  while  the  Chionobas  is  often  content  with 
aluio.st  any  knife-edge  oi  rock-waste  on  a  mountain  ridge,  if  above  7,500  feet,  for 
Asfurte  nothing  will  answe'  except  the  tops  of  the  peaks.  A  subordinate  sum- 
mit, if  sufficiently  isolated,  may  attract  a  few,  but  the  crown  of  the  highest  peak 
\vill  be  the  permanent  play-ground  of  'he  male,  year  after  year.  The  fiight  of 
the  male  is  exceptionally  swift.  lie  surges  up  over  the  edge  of  the  peak  in  a 
wild  rush,  witli  wings  in  constant  racing  action,  and  takes  a  whirl  or  two  across 
the  plateau,  rousing  into  transient  vigor  every  sleepily  careened  Chionobas.  His 
curiosity  and  nervous  energ3^  satisfied,  he  executes  an  expert  half-turn  in  mid- 
air, and  dashing  oft'  at  a  tangent,  drops  out  of  sight  over  the  cliff  wall,  while 
each  somnolent  Chionobas  .settles  down  again  upon  his  chosen  boulder,  and,  with 
closed  wings,  tilted  at  an  angle  of  45",  leans  sidewise,  like  a  ship  under  a  press  of 
sail. 

"  Astarte  seems  .always  on  the  lookout  for  an  entomologist,  whose  advent  is 
carefully  noted,  and  at  any  approach  of  such  a  monster  neiirer  than  about  fifteen 
feet,  its  wings  rise  to  lialf-mast,  vibrate  there  a  doubtful  instant,  and  away  goes 
the  butterfly,  making  sure  of  its  safety  while  it  is  safe.  (This  necessarily  refers 
to  the  male.) 

"  The  altitude  I'ange  for  this  species,  so  far  as  observed,  extends  from  6,700 
to  8,500  feet.  The  former  figure  is  closely  the  altitude  of  Agnes  Lake,  where 
both  sexes  of  Astarte  occurred  in  1892.  At  8,500  feet,  also,  the  female  has  been 
found,  and  it  is  at  that  altitude  the  male  is  most  frequently  seen.  When  I  have 
met  with  either  sex  at  elevations  intermediate  between  these  extremes,  it  has 
usually  been  along  some  stony  gully  or  rocky  ridge  leading  from  the  crest  of 
the  mountains. 

"  The  Bow  Valley  timber  line  being  7,000  feet,  and  that  of  Colorado  averaging 
at  least  11,000,  shows  a  margin  of  4,000  feet  at  timber  line.  Considering  only 
latitude  as  a  cause  of  difference,  acting  uniformly  at  all  altitudes,  then  8,500  feet 
here  equals  an  altitude  of  12,500  in  Colorado.  But  it  is  my  belief  that  the 
climatic  difference  between  the  two  districts  increases  rather  abruptly  at  ii  cer- 


ARGYNNIS   VII. 


tain  altitude.  For  there  i.s  a  secondary  cause  of  diffei'ence  in  the  vastly  greater 
area  of  permanent  alpine  snow-lields  here  than  in  Colorado,  and  this  cause  Mould 
act  much  more  powej-fuliy  at  8,000  feet  and  above  than  at  timber  line.  Tiie 
consequence  of  this  would  be,  and  I  believe  is,  that  the  habitable  belt  does  not 
extend  so  high  above  timl)er  line  here  as  in  Colorado.  1  think  it  likely  that 
8,500  feet  here  would  be  equivalent  to  an  altitude  in  Colorado  of  14,000  feet." 
(It  would  appear  by  this  that  Argynnis  Jlelena  of  Colorado,  which  frequents  the 
loftiest  peak>-,  and  Astarte  in  Alberta,  live  at  equivalent  altitudes;  so  also  Chio- 
nobas  CEi,'^,  in  Colorado,  and  C.  SuhliynHna,  in  Alberta.  Mr.  Bruce  tells  me 
that  the  habits  of  Ilehmi  are  very  much  the  same  as  Mr.  Bean  describes  those  of 
Astarte.  W.  H.  E.)  Mr.  Bean  continues  :  "  There  seems  to  me  little  doubt  that 
the  usual  home  of  this  butterfly  is  among  the  boulder-strewn  ledges  on  the  upper 
slopes  of  the  mountains,  and  chiefly  within  a  few  hundred  feet  of  the  summit 
altitude.  This  is  indicated  by  the  fact  that  the  males,  though  not  flying  about 
the  peak  tops  so  freely  at  midday  as  during  the  morning  hours,  often  become 
active  again  later  in  the  day,  and  seem  as  abundant  toward  the  end  of  the  after- 
noon as  in  the  morning.  It  is  my  impression  that  but  few  of  these  butterflies 
are  matiu'cd  in  a  season  upon  any  one  mountain,  and  that  nearly  all  the  males 
are  very  frequent  visitors  to  the  summits  in  their  vicinity.  The  female  has  no 
apparent  preference  for  these  extreme  heights.  She  does  not  devote  her  valu- 
able time  to  racing  madly  across  windy  summits  for  the  mere  nonsense  of  the 
thing. 

"  Tiie  male  appears  most  freely  during  the  last  week  in  July,  and  two  or  three 
days  in  August.  New  females  have  been  found  July  24th,  31st,  August  2d  and 
3d,  also  September  17th.  Females  much  worn  were  taken  August  2d  and  Sep- 
tember ITth,  indicating  emergence  respectively  about  August  12th  to  15th,  and 
September  5tii  to  10th.  My  dates,  including  both  sexes,  show  a  term  of  emer- 
gcuce  lasting  from  thirty  to  about  sixty  days,  according  to  the  season. 

"  The  food  plant  is  not  known,  but  it  is  probably  not  violet,  or  the  butterfly 
would  have  been  noticed  in  those  parts  of  the  lower  slopes  where  the  yellow 
violet  grows ;  and  Jiere  my  collecting  has  been  through  the  last  two  seasons. 

"Examining  my  Astarte  series,  selected  to  illustrate  the  biological  method  of 
the  species,  1  find  a  basis  for  the  following  statements :  — 

"  Melanochroism  does  not  occur. 

"  The  figure-pattern  is  not  diflerentiated  for  sex  ;  marked  uniformity  obtains, 
especially  among  the  males.  The  females  are  usually  moderately  larger  than 
the  males,  and  a  little  more  variable  in  expanse  of  wing. 

"  Non-typical  tendencies  in  figuration  appear  to  be  somewhat  rigorously  sup- 
pressed. The  fixed  lines  of  pattern  are  maintained  with  approxim.ate  precision, 
variation  being  restricted  to  narrow  limits,  so  that  throughout  the  series  the 
flgure  pattern  is  extremely  formal,  definite,  and  uniform  " 


ARGYNNIS  VII. 


ARGYNNIS  ALBERTA,   5-8 

Argi/nnis  Alberta,  Edwards,  Ciuiadian  Entomolo<;ist,  Vol.  XXII.,  ji.  11.'!.     1890. 

Beloxos  to  the  Charldea  sub-group. 

Male.  —  Expands  1.9  inch. 

Upper  side  pale  yellow-fulvous  ;  the  markings  closely  as  in  A.  Helena,  but 
reduced,  pale  black;  the  mesial  stripes  on  both  wings  interrupted,  macular;  the 
extra-discal  rounded  spots  on  primaries  minute,  the  sub-marginal  crescents  want- 
ing, represented  by  small  clusters  of  scales  at  the  summits  only,  leaving  a  clear 
space  to  the  margin,  which  is  edged  by  an  even  stripe ;  on  secondaries  the 
rounded  spots  are  larger,  and  so  are  the  clusters  of  scales ;  the  marginal  border 
is  extended  on  each  nervule  so  as  to  encroach  on  and  make  narrow  the  clear 
space. 

Under  side  of  primaries  pale  red-brown,  uniform  throughout ;  the  black  mark- 
ings obsolescent  or  altogether  wanting.  Secondaries  brown,  the  extra-discal 
area  paler,  with  an  indefinite  yellow-white  stripe  next  above  the  rounded  spots ; 
the  sub-marginal  lunules  yellow-white  and  confluent ;  across  the  disc  a  belt  of 
same  form  as  in  Charldea  and  Helena,  pale  yellow-brown,  obscured  in  the  median 
interspaces.     (Figs.  5,  6.) 

Female.  —  Same  expanse. 

Upper  side  brown,  dusky,  ob,scure,  sometimes  of  a  slaty  hue  rather  than  brown, 
and  always  with  a  peculiar  smooth  surface  suggestive  of  grease  imperfectly 
removed;  the  markings  pale,  difl'iise  ;  the  mesial  stripe  on  primaries  has  here 
become  a  broad  band,  and  the  clusters  of  scales  are  merged  in  a  continuous 
stripe  ;  on  secondaries  all  the  markings  about  the  base  and  on  the  disc  are  obso- 
lescent ;  the  outer  clusters  of  scales  large  and  diffuse,  and  the  margin  is  edged 
by  a  crenated  band.     Under  side  as  in  the  male.     (Figs.  7,  8.) 


ARGYNNIS    VU. 

Egg.  —  Conoidiil,  mucli  rounded  at  base,  the  lop  truncated  and  a  little  de- 
pressed ;  the  breadth  and  height  ivhno.st  equal,  broadest  at  about  two  fifths  tlie 
distance  from  base,  the  sides  much  arched,  after  the  middle  narrowing  upwards 
rapidly,  the  top  rather  less  than  half  the  breadth  below  ;  marked  by  abont  forfv 
vertical  ribs,  thin,  but  sliglitly  elevated,  often  straight,  sometimes  slightly  sinu- 
ous, eiglit  or  ten  of  them  ending  at  from  one  third  to  two  thirds  from  base,  there 
joining  the  long  ribs  ;  the  ends  at  top  do  not  form  a  serrated  rim  as  in  many 
species  ;  between  the  ribs  tlie  rounded  depressions  are  crossed  by  many  low  hori- 
zontal ridges  ;  the  micropyle  is  in  the  centre  of  a  rosette  of  flattened  five-sided 
cells,  and  beyond  are  three  or  four  rows  of  irregularly  five-sided  large  shallow 
cells  to  the  rim ;  color  when  first  laid,  pale  yellow.  (Figs,  a,  a".)  Duration  of 
this  stage  ten  days. 

This  species  discovers  a  greater  number  of  ribs  than  any  which  1  have  ol)- 
served.  Frci/a  comes  next,  with  .SO ;  Chdriclea,  30  to  34  ;  Helena,  32  ;  while 
Monthms  has  but  25  ;  Frirj'ja,  20  to  22 ;  Bellona,  21  or  22  ;  Triclaris,  20 ; 
3fij)'l)ia,  15  or  10. 

Young  Larva.  —  Length,  .00  inch. 

Cylindrical,  of  even  size  from  2  to  8,  then  tapering  on  both  dorsum  and  side 
very  gradually  to  13  ;  each  segment  well  rounded ;  color  yellow-brown,  pale  in 
lino  of  the  spiracles  ;  marked  by  eight  longitudinal  rows  of  dark,  flattened,  tuber- 
culous spots,  three  above  and  one  below  the  spiracles  on  either  side ;  the  spots 
sub-triangular,  or  oval  or  rounded,  in  the  upper  rows  bearing  two  small  blackish 
tubercles,  from  each  of  which  springs  a  long,  tapering  hair,  thickened  at  the 
end  ;  on  the  anterior  segments  these  hairs  are  turned  forward,  on  the  middle  are 
nearly  upright,  on  the  last  are  turned  back ;  on  dorsum  of  2  is  a  long  and  broad 
oval  spot  corresponding  with  the  four  upi)erinost  rows,  with  four  hairs  along  the 
front  and  one  behind  and  between  each  pair  of  these  ;  the  spot  on  this  segment 
of  tlie  third  row  has  two  hairs,  but  the  next  two  have  three,  and  these  three 
spots  are  a  little  below  the  line ;  on  2,  also,  in  front  of  the  spiracle,  are  two  short 
hairs  in  vertical  line  ;  the  spots  below  the  spiracles  are  rounded,  and,  except  that 
on  13,  have  four  divergent  hairs  on  each  from  4  to  12,  three  on  3  and  4  ;  along 
the  base  is  a  line  of  minute  tui)ercles  with  very  short  hairs,  on  2  and  13  two 
each,  on  the  rest  but  one  ;  under  side  pale  yellow-brown ;  feet  and  legs  color  of 
body  ;  head  obovoid,  bilobed,  dark-brown,  .shining,  with  many  short  hairs.  (Fig. 
h.)  The  larvtv)  went  into  lethargy  at  once  from  the  egg,  and  died  during  the 
winter. 


This  species  was  discovered  by  Mr.  Thomas  E.  Bean,  who  has  kindly  written 
for  me  an  account  of  its  habits  and  localities  as  follows  :  — 


AKGYNNIS   VII. 


"  Argynnis  Alberta  occurs  on  the  mountaitiH,  near  Latfgaii,  witli  Colias  Nasta^, 
Clirysophamis  Snoioi,  Argynniw  Astartc,  and  the  alpine  Cliionobas  near  Subliiju- 
I'nin,  Curtis.     In  1890,  1  took  one  pair  on  a  mountain  near  Ilector,  15.  C,  two 
miles  went  of  the  Alberta  Province  line.     On  that  mountain    lives    Cliionobas 
/Irnrel,  never  yet  observed  at  Laggan,  only  nine  miles  distant.     Alberta  i're- 
iiuents  the  upper  slopes  and  slides  ot  the  mountains,  at  strictly  alpine  elevations; 
the  females  often  being  found  higher  on  the  inclines   than  the  males.     When 
Miildenly  disturbed,  the  female  is  liable  to  rise  high  and  convey  herself  tnmultn- 
onsly  half  across  a  mountain.     Hi.bitually,  however,  and  unvexed,  her  flight  is 
(li'iiberatc,  and  she  alights   frequently.     She  has  a  certain  dignity  of  manner 
which  commands   respect.     An  air  of  speculation  marks  her,  denoting  a  mind 
preoccupied  with  problems.     The  male  spends  much  of  his  time  flying  slowly 
and  searchingly  down   the  .slides,  so  close  to  the  ground  that  he  almost  seems 
Liliding  on  the  surface.     He  is  less  easily  caught  than  t!ie  female,  except  when 
lit  flowers.     Both  male  and  female  fly  very  low,  and  on  alighting  rest  with  wings 
spread  flat  on  the  ground,  which  is  the  approved  mode  among  our  local  species 
111'  Argynnis  and  Parnassius.     Even  Astarle  follows  the  prevailing  fashion,  but  it 
is  far  more  wary  and  alert  than  Alherta.     Considering  relatively  these  two  spe- 
cies, the   comparison  is  suggestive  in  view  of  their  community-  of  habitat  and 
their  respective  relationship  to  other  species  in  the  genu.s.     In  habits  of  flight, 
and  in  topographical  preferences,  they  are  distinctly  unlike.     They  differ  greatly 
in  regard  to  pictorial  differentiation  for  sex.     And  it  seems  about  a  proved  fact 
that  one  of  these  species  is  diverse  from  the  other  in  important  details  of  devel- 
opment, Alhcrla  having  a  biennial   imago,  appearing  in  the  even-digitcd  years, 
while  Astarle  presents  the  imago  yearly.     According  to  my  experience,  Alherta 
is  on  the  wing  only  in  alternate  years.     I  have  searched  its  territory  during  six 
summers,  1888  to  1893  inclusive.     In  1888  it  was  first  found,  and  was  met  next 
i.i   1890,  and  then  in  1892;  but  in  the  intermediate  seasons,  1889,  1891,  1893, 
none  were  seen.     I  find  no  mention  of  any  other  butterfly  conditioned  by  a  simi- 
lar lapse  of  the  imago  with  the  exception  of  Cliionobas  Aello.    The  species  seems 
to  be  characterized  by  a  twice-hibernating  larva,  and  meanwhile  conditioned  in 
its  secular  progress  by  causes  wdiich   restrict  its  cycles  of  development  to  one 
unvarying  periodicity.     This  undeviating  periodic  mode  results  in  '  off-years'  for 
the  imago.     As  an  illustration  :  the  females  of  1888  Avill   have  laid  their  eggs 
and  died,  before  winter.     The  young  larv;i>  hibernating  under  the  ample  protec- 
tion of  the  snow,  the  larvto  feed  during  the  summer  of   1889,  and  hibernate  still 
another  winter.     In  the  sununer  of  1890  they  mature,  and  in  quick  succession 
follow  chrysalis  and  imago.     Again,  during  a  few  lirief  days,  Alherta  flowers  out 
in  its  dark  beauty  along  the  alpine  cscarpment.s,  and  passes  the  time  of  day  with 


ARGYNNIS   VII. 


the  commonplace  evorv-yenr  Ijiittorllies,  and  hides  away  her  oggs  shrewdly  hero 
and  there  for  the  benelit  of  posterity.  Thus  is  one  cycle  completed  and  another 
established. 

"  I  am  reluctant  to  assert  the  strictly  biennial  imago  as  a  demonstrated  fact, 
yet  its  probability  is  greatly  supported  by  careful  observations  made  in  1891  uiid 
1893,  as  also  by  the  fact  that  I  had  no  dilllculty  in  finding  the  butterlly  in  18U() 
and  1892.  According  to  this  view,  the  species  has  a  triennial  cycle  of  development 
and  is  subject  to  an  astonishing  fixedness  of  habit,  by  force  of  which  an  archaic 
periodicity  is  steadily  and  exclusively  maintained,  resulting  in  restriction  of  the 
secular  progress  of  the  species  to  a  single  stream,  and  therel)y  limiting  the  imago 
to  a  biennial  lliglit.  Admitting  an  imago  strictly  biennial,  the  restrictive  perio- 
dicity seems  unavoidably  implied.  It  is  diflicult  to  understand  why,  in  a  long 
series  of  considerably  variant  summers,  Alherta  should  not  have  been  able  in 
some  favoring  season  to  steal  a  march  on  fate  by  maturing  a  few  individuals 
earlier  than  the  mass,  thus  capturing  for  the  imago  the  barren  years,  and  start- 
ing a  supplementary  stream  of  secular  progress  in  cycles  of  development  begin- 
ning and  ending  on  the  odd  years,  as  1891,  189.3,  etc. 

"  Alberta  inhabits  a  very  limited  altitude  range,  and  this  is  the  only  fact  known 
to  me  which  helps  to  explain  why  the  species  may  have  remained  permanently 
subject  to  such  limitations  as  have  been  suggested.  Species  which  range  from 
the  larch  groves  at  C,800  feet  to  the  mountain  tops  at  8,000  or  8,500  feet,  as 
most  of  our  alpine  lepidoptera  do  upon  occasion,  could  not  pci'manently  maintain 
such  inflexible  routine.  Sooner  or  later  the  individuals  maturing  near  the  lower 
levels  would  deliver  such  a  species  from  its  disability.  But  Alberta  has  not  this 
resource.  Its  ordinary  range  is  between  7,400  and  7,900  feet,  and  it  frequents 
most  the  steep  slopes  and  slides  at  7,500  feet  and  above,  not  flying  far  below  its 
usual  range,  and  manifesting  no  partiality  for  extreme  altitudes.  I  have  not 
noticed  it  below  7,200  feet,  and  seldom  so  low. 

"Of  the  early  stages  the  egg  and  first  larval  stage  only  are  known.  The  food 
plant  has  not  been  a.scertained  ;  certain  indications  render  it  somewhat  probable 
that  this  will  prove  to  be  Dryas  octopetala. 

"A  .series  of  Alberta  consisting  of  thirty  males  and  twenty-five  females  justi- 
fies the  statement  that  while  a  majority  of  females  are  conspicuously  mclano- 
chroic,  and  only  an  occasional  individual  is  lacking  that  tendency,  among  the 
males,  on  the  contrary,  melanochroism  is  not  found. 

"  Should  further  research  result  in  certain  proof  that  Alberta  flies  only  in  the 
even  years,  the  fact  will  strengthen  the  probability  that  others  of  the  alpine 
butterflies  likewise  develop  in  three-year  cycles.  These  species,  however,  owing 
to  more  mobile  customs  of  growth,  advance  the  secular  progress  in  two  periodic 


ARGYNNIS   VII. 

lines,  tlie  sequence  of  one  lino  of  advance  being  alternfito  to  tliat  of  the  other. 
Such  a  fpecie.s  would  traverse  the  centuries  in  two  processions,  one  having  r, 
\  e;ir  tlie  start  of  the  other,  so  that  a  cycle  of  development  in  the  one  procession 
completes  its  course  a  year  in  advance  of  the  correspondent  cycle  in  the  other, 
lint  the  wayfaring  children  of  Alberta  apparently  all  travel  in  one  caravan." 


Mr.  Bean  sent  me  ten  eggs  of  Alber(a,la\d  on  Dryas  octopetala  in  confinement, 
,Tuly  20  and  21,  1890.  There  were  some  other  plants  ui  the  can,  he  ■wrote, 
(in  which  a  few  eggs  were  laid,  but  nearly  all  were  on  the  leaves  and  stems  of 
the  plant  first  mentioned.  The  eggs  hatched  on  oOtli  and  .31st  July,  or  after  ten 
days.  The  larvae  at  once  went  into  hibernation,  and  died  in  course  of  the  winter. 
Mr.  Bean  told  me  that  the  larvae  with  him  were  lost  in  the  same  way. 


CHTONOBAS  VIII. 


CHIONOBAS   SUBHYALINA,    1-5. 


ChUwohiu  Subhi/alinn,  Curtis,  in  Appenilix  to  Ross's  Niirrativo  N.  W.  PassaKC,  p.  OH.     ISSS  ;  Kihvards,  Cnna- 
.liaii  Kutomoloaist,  Vol.  XXV.,  p.  1:17.      1803  ;  Ileimii,  Klwcs,  Tran».  Knt.  Soc.  Loiul.,  p.  47U.     181)3. 

M.VT,E.  —  Expands  from  2  to  2.1  inclios. 

Sliapc  of  C.  Brucel  and  C.  (Jileri,  and  fully  as  transparent  as  the  forinor; 
primaries  narrow,  produced  apioally  and  pointed,  the  hind  margin  sloping  inward 
more  than  in  Simldea.  or  G'Jno.  Upper  side  pale  gray-black ;  primaries  some- 
times have  a,  faint  sexual  stripe,  oftencr  no  trace  of  it;  one  example  under  view 
shows  two  light  sub-apical  points,  transverse,  pupils  of  incomplete  ocelli;  costnl 
edgi!  whitislC  freckled  next  base  with  black  ;  fringes  of  both  wings  ycllowLsh 
white,  dusky  at  the  ends  of  the  nervules. 

Under  side  of  primaries  paler,  the  costal  and  apex  gray-white,  or  yellowi.'^h 
Avhite,  streaked  and  mottled  with  brown  ;  in  some  examples  the  rest  of  the  wing 
is  free  from  markings  (as  shown  in  Fig.  1) ;  but  in  others  the  extra-discal  area 
and  the  costal  half  of  the  cell  are  covered  with  transverse,  abbreviated  streaks  of 
brown,  more  or  less  distinct  (as  shown  in  Fig.  4). 

Seconilaries  vary  much,  some  showing  a  distinct  though  faint  mesial  band 
(Fig.  2),  others  almost  none  at  all  (Fig.  3),  with  intermediate  grades;  sometimes 
there  is  no  more  than  a  suggestion  of  the  band  in  cloudy  patches  on  either  mar- 
gin ;  where  the  band  is  complete,  the  edges  are  darkened  and  definite,  the  outer 
one  crenated  from  the  elbow  on  upper  branch  of  median  to  costa,  and  wavy  or 
erose  from  elbow  to  inner  margin ;  on  the  inner  edge  there  is  a  prominent  pro- 
jection on  the  sub-costal  nervure,  either  angular  or  rounded,  followed  by  a  nearly 
rectangular  sinus  in  the  cell  ;  the  whole  Aving  is  covered  with  whitish  or  lutcous 
scales,  intermingled  with  which  are  brown  ones  more  or  less  grouped  into  fine, 
abbreviated  streak.s,  especially  over  the  basal  area  and  along  the  inner  margin ; 
sometimes  there  is  a  narrow  space  of  nearly  clear  white  just  outside  the  band  ; 
on  the  edge  of  hind  margin  a  pale  dot  in  the  middle  of  each  interspace,  and  often 


Canii- 
)3. 


mor ; 
AViird 
«oine- 
viow 
cost  ill 
owish 


owisli 

wing 

areii 

iks  of 

band 
times 

mar- 
outer 
vy  or 
;  pro- 
learly 
itcous 

fine, 
irgin ; 
band  ; 

often 


SUBHYALINA       1    J     cf       :    d    4    5 
M  O  R  N  A  •  6   cf .   /     ('    ,  , 


p 


j&:f:f"> 


r^Tv* 


CHIONOBAS   VIII. 

an  obscure  series  of  diffused  yellow-white  patches  halfway  between  the  band  and 
margin.     (Fig.  3.) 

Body  black ;  the  femora  black  ;  tarsi  brown,  with  red  spines ;  palpi  black ; 
antennna  pale  black  above,  ringed  beneath  with  cretaceous;  club  black.  (Figs. 
1,  2,  3.) 


Female.  —  Expands  from  2  to  2.2  inches. 

All  the  wings  broader  than  in  the  male,  the  apex  of  primaries  more  rounded, 
the  inward  slope  of  hind  mai'gin  less  and  the  arch  of  same  mai'gin  greater.  I  p- 
por  side  as  in  the  male  ;  the  yellowish  patches  on  disk  of  secondaries  beneath 
reappear  above,  obscure,  diffused,  in  some  examples  ;  under  side  of  primaries  as 
in  the  male,  but  the  brown  streaks  are  more  conspicuous  and  more  extended  ;  in 
one  of  three  examples  under  view  there  is  a  straight,  extra-discal  row  of  four 
small,  oblong,  whitish  spots  in  the  discoidal  and  median  interspaces,  and  a  corre- 
sponding row  of  four  whitish  spots  on  secondaries,  which  are  more  distinct,  irreg- 
ular, and  unequal ;  in  all  three  the  band  is  faint,  and  on  the  inner  side  is  more  or 
less  lost  in  the  dark  hue  of  the  basal  area.     (Figs.  4,  5.) 

The  description  by  Curtis  is  as  follows :  — 

"  Suhhyalina.  Wings  semi-transparent,  fuscous,  costa  freckled  with  black  and 
white,  two  small  black  spots  towards  the  apex  with  white  pupils,  most  distinct  on 
the  under  side. 

"  Expansion  one  inch,  eleven  lines. 

"  3Me  black,  antennas  ochreous,  the  club  elongated ;  wings  semi-transparent, 
pale  fuscous,  nervures  ochreous,  costa  black,  freckled  with  white ;  two  indistinct 
white  dots  towards  the  apex  with  blackish  ocelli,  cilia  whitish,  spotted  with 
black;  under  side  of  superior  wings  similar  to  the  upper,  but  the  ocellated  spots 
are  distinct,  and  the  surface,  excepting  the  disk,  is  mottled  with  ochre  and  pale 
black,  lightest  at  the  apex;  inferior  wings  spotted  and  mottled  with  black  and 
dirty  white,  forming  a  waved  and  curved  pale  line  beyond  the  middle,  with 
three  or  four  whitish  dots  beyond  it. 

"  A  single  male  was  preserved,  and  probably  was  taken  with  the  last  species 
(H.  Eossii),  of  which,  at  first  sight,  I  thought  it  had  been  only  an  old  and  faded 
specimen,  but  on  examination  it  proved  to  be  in  good  condition.". 

This  description  was  published  in  1835,  and  the  insect  was  taken  i.i  1830.  It 
remained  in  the  collection  of  Mr.  Curtis,  and  after  his  death,  together  with  his 
other  Arctic  specimens  of  butterflies  and  moths,  was  purchased  by  Mr.  Henry 
Doubleday,  and  presented  by  1  im  to  his  friend  M.  Guenee.  After  the  death  of 
M.  Guen{;e,  his  entire  entomological  collection  passed  to  Mr.  Charles  Obcrthur. 
Mr.  Elwea  claims  to  have  had  before  him  the  original  Suhhyalina,  the  type,  loaned 


CHIONOBAS   VIII. 


him  by  Mr.  Oborthur,  and  from  this  single  example  determines  Suhhyalina  to  be 
synonymous  with  two  species  which  are  quite  distinct  from  each  other,  namely, 
C.  Crambis  and  C.  (Uno,  besides  AsshniUs,  which  he  speaks  of  as  a  species, 
though  as  I  have  hereinbefore  shown,  it  is  but  an  unhanded  form  of  (Eno.  Now, 
I  refuse  to  believe  that  the  insect  in  M.  Oberthur's  collection  is  the  type  in- 
sect of  Curtis,  and  in  proof  thereof  offer  in  evidence  Curtis's  name  and  deKcri|)- 
tion.  He  described  a  nearly  transparent  insect,  using  the  strongest  word  the 
language  aifords  to  express  that  peculiarity  in  selecting  the  name  "  hyaline," 
whicli  means  crystalline,  like  glass,  transparent.  "  Subhyaline  "  means  almost 
transparent,  and  the  wings  of  the  insect  should  permit  the  label  on  the  pin  to  be 
distinctly  seen  through  tliem,  as  is  the  case  with  C.  Brucei.  He  says  it  is  blacky 
and  to  express  the  shade  of  black,  uses  the  word  "  fuscous,"  —  "  pale  fuscous." 
This  word  is  applied  both  to  blackish  brown  and  to  gray-black ;  but  his  use  of  the 
word  '•'  black,"  unqualified,  in  the  beginning  of  the  description,  fixes  the  color  ho 
intended  to  signify.  He  also  says  that  it  had  an  old  (which  implies  worn)  and 
faded  appearance,  but  that  nevertheless,  "  on  examination,  it  proved  to  be  in  good 
condition  ; "  that  is,  the  normal  appearance  of  the  insect  was  as  one  old,  or  worn, 
and  faded.  Now  Cramhls  is  a  red-brown  (the  red  decided),  and  the  wings  are 
Komi-opaque.  It  is  not  hyaline  in  the  least  degree,  but  exactly  the  reverse. 
QJao,  with  AsshniUs,  is  not  transparent  at  all,  but  a  little  translucent.  Trans- 
parent and  translucent  mean  very  different  states.  As  to  color,  CEno  is  a  livid 
brown,  or  a  yellow-brown,  individuals  varying.  It  is  not  black  of  any  shade, 
and  therefore  not  fuscous,  as  Curtis  uses  that  term.  Boisduval,  in  describing 
(Enn  in  the  Icones,  says  it  is  of  a  "  gris-brunatrc-livide  mCde  de  jaunatre."  Tlie 
plates  of  CEno  in  Part  14,  and  of  Crumhis  in  Part  13,  show  the  coloration  of 
these  widely  different  species.  They  are  both  so  antagonistic  to  the  description 
of  Curtis  that  the  claim  that  one  or  both  are  his  species  really  does  not  deserve 
serious  consideration.  When  an  alleged  type  does  not  agree  with  the  descrip- 
tion, and  especially- if  it  is  antagonistic,  reliance  is  to  be  placed  on  the  description 
alone.  That  is  the  rule  in  entomology.  It  is  manifest  that  the  type  of  Curtis, 
during  the  fifty  years  since  it  left  the  Curtis  collection,  must  have  been  de- 
stroyed, and  the  label  has  been  attached  to  another  insect,  near,  or  pretty  near, 
the  original,  so  far  as  the  owner  of  the  collection  could  remember.  M.  Guenue 
was  not  a  student  of  butterllies,  but  of  moths,  —  the  Heterocera  in  general.  ]\Ir. 
Curtis  may  not  have  labeled  this  type  insect,  or  Doubleday  may  have  done  it, 
and  incorrectly.  M.  Guenee  may  have  lost  the  in.sect,  and  then  attached  the 
label  to  another,  as  near  to  it  as  he  could  remember.  Whatever  it  was,  in  pass- 
ing through  four  hands  in  the  years  since  1835,  the  type  Suhhyalina  must  have 
been  lost  or  destroyed.     Type  specimens  were  not  valued  half  a  century  ago  as 


CHIONOBAS   VIll. 


tliey  tire  to-day.  Insects  in  cabinets  have  a  hundred  enemies,  and  the  chances 
are  largely  against  the  survival  of  any  particular  specimen  for  so  long  a  time. 
]\Iuseura  pests,  mould,  careless  handling,  or  other  accident,  do  their  work.  Loss 
of  types  in  entomological  collections  is  a  frequent  occurrence,  and  loud  com- 
plaints have  come  from  the  Museum  of  the  treatment  which  such  collections  as 
the  Linna3an,  and  that  of  Stephens,  have  been  subjected  to  in  this  particular. 
Three  years  after  the  Stephens  collection  came  to  the  Museum,  Mr.  J.  F.  Daw- 
son, Ent.  Ann.,  1858,  wrote :  "  Suppose  the  Stephens  collection,  instead  of  com- 
ing to  us  direct  from  the  hands  of  its  compiler  and  owner  three  years  ago,  had 
become  antiquated,  like  the  Linniean ;  or  suppose  the  question  of  the  ti/j)es  to  he 
discussed  some  sixty  or  sevent//  years  hence,  with  no  more  definite  knowledge  to 
assist  the  inquirer  than  the  Stephensian  types  and  the  Stephensian  descriptions 
would  supply,  might  it  not  be  argued  that  the  types,  in  the  instances  under  dis- 
cussion, must  he  ir/nored,  as  they  never  were  intended  to  represent  the  true  Loppa 
pulicaria,  Steph.,  hecause  they  are  antagonistic  to  the  descriptions  ?  "  Mr.  McLach- 
lan.  Trans.  Ent.  Soc.  Lond.,  1871,  p.  44.3,  says:  "Before  the  Linna^an  collection 
was  placed  in  its  present  quarters,  it  was  so  maltreated  by  additions,  destructions, 
and  misplacement  of  luhels,  as  to  render  it  a  matter  of  regret  that  it  exists  at 
all.  Any  evidence  it  now  furnishes  is  only  trustworthy  when  confirmed  by  the 
descriptions." 

Mr.  Elwes,  having  found  the  label  of  Curtis  attached  to  an  example  of  either 
Cramhis,  or  QJno,  or  Assimilis,  proceeded  to  rename  the  Laggan  species,  to  which 
I  had  recently  applied  the  name  Suhhyalina,  Curti.s,  as  Beanii.  The  description 
of  Curtis  applies  well  to  this  Laggan  form.  It  is  remarkably  transparent,  it  is 
pale  fuscous,  and  it  lias  the  peculiar  old  and  faded  appearance  called  for,  to  a 
greater  degree  than  any  other  member  of  the  genus  as  yet  known  to  live  on  this 
continent.  In  the  le.sser  details  given  by  Curti.s,  the  description  fits  well.  And 
1  lioJ  that  this  form  is  the  real  Suhhyalina  of  Curtis. 

Tht  locality  or  date  of  capture  of  Suhhyalina  by  the  Ross  Expedition  is  not 
given,  '.■  >'  is  the  locality  of  IL  Eossii,  though  the  capture  of  the  latter  is  set 
down  as  aving  occurred  on  18th  and  20th  July,  1830,  and  14th  July,  1831. 
Apparently  these  butterflies  were  taken  at  about  long.  75"  and  lat.  70°,  in  the 
region  named  Boothia  Felix  by  Captain  Ross.  From  that  day  to  a  recent  date 
nothing  more  was  heard  of  Suhhyalina.  We  owe  its  rediscovery  to  Mr.  Thomas 
E.  Bean,  at  Laggan,  Alberta,  Canada,  and  he  has  kindly  furnished  me  notes  as 
follows :  — 

'•  Suhhyalina  is  known  in  this  district  as  occurring  on  one  alpine  summit,  at 
Hector,  B.  C,  two  miles  west  of  the  Alberta  line,  and  on  two  such  summits  near 
Laggan ;  one  of  these  in  the  central  range,  three  miles  south  of  the  Bow  River, 


CIIIONOBAS   VIII. 

the  other  on  an  isolated  mountain,  three  miles  north  of  the  river.  The  relative 
position  of  these  ascertained  localities,  the  constancy  of  the  occurrence  of  the 
butterfly,  year  by  year,  and  the  degree  of  its  abundance  are  sufficient  indica- 
tions that  it  is  of  generol  occurrence  on  the  alpine  summits  of  Bow  Valley. 
Its  observed  range  of  altitude  extends  from  7,300  feet,  for  occasional  stragglers 
(timber  line,  at  Laggan,  being  7,000  feet),  to  8,500  feet,*  the  latter  height 
regardless  of  the  food  plant,  as  the  males  habitually  frequent  rock-wastes  at  the 
points  and  ndges  of  the  peaks.  The  females  seldom  reach  such  locahties,  but 
chiefly  inhabit  sedgy  slopes  in  a  belt  of  altitude  between  7,500  and  7,800  feet. 
The  larva  is  not  known  beyond  the  first  stage.  The  butterfly  appears  chiefly 
during  the  last  half  of  July ;  the  earliest  captives  being  on  July  7th  (in  1888, 
an  early  season),  both  sexes.  In  1892,  a  late  season,  five  males  were  taken 
August  4th."  Mr.  Bean  wrote  me  February  18th,  1891 :  "  I  can  say  now,  that 
my  lot  (of  SuhhyaUna)  are  all  one  form,  differing  chiefly  in  degree  of  definition 
of  the  band  beneath  the  hind  wing."  Mr.  Bean  was  satisfied,  in  1889,  that 
"  this  mountain-top  Chionobas,"  as  he  calls  it  in  letter  of  20th  April,  was  neither 
Semklea  nor  any  of  the  allied  eastern  species,  and  says :  "  It  is  a  subhyaline  edi- 
tion of  Jutta,  of  a  primitive  pattern,  totally  devoid  of  fulvous  areas  or  fulvous 
suffusion ;  the  entire  under  side  of  secondaries  marbled  gray  and  black,  the  cen- 
tral dark  band  obscure  in  most,  but  defined  in  a  few.  I  could  not  obtain  fertile 
eggs  of  it  last  summev,  though  I  made  great  efforts.  It  is  a  big  task  to  go  after 
these  mountain  insects  ;  the  labor  is  something  tremendous.  The  right  method 
would  be  to  go  up  into  the  mountain  for  a  time  and  live  there.  In  that  way 
something  might  be  accomplished  worth  the  effort;  a  thorough  mountain-top 
campaign  would  be  the  thing."  Shortly  after,  Mr.  Bean  became  satisfied  that 
this  species  was  the  SuhhyaUna  of  Curtis  and  as  such  sent  it  abroad. 

1  8,500  feet  at  Laggan  is  equivalent  to  12,500  feet  in  Colorado,  at  which  C.  (Eno  flics.     Both  SuhhyaUna 
and  (Eno  are  summit  species,  inhabiting  the  loftiest  peaks  in  their  districts. 


CHIONOBAS  VIII. 


CHIONOBAS   NORNA,   6-8. 

Chionobas  Noma,  Thiinbcrg,  Diss.  Eiit.  Nov.  Ins.  Stioc,  Part  II.,  p.  .Ifi,  pi.  5,  fij;.  11.  1791;  Espor,  Eur. 
Silimett.,  pi.  lOK,  (i^r.  4.  IJoisduval,  loones,  p.  185,  pi.  ;ifi,  figs.  I-G.  1H32;  Edwards.  Can.  Eiit.,  Vol. 
XVIII.,  p.  1(1.     188(i. 

Male  (from  Finland).  —  Expands  2.2  inches. 

Upper  side  dusky  brown,  somewhat  tran.'shicent ;  on  primaries  a  blackish  sex- 
ual dash ;  two  small  black,  blind  ocelli,  each  with  a  pale,  restricted  nimbus,  in 
the  upper  di.scoidal  and  second  median  interspaces,  and  in  each  of  the  two  inter- 
vening interspaces  a  pale  patch  ;  on  secondaries  a  series  of  yellowish  diffused 
patches  corresponding  to  the  definite  spots  of  under  surface  ;  fringes  of  both 
wings  luteous,  dusky  at  the  ends  of  the  nervules. 

Under  side  of  primaries  paler ;  the  costal  edge  sprinkled  with  gray  and  black, 
the  hind  margin  and  apex  mottled  gray,  and  on  costa  above  the  ocellus  a  gray 
patch ;  the  ocelli  repeated,  and  pupilled  white.  Secondaries  brown,  mottled  with 
gray-white  along  the  basal  edge  of  the  band,  and  from  the  band  to  base  along 
the  costal  margin,  also  for  a  narroAV  space  outside  the  band,  and  again  along  the 
hind  margin ;  the  rest  of  the  extra-discal  area  brown  on  a  gray  ground  ;  the 
series  of  .spots  is  sordid  white,  except  the  one  in  second  median  interspace,  which 
is  pure  white  ;  the  band  dark  brown,  scarcely  at  all  dusted  gray,  narrow  next 
costal  margin  and  for  two  interspaces,  then  abruptly  expands  on  the  outer  side  to 
nearly  twice  the  first  width,  and  so  continues  to  inner  margin ;  the  outer  edge  in 
its  general  course  is  arched,  with  rounded  crenations  in  the  interspaces ;  the  inner 
edge  has  a  small  rvrominence  on  the  eel!  next  sub-costal  followed  by  a  rounded 
sinus  on  median,  tiience  wavy  to  the  margin.  (Fig.  6.)  Out  of  several  exam- 
ples of  this  species  from  Finland  and  Lapland,  sent  me  for  examination  by  Dr. 
Holland,  I  find  the  Finland  males  come  nearest  the  Alaska  females  in  my  collec- 
tion, and  thinking  it  probable  that  males  of  this  type  will  hereafter  be  taken  at 
Nushagak  I  have  given  the  figure  on  the  Plate. 


CIIIONOBAS   VIII. 

Female  (from  Alaska).  —  Expands  2.2  inches. 

Upper  side  dusky  brown,  with  a  common  extra-discal  broad  yellowish  band ; 
on  this,  on  primaries,  are  three  black,  white  pupilled  ocelli,  and  two  minute  black 
spot.'*,  one  in  the  lower  discoidal,  the  other  in  the  sub-median  interspace ;  on 
secondaries  a  .small  pupilled  ocellus  in  the  lower  median  interspace,  and  a  second, 
smaller  but  still  pupilled,  in  the  interspace  preceding ;  fringes  yellow-white, 
du.sky  at  the  ends  of  the  nervules. 

Under  side  of  prim;  ics  much  streaked  with  dark  brown,  even  upon  the  yellow 
band  ;  the  three  ocelli  repeated.  Secondaries  mottled  with  pale  black  and  gray- 
white,  darker  next  base ;  the  extra-discal  spots  yellowLsh  ;  the  mesial  band  black 
a  little  dusted  with  yellow-white,  in  general  as  described  in  the  male,  but  the 
outer  edge  is  .serrate,  followed  by  an  incision  on  lower  discoidal  interspace,  then 
crenatcd  to  the  margin  ;  the  basal  side  as  in  the  male.     (Figs.  7,  8.) 


In  1885,  I  received  three  females  of  Noma  from  Nushagak,  one  of  which  was 
sent  to  Dr.  Staudinger,  as  mentioned  in  my  paper  in  the  Canadian  Entomologist ; 
the  other  two  remain  in  my  collection,  or  rather  form  part  of  that  of  Dr.  Holland, 
as  all  of  this  collection  has  passed  over  to  him.  These  are  the  only  examples  of 
the  species  known  to  me  to  have  been  taken  on  this  continent.  In  Europe, 
Noma  flies  in  Scandinavia ;  Boisduval  tiays,  in  the  high  mountains.  Mr.  Elwcs 
says,  "  It  is  found  all  over  Scandinavia,  as  far  south  as  Jemtland,  where  I  have 
taken  it  in  open  marshy  forests ; "  and  speaks  of  it  as  having  been  taken  in 
Siberia,  in  the  Altai  Mountains,  Revision  of  fEneis,  p.  469,  1893.  I  find  nothing 
recorded  of  its  habits  of  flight,  or  respecting  its  early  stages. 


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CHIONOBAS  IX. 


CriTONOBAS   SEM1DJ]A,   1-10. 

Chlombd.i  (Ilipniircliia)  Semidm,  Say,  AitKMic.'in  Entomolojy,  Vol.  HI.,  pi.  50.     1S28  ;  Harris,  Ins.,  M  pililioii, 
|i.  :ii)l,  li^.  1J6.    lHi',-2  ;  Chionolias  Semiilea,  Sciulder,  Boston  .11.  Nat.  Hist.,  Vol.  VII.,  p.  C'.M,  pi.  II.     IHii; 
ill.,  I'roc.  Ent.  Soc.  Phil.,  Vol.  V.,  p.  20.     1M(;5  ;  French,  Butt.  East.  U.  S.,  p.  291,  fig.  72.     188«j  (Ene 
Scmidea,  Scuddcr,  Butt.  N.  E.,  Vol.  I.,  p.  124,  pi.  1,  fig.  «.     1889. 


Q<)nciii 


Male.  —  Expands  from  1.8  to  2  inches. 

Wings  slightly  translucent ;  upper  side  brown-black,  with  a  tint  of  ochraceous ; 
costal  edge  of  primaries  yellow-white  transversely  streaked  and  specked  with 
I)lack ;  in  the  upper  discoidal  interspace  is  often  a  minute  blind  black  ocellus ; 
the  hind  wings  immaculate,  save  that  in  some  examples  there  appear  sub-mar- 
ginal elongated  dusky  patches,  suggestive  of  a  stripe  ;  fringes  brown,  darker  at 
the  tips  of  the  nervules. 

Under  side  of  primaries  paler,  often  a  gray-brown ;  the  apical  area  and  upper 
half  of  the  hind  margin  gray,  tlecked  with  black  ;  sometimes  the  dark  shade  is  in 
rather  large  patches,  and  the  surface  is  mottled ;  some  examples  show  a  dark 
stripe  running  obliquely  back  from  costa,  beyond  the  cell,  ending  at  the  upper 
branch  of  median ;  often  there  is  a  dark  stripe  across  the  cell  near  the  arc,  and 
the  cell  is  more  or  less  streaked  transversely  ;  the  ocellus,  if  present  above,  is 
repeated,  and  has  a  central  white  point. 

Hind  wings,  in  most  cases,  much  covered  with  brown-black,  but  in  others  the 
gray  prevails,  except  within  the  mesial  band  ;  in  the  darker  examples  the  area 
next  base  is  nearly  black,  .shading  outwardly  into  a  belt  less  black,  and  along 
the  band  becoming  clear  gray,  or  nearly  clear ;  outside  the  band  about  half  the 
area  to  margin  is,  first,  pure  gray  for  a  narrow  space,  then  gray  lightly  streaked 
with  black,  and  beyond  much  streaked  and  specked,  with  patches  next  the  margin 
suggestive  of  a  stripe  ;  in  others  there  is  scarcely  any  gray  on  the  basal  area, 
and  there  is  very  little  difference  in  color  between  the  base  and  disk,  while 
towards  the  margin  the  dark  shades  prevail ;  the  mesial  band  is  broad,  bent 
exteriorly  at  about  60'  on  the  upper  branch  of  median  (Fig.  2),  from  which  point 


CHIONOBAS   IX. 

to  costft  the  edge  is  irrc<^ularly  scrmtcd  ;  occuMionally  at  the  bend  a  sharp  and 
much  proh)ngod  Hcrmtioii  is  prt-sLMit  ( Fi<?.  T));  towiuds  tho  inner  margin  tiiu 
gonural  course  is  concavo,  with  two  Itroail  crenations  in  tho  interspaces;  not 
nnfrequontly,  however,  there  is  no  angle,  but  this  outHne  is  a  curve  from  margin 
to  nuirgin,  either  nearly  even  and  slightly  erose,  or  crenated  throughout;  on  its 
inner  edge  the  band  throws  an  angular  ))r()jection  on  the  sub-costal  nervure,  or 
just  below  it,  in  the  cell,  followed  by  a  sinus  of  about  45'  on  median,  thence  a 
straight  course  to  margin. 

Body  above  brown-black,  beneath  black ;  legs  dark  brown  ;  palpi  black ; 
antennic  fuscous  above,  red-brinvn  beneath,  sometimes  cretaceous,  and  most  so 
next  base;  club  red-brown.     (Figs.  1,  2,  0,  0,  7.) 

Female.  —  Expands  from  1.8  to  2  inches. 

Wings  a  little  broader  than  in  the  male,  the  apex  of  primaries  more  rounded, 
and  the  inward  slope  of  the  hind  margin  less;  on  the  ajjical  area  are  often  two 
black  dots  with  more  or  less  of  a  pale  nebula ;  under  side  as  in  the  male,  tho 
band  varying  in  same  manner.     (Figs.  ;],  4.) 

Vau.  NiGiiA.  —  Under  .side  of  secondaries  deep  black,  the  mesial  band  nearly 
or  quite  lost;  a  little  specked  with  gray  over  tho  outer  limb.  (Fig.  8,  cJ.)  In 
New  Hampshire  this  variation  is  not  rare  in  both  sexes. 

Ego.  —  Shaped  nearly  as  in  C.  Brticei  and  C.  Cramhis,  but  broader  in  pro- 
portion to  the  height,  the  sides  less  arched  ;  sub-conic,  the  base  flattened  and 
rounded,  broadest  at  about  one  fourth  the  distance  from  base  to  top,  narrowing 
upwards  slightly  till  the  upper  fourth  is  reached  ;  marked  by  from  twenty-four 
to  twenty-eight  vertical  ribs,  some  straight,  some  sinuous  or  abruptly  bent,  .some 
broken,  and  so  not  reaching  from  end  to  end;  these  ribs  are  narrow,  rounded  at 
the  summit,  the  sides  rounded  and  not  spread  at  the  base,  as  in  the  two  species 
before  named  (the  ribs  are  much  like  cotton  threads  laid  on  the  face  of  the  egg), 
separated  by  a  wider  space  than  in  Jirncei  or  Crmnhia,  which  space  is  flattened 
and  crossed  by  numerous  horizontal  .slightly  rai,sed  striae  (this  feature  resend)les 
C.  Uhlerl) ;  the  top  llattened,  the  micropyle  in  tho  centre  of  a  rosette  of  five- 
sided  cells,  outside  of  which  are  three  or  four  rows  of  larger  similar  cells  of 
irregular  sizes ;  beyond  these  to  the  ends  of  the  ribs  the  area  is  occupied  by 
shallow  rounded  excavations,  small,  the  outer  ones  largest,  arranged  in  almost 
conlluent  and  neai'ly  regular  strings,  which  are  separated  by  comparatively  broiid 
spaces;  these  excavations  are  very  much  more  numerous  than  in  Cratnbis  or  any 


nilONOHAS   IX. 


otlicr  of  tlio  Hpecies  wliich  arc  Hiil)jocf  to  this  stylo  of  ornamentation  ;  color  sordid 
gniy-whito.     (Fij^s.  n,  <r.) 

Tlio  egg,  us  appears,  dilTers  in  several  respects  from  any  of  the  species  of  the 
same  siili-group,  ho  far  as  has  boon  ohsorvud.  The  egg  of  C.  ChJno,  the  species 
most  closely  allied  to  iicmidea,  1  have  not  seen. 

YouNO  Larva.  —  Lengtii  .08  inch  ;  shape  of  Bntcci ;  segments  2  to  4  nearly 
equal,  arched  dorsally,  then  tapering  regularly  on  dorsum  and  sides  to  11,  and 
more  rapidly  to  13,  wliich  ends  in  two  slight  projections,  rounded,  between  which 
is  a  shallow  depression  (these  are  less  prominent  than  in  Jirucci,  and  in  that 
species  the  sinus  is  angular)  ;  the  tubercles  dark  brown,  their  club-shaped  pro- 
cesses white,  translucent,  and  the  same  in  number,  position,  and  shape  as  in 
Jinicei  and  Jut/d  (shorter  than  in  Ulderl);  color  pale  whitish  green,  the  basal 
ridge  same;  a  dorsal  stripe  of  red-brown,  not  clearly  defined  and  dilTuse;  also 
a  sub-dor.sal  line  of  same  hue  ;  the  lateral  band  pale  black ;  feet  and  legs  whitish, 
translucent;  head  broader  than  2,  broadest  below,  sub-globo.sc,  depressed  at  the 
suture  ;  the  surface  covered  with  shallow  indentations ;  a  few  tubercles  and  pro- 
cesse'4  like  those  on  the  body  (dispo.scd  as  in  the  genus) ;  color  yellow-green 
with  a  tint  of  brown.  (Figs,  h  to  h'\)  Duration  of  this  stage,  at  Coalburgli, 
W.  Va.,  about  eighteen  days. 

After  first  moult :  length,  at  twenty  hours  from  the  moult,  .14  inch  ;  nearly  the 
same  shape  as  before,  and  like  Britcei ;  the  projections  at  extremity  very  slior*, 
coming  to  a  blunt  point,  the  space  between  rounded  ;  surface  thickly  covered 
with  fine  conical  tubercles,  each  bearing  a  short  cylindrical  process ;  color  pale 
green,  the  whole  dorsal  area  specked,  or  streaked  longitudinally,  with  vinous 
red  ;  the  mid-dorsal  greeni.sh  stripe  is  edged  on  either  side  by  a  buff  line  :  a 
dusky  patch  on  the  front  of  each  segment  within  this  stripe ;  the  lateral  band 
pale  red,  darker  along  the  upper  edge  ;  under  it  a  buf?  line,  and,  next,  the  pale 
green,  red-specked,  spiracnlar  band ;  basal  ridge  yellowish,  and  below  another 
red  stripe  ;  under  side,  feet  and  legs  whiti.sh  green ;  head  scarcely  ditt'eront  from 
the  previous  stage,  pale  yellow-green  with  a  brownish  tint ;  the  six  vertical  stripes 
now  appear,  and  as  in  the  genus.     (Figs,  c  to  c'.) 

After  second  moult :  length,  at  about  twent}'  hours,  .21  inch  ;  nearly  the 
same  shape  as  before,  same  tubercles  and  processes ;  color  reddish  bufi' ;  the  mid- 
dorsal  stripe  light  buff ;  at  the  junction  of  each  pair  of  segments  a  pale  black  spot 
lying  about  half  on  each  segment,  at  each  end  deeply  incised  (making  double 
V-shaped  spots) ;  the  dorsal  area  is  divided  into  two  equal  bands,  the  upper  one 
reddish,  the  other  light  buff ;  the  lateral  band  has  both  edges  black,  the  interior 


CHIONOBAS   IX. 

pale  black  on  a  red  ground ;  the  spiracular  band  reddish  buff ;  basal  ridge  yellow- 
ish, and  under  it  a  red  stripe;  head  as  before.     (Not  figured.) 
The  third  moult  was  not  observed,  nor  was  the  fourth. 


Adult  Larva  (after  fourth  moult).  —  Length,  at  rest,  .9.3  inch;  stout,  thi';k.  in 
middle,  tapering  rapidly  from  5  to  head,  and  also  posteriorly  ;  ending  in  a  pair 
of  blunt,  sub-triangular  projections  which  meet  at  a  rounded  right  angle  at  base ; 
surface  thickly  covered  with  small,  sharp,  conical  tubercles,  of  irregular  sizes, 
each  bearing  a  .slender,  tapering,  neai  ly  straight  hair  or  process  (much  as  in 
Chryxits,  shorter  than  in  Jufta,  different  from  lirucei,  in  which  the  process  is 
cylindrical) ;  color  variable,  some  examples  being  dusky  green,  others  red- 
brown ;  the  mid-dorsal  and  sub-dorsal  stripes  black,  interrupted,  the  former 
giving  either  oblong  and  rectangular  spots,  or  oblong  and  deeply  incised  at  either 
end ;  the  sub-dorsal  is  narrower,  rather  a  series  of  oblique  dashes,  each  cleft 
or  forked  posteriorly ;  a  green  example  under  view  had  the  rear  half  of  each 
segment  of  a  paler  color,  making  a  complete  series  of  cross  bands,  reaching  to 
the  base,  most  definite  on  dorsum,  the  fronts  of  the  .segments  dusky ;  outside  the 
sub-dorsal  line  the  band  is  gray-green,  immaculate ;  the  lateral  band  is  dusky, 
the  rear  of  each  segment  paler,  as  lying  within  the  cross  bands ;  in  this  band  is 
a  black  dash  to  the  front  on  the  upper  edges  of  the  segments  ;  the  spiracular  band 
gray-green,  immaculate,  the  spiracles  brown  or  black ;  under  side,  feet  and  legs 
dusky  green  ;  head  small,  not  so  broad  as  2,  broadest  below,  sub-globose,  flattened 
somewhat  frontally,  the  surface  covered  with  shallow  indentations,  between  which 
are  many  fine  tubercles  with  their  .short,  straight  hairs  or  processes  ;  color  dark 
brown ;  across  the  top  six  vertical  stripes,  as  in  the  genus,  blackish.  (Figs. 
d,  tP.) 

The  other  larva  under  view  was  red-brown,  the  cross  bands  pale ;  the  lateral 
band  edged  on  either  side  by  a  thin  black  line,  the  front  half  of  each  segment 
dusky,  inclining  to  black  along  the  upper  angle  ;  the  spiracular  band  and  the 
ridge  dark  brown  on  the  fronts,  pale  du.sky  green  on  the  rears ;  under  side,  feet 
and  legs  brown-green  ;  head  reddish  brown,  the  stripes  reddish.  (Figs,  d^,  d* 
to  tP.) 

Mr.  Scudder,  Butt.  N.  E.,  p.  138,  describes  the  larva  as  pale  yellowish  green, 
tinged  with  faint  reddish  brown  at  the  apical  half  of  each  segment;  on  the  sides 
also  considerably  tinged  with  reddish  brown ;  the  spiracular  band  grass-green, 
with  a  flush  of  roseate ;  the  under  surface  pale  grass-green.  It  is  evident  that 
the  adult  larvaj  of  this  species  differ  in  colc.ation  and  markings  more  than  any 
others  of  the  genus  so  far  observed. 


CIIIONOBAS   IX. 

CiiisYSALis.  —  Length  .53  inch ;  cylindrical,  stout,  the  ventral  outline  mod- 
erately arched  from  end  to  end,  the  dorsal  considerably  arched  from  the  thoracic 
depression  posteriorly;  head  case  truncated  (as  much  as  in  CIir>j.vtis,  somewhat 
more  than  in  JJrucel),  dome-shaped  at  top  ;  mesonotum  without  carina,  rounded 
every  way ;  the  depression  rather  shallow :  abdomen  sub-conical,  obese ;  wing 
cases  somewhat  elevated,  beveled  down  to  the  abdomen  on  the  margin  ;  the 
cremaster  consists  of  a  projecting  blunt  bifid  ridge,  corrugated  on  under  side,  the 
anal  orifice  well  defined,  as  are  also  the  two  outer  lobes  which  represent  the  anal 
projections  of  the  larva ;  naked,  furnished  with  neither  hooks  nor  bristles ;  color 
(lead-leaf  brown,  the  anterior  parts  darker,  including  the  upper  parts  of  the 
wing  cases,  mesonotum,  and  head  case ;  on  the  anterior  part  of  each  abdominal 
segment  a  cross  row  of  black  dots,  and  on  the  posterior  a  row  of  black  dashes. 
(Figs,  e  to  e'.)  Duration  of  this  stage,  in  an  instance  mentioned  by  Mr.  Scudder, 
seventeen  days.  The  figures  were  made  by  Mrs.  Peart  from  a  dead  chrysalis 
furnished  by  Mr.  Scudder,  and  were  colored  after  his  directions. 


To  Mr.  Scudder  we  owe  the  larger  part  of  the  knowledge  thus  far  gained  of 
Si'iiiidea,  and  in  the  Butterllies  of  New  England,  he  has  treated  of  its  geographi- 
cal distribution,  habits,  and  life-history,  so  far  as  observed  in  the  White  M(  un- 
tains  of  New  Hampshire.  He  says  :  ^'  Se^nidea  w^as' first  discovered  about  half  a 
century  ago,  and  described  by  Say  from  specimens  sent  him  by  Dr.  Pickering 
and  Mr.  Nuttall,  of  Boston.  Very  few  specimens  seem  to  have  been  taken  since 
that  time,  until  1859,  when  I  maiie  my  first  considerable  collections  in  the  White 
Mountains.  Ascending  the  highest  peak,  on  July  8th,  for  the  express  purpose 
of  finding  this  butterfly,  I  secured  my  first  specimen  at  about  a  mile  from  the 
summit,  near  the  then  footpath  from  the  Glen.  On  ascending  they  became 
more  abundant,  and  over  forty  were  taken,  and  a  friend  even  captured  seven  in 
his  hands.     Less  than  a  week  afterwards  fifty-nine  were  taken. 

"The  butterfly  is  found  most  al.tundantly  about  one  quarter  to  three  ifjarters 
of  a  mile  from  the  summit  of  Mt.  ^Vashington,  or  at  an  elevation  of  from  aijout 
5,000  to  6,200  feet  above  the  sea.  It  often  alights  on  the  flowers  of  Silene 
acaulis,  Linn.,  as  well  as  upon  some  of  the  Ericaceae,  particularly  en  a  species  of 
Vaccinium,  and  is  also  fond  of  the  flowers  of  Arenaria  Groonlandica ;  but  the 
best  collecting  places  are  the  &edgy  plateaus  of  the  northeastern  and  soutliern 
sides  of  the  mountain. 

"  I  have  made  several  >  xperiments  in  obtaining  eggs,  but  only  twice  success- 
fully. In  the  first  place,  a  single  egg  was  obtained  lying  on  the  ground  ;  in  the 
last,  twenty,  by  imprisoning  females  in  a  lace  bag  over  a  pot  of  growing  sedge 
on  the  very  summit  of  the  mountain.     No  eggs  wore  laid  upon  the  sedge  itself. 


CHIONOBAS   IX. 


but  three  or  four  on  dead  roots  and  sticks ;  most  were  laid  on  the  netting,  and  a 
couple  on  the  wire  that  supported  it.  It  seems  probable  that  the  eggs  are  laid 
in  nature  near  the  base  of  the  clumps  of  sedge  which  stud  the  plateau  thickly. 
With  all  my  watching,  1  have  never  been  able  to  detect  the  females  in  the  act  of 
laying,  but  one  often  starts  them  up  from  deep  down  in  the  sedge. 

"  I  have  repeatedly  taken  the  caterpillar  feeding  upon  Carex  vulgaris. 

"  In  the  east,  Semidea  is  entirely  confined  to  the  White  Mountains  of  New 
Hampshire." 

Of  the  flight  of  this  species,  the  author  says :  "  One  would  suppose  that  insects 
whose  home  is  almost  always  swept  by  the  fiercest  blasts  would  be  provided  with 
powerful  wings,  fitting  them  for  strong  and  sustained  flight ;  but  the  contrary  is 
true.  They  can  offer  no  resistance  to  the  winds,  and  if  they  ascend  more  than 
their  accustomed  two  or  three  feet  above  the  surface  of  the  grourd,  or  pass  the 
shelter  of  some  projecting  ledge  of  rocks,  they  are  whirled  headlong  to  'mmense 
distances  until  they  can  again  hug  the  earth ;  their  flight  is  rather  sluggish  and 
heavy ;  they  are  easily  captured,  though  they  fly  singly,  never  congregating, 
and  have  their  devices  to  escape  pursuit.  One  is,  when  alarmed,  or  indeed  at 
most  times,  they  fly  up  and  down  the  slopes,  rarely  along  them,  rendering  pur- 
suit particularly  difficult.  Another  is,  they  will  rise  in  the  air  to  get  caught 
by  the  wind,  which  often  takes  them  out  of  sight  in  a  moment.  One  will  set- 
tle on  the  ground  at  a  little  distance  from  a  crevice  in  the  rock-piles,  and  as  you 
cautiously  approach  you  will  see  it  edge  away  afoot,  in  its  spasmodic  fashion,  to 
the  brink  of  the  crevice  and  settle  itself ;  then  if  you  come  nearer,  it  will  start 
as  if  to  fly  away,  but  close  its  wings  instead  anc"  fairly  drop  down  the  crevice 
where  you  may  see  it  but  not  reach  it ;  to  repeat  the  process,  and  get  farther 
down,  if  again  alarmed  by  the  removal  of  the  upper  rocks.  It  rests  on  the 
ground,  or  on  the  leeward  side  of  rocks,  as  I  have  often  found  it  on  a  cloudy  day, 
when  it  had  not  been  upon  the  wing.  As  soon  as  one  alights,  it  tumbles  on  one 
side  with  a  sudden  fall,  but  not  quite  to  the  surface,  exposing  the  under  side  of 
the  wings  with  their  marbled  markings  next  the  gray  rock  mottled  with  brown 
and  yellow  lichens,  so  that  an  ordinary  passer-by  would  look  at  them  without 
observing  their  presence.  It  is  an  obvious  case  of  protective  resemblance.  .  .  . 
If  at  rest  for  the  night,  or  the  wind  be  sweeping  fiercely,  the  costal  edges  of  all 
the  wings  are  brought  together.  In  walking,  it  moves  by  a  series  of  spasmodic 
starts." 

Mr.  Scudder  is  of  the  opinion  that  the  species  is  single-brooded.  "  It  i  -^uafly 
begins  to  appear  on  Mt.  Washington  t!i2  first  week  in  July,  becomes  abui.  jant 
before  the  midrile  of  the  month,  and  continues  till  about  the  second  week  in 
August.  .  .  .  Tney  apparently  lay  most  of  their  eggs  during  the  last  week  of 


CIIIONOUAS   IX. 


July.  Caterpillars  have  been  found  by  .several  persons  nearly  full  grown  be- 
tween 2Utli  July  and  2d  August;  and  others,  certainly  full  grown,  on  August 
I'Jth,  and  in  September.  These  must  bnve  been  born  the  previous  year,  as  the 
eggs  do  not  hatch  before  the  first  of  August.  And  as  all  living  chrysalids  that 
have  been  found  have  been  taken  in  the  earlier  part  of  the  season,  between  June 
lUth  and  July,  it  would  appear  as  if  two  years  must  be  required  for  the  full 
cycle  of  changes,  and  that  the  winter  is  passed  in  two  conditions,  both  larval, 
one  just  hatched,  or  in  a  very  early  stage,  the  other  full  grown,  or  nearly  so,  a 
whole  season  being  required  for  the  development  of  the  larva  alone."  But 
wliile  the  author  believes  the  biennial  cycle  to  be  the  rule,  he  thinhs  there  are 
exceptions  every  year,  some  larva)  hatched  early  attaining  full  growth  the  same 
season,  and  cluinging  to  pupic  early  the  next  year,  and  giving  butterflies  in 
July. 

With  regai'd  to  the  mode  of  pupation :  the  hite  Mr.  G.  F.  Sanborn,  after  a 
search  of  several  liours  among  the  surface  stones  and  pieces  of  iock,  found  two 
living  pupoo,  and  nine  others  that  were  either  infested  1)V  parasites,  or  the  empty 
shells  of  the  previous  year ;  "  they  were  all  found  imbedded  between  the  sides 
of  the  rock  and  the  long,  dense,  crisp  moss  surrounding  it,  between  half  an  inch 
and  an  inch  and  a  half  below  the  general  surface  where  the  caterpillar  had 
entered.  They  were  not  attached  to  the  rock  or  the  moss,  but  lay  in  horizontal 
oval  cells  evidently  formed  by  the  movements  of  the  caterpillar  before  pupation ; 
the  most  particular  examination  revealed  no  trace  of  any  web  or  silken  thread 
even  as  a  lining  of  the  cell."  Mr.  Scudder  has  himself  found  pupfc  beneath  or 
beside  surface  stones,  and  Mr.  C.  P.  Whitney  has  discovered  larva)  ready  for 
pupation  in  similar  localities.  Farther  experience  leads  the  author  to  feel  "  sure 
that  the  places  chosen  by  the  larvse  for  pupation  are  exactly  those  cho.sen  by  it 
for  daily  concealment,  the  under  side  of  surfoce  stones  which  rest  upon  another 
stone,  —  a  level,  damp,  cool,  protected  spot;  here  the  caterpillar  rests  upon  the 
lower  surface  with  the  roof  grazing  its  back  ;  and,  pushing  away  whatever  may 
interfere  with  the  smoothness  of  the  spot,  changes  to  chrysalis  without  farther 
ado.  I  have  but  once  found  a  cell  which  was  anywhere  near  complete  .  .  . 
when  the  (upper)  stone  was  removed.  The  caterpillar  was  lying  on  its  back 
when  found.  May  31st,  and  changed  to  chrysalis,  June  2d,  in  the  valley  below." 
This,  so  far  as  I  know,  is  all  the  information  attainable  as  to  the  pupation,  for  no 
one  seems  to  have  been  able  to  rear  the  larva  from  egg  to  pupa,  or  even  to 
the  adult  stage  ;  and  in  cases  known  to  me  where  larvje  in  the  last  stage  have 
been  found,  and  thereafter  fed  in  captivity,  all  have  died  at  the  time  when  pupa- 
tion appeared  to  be  near. 

In   Psyche,  Vol.  V.,  page   129,  1891,  Mr.  Scudder   gives   later  observations: 


CIIIONOBAS   IX. 

"  Before  noon,  on  July  17th,  the  morning  being  fair,  I  caged  half  a  dozen  Send- 
(lea  females,  on  a  pot  of  growing  sedge,  in  an  open  south  window,  in  the  hotel  at 
the  summit  of  Mt.  Washington.  The  afternoon  and  all  the  next  day,  the  moun- 
tain was  enveloped  in  clouds,  and  no  eggs  were  laid  before  July  20th,  when,  by 
eight  o'clock,  a  single  one  was  seen.  During  that  day  and  the  next  about  eight 
or  nine  were  laid.  .  .  .  Half  a  dozen  more  females  were  placed  in  the  cage  on 
the  afternoon  of  the  21st,"  and  next  day  cage  and  contents  were  taken  to  Cam- 
bridge, Mass.,  with  the  result  of  finding  twenty-six  eggs ;  several  others  were 
laid,  up  to  25tli  July. 

The  -same  month,  1891,  Mr.  A.  P.  Mor.se,  of  Wellesley,  Mass.,  mailed  to  me,  at 
Coalburgh,  a  dozen  examples  of  both  se.xes  of  Scmklea  alive,  of  which  seven 
Avere  females.  They  had  been  turned  loose  into  a  small  pasteboard  box,  and 
were  four  days  en  route,  arriving  on  14tli  July.  Several  were  dead,  some  were 
nearly  so,  but  two  were  active  and  fiew  out  of  the  bo.x  as  I  opened  it.  These  1 
put  within  a  net  over  blue  grass  (Poa  pratensis),  and  fed  with  sugared  apple  to 
which  a  little  water  was  added.  The  next  day  I  found  seven  eggs,  all  dropped 
on  the  ground.  The  last  female  died  on  ICth  ;  that  is,  she  had  lived  six  days 
after  capture. 

On  31st  Jidy,  1892,  Mr.  Morse  again  sent  living  examples  of  same  species  from 
Mt.  Washington,  all  females.  But  only  one  reached  me  alive.  As  soon  as  1 
olfered  her  the  sugared  fruit  she  unrolled  her  proboscis  and  began  to  feed.  But 
I  allowed  her  three  miiuites  only,  and  afterwards  gave  more  food  at  intervals, 
becau.se  the  in.sects  cared  for  the  previous  year  had  gorged  themselves,  and  some 
had  died  in  consequence.  This  female  lived  with  me  six  days,  or  to  the  tenth 
after  capture,  and  laid  fifteen  eggs. 

Again,  in  1892,  on  July  13th,  I  received  from  Mr.  Scudder  two  living  females, 
remainder  of  five  mailed  from  Mt.  Washington  on  10th  ;  and  next  day  sixteen 
alive,  part  of  a  lot  of  twenty-five  mailed  the  11th.  Some  of  these  lived  till  the 
15th  and  IGth,  and  they  laid  in  all  thirty-five  eggs,  some  on  the  way  to  me, 
others  on  the  nets  or  the  grass  or  ground.  It  had  been  supposed  previous  (o 
these  experiments  and  observations  of  Mr.  Scudder  and  others  that  Semideu 
could  not  live  at  an  altitude  much  lower  than  its  place  of  habitat  on  the  White 
Mountains. 

The  only  other  district  within  the  United  States  in  which  Semidea  has  as  yet 
been  found  is  in  Colorado,  where  it  has  occasionally  been  seen  in  two  or  three 
localities.  Mr.  Dnvid  Bruce  writes  :  "I  can  say  very  little  indeed  about  >S'fJ» ((/e« 
in  Colorado.  I  never  met  with  it  but  once,  at  Marshall  Pass,  in  the  central  part 
of  the  State.  They  were  scarce,  and  the  day  was  windy.  The  late  William  S. 
Foster  had  taken  a  few  examples  at  the  same  locality,  in  1888,  and  from  his 


CHIONOHAS   IX. 


examples  which  1  arranged  after  liis  death,  that  fall,  I  first  noticed  the  difference 
between  this  species  and  what  we  now  call  C.  CEno,  from  Bullion  Mountain. 
Mr.  Oslar  took  his  Scmideu  at  Pike's  Peak,  in  1892,  and  I  saw  the  difference 
between  those  and  (Eno  at  once,  and  sent  you  the  three  examples  he  gave  me. 
Certainly  I  have  never  found  Sein'ulea  in  company  with  Brucei  or  (Eno,  on  Mts. 
IJulUon,  Hayden,  Gibson,  and  the  Whale.  I  saw,  in  1893,  CEiw,  which  had 
been  taken  by  Professor  Gillette  on  Long  Peak  ;  but  there  were  no  Semidea  in 
his  collection.  All  these  peaks  are  on  the  eastern  side  of  the  Rockies  ;  no  one 
seems  to  have  explored  the  mountains  to  the  westward." 

Mr.  Ernest  J.  Oslar  wrote  me,  in  answer  to  inquiries:  "It  was  during  my 
descent  of  Pike's  Peak,  1892,  on  the  morning  of  July  8th,  that  on  approaching 
Windy  Gap,  which  is  about  2,000  feet  from  the  top,  and  on  the  west  side  of  the 
mountain,  above  timber,  I  first  beheld  a  C.  Semidm  dart  up  suddenly  a  few 
yards  ahead  of  me,  and  after  a  swift  and  undulating  flight  fall  suddenly  to  the 
rocks.  Others  were  started,  and  I  had  to  employ  the  utmost  caution  and 
patience  to  capture  any  of  them,  so  wary  were  they,  —  alarmed  at  the  slightest 
movement.  They  always  flew  up  the  mountain  when  surprised.  After  a  labori- 
ous tramp  up  and  down  the  slope  for  two  hours,  I  was  rewarded  by  having 
captured  ten  fine  specimens,  all  of  which  proved  to  be  males."  One  of  these  is 
shown  on  the  Plate,  figure  7.  All  the  three  sent  me  are  small,  size  of  the 
smallest  examples  from  New  Hampshire. 

Prof.  Edward  J.  Owen  also  encountered  Semidea  on  Pike's  Peak,  in  1892.  He 
says  :  "  My  specimens,  I  should  say,  were  taken  at  about  one  thousand  feet 
above  the  Half  Wny  ITouse  (on  the  stage  road,  not  the  Half-way -House  on  the 
railroad).  At  the  place  of  capture  I  was  somewhat  above  timber  (hardly  above 
the  so-called  '  timber-line,'  the  elevation  of  which  is  11,000  feet  there),  but  on  a 
rocky  ridge  with  no  timber  very  near." 

It  is  apparent  from  the  observations  so  far  made  that  Semidea  in  Colorado 
lives  at  a  considerably  lower  level  than  CEno,  its  nearest  ally,  and  does  not  asso- 
ciate with  it.  The  wariness  of  the  species  and  its  swiftness  of  flight,  as  reported 
by  Mr.  Oslar,  is  quite  different  from  the  habit  on  Mt.  Washington,  N.  H.  On 
this  subject  Mr.  Scudder  writes  me :  "  To  maintain  life  on  an  isolated  peak,  as  on 
an  oceanic  island,  insects  must  be  either  strong-winged  or  very  weak-winged. 
The  furious  blasts  which  blow  about  Mt.  Washington  are  far  more  intense  than 
any  I  ever  experienced  in  Colorado,  and  if  Semidea  had  been  inclined  to  battle 
with  the  wind  and  become  in  time  stronger  winged  for  the  exercise,  I  do  not 
believe  it  could  have  survived  to  this  day.  It  would  have  been  blown  off  the 
mountain.  But  it  has  become  weak-winged  through  desuetude,  and  that  has 
been  its  salvation.     It  makes  no  contest  with  the  wind,  but  when  caught  by  it 


CHIONOBAS   IX. 

drops  as  soon  as  may  be  to  the  ground.  The  species  lives  in  Colorado  at  an 
elevation  several  thousand  feet  higher,  and  the  thin  winds  of  that  height  it  can 
contend  against,  and  so  maintain  a  combat  which  strengthens  it  even  in  defeat." 

Soaidea  has  been  believed  to  inhabit  Labrador,  by  which  name  is  to  be  under- 
stood the  Atlantic  side  of  the  peninsula  only,  and  many  collections  in  the  United 
States  and  Canada  contain  examples  so  labeled,  which  were  received  from  the 
late  II.  B.  MiJschler.  He  was  in  correspondence  with  missionaries  at  stations 
along  the  coast,  and  for  years  received  invoices  of  Labradorian  butterflies.  I 
have  two  so  labeled,  but  they  certainly  are  (Eno.  A  specimen  called  Scm'ulea 
in  my  Report  on  the  Lepidoptera  of  the  Howgate  Expedition  of  187'J,  and  taken 
in  the  Gulf  of  Cumberland,  is  also  G^iio. 

On  the  other  hand,  I  received  among  the  collections  made  for  the  Smithsonian 
by  Mr.  Tiirner,  some  yeai's  ago,  at  Fort  Chimo,  Hudson  Strait,  and  which  lies  in 
the  district  of  Ungava  by  my  maps,  a  female  which  seems  to  me  to  be  true  Scmi- 
dea,  approaching  variety  N'ujra,  and  which  is  shown  by  figures  9,  10.  It  is 
russet  to  a  greater  degree  than  any  example  I  have  seen  from  other  districts. 
We  know  so  little  of  the  butterflies  of  all  the  northern  part  of  the  continent  that 
it  is  not  safe  to  say  that  this  species  maj'  not  only  be  Labradorian,  but  an  inhab- 
itant of  other  and  widely  separated  localities. 


I  have  repeatedly  received  eggs  of  Semidea,  and,  as  before  related,  have  had 
eggs  laid  at  Coalburgh.  The  period  of  the  egg  has  varied  between  ten  and 
fifteen  days;  Mr.  Scudder  says  nine  to  fourteen.  In  1891,  out  of  .«ixty  eggs 
received  from  Mr.  Scudder  and  Mr.  Lyman,  came  eighteen  larva),  and  most  of 
them  fed  on  blue  grass  the  day  they  hatched.  But  four  did  not  feed  at  all,  !Uid 
presently  disappeared,  probably  to  hibernate  in  the  ground.  One  passed  its  first 
moult  at  eighteen  days  from  the  egg,  another  at  nineteen,  and  one  of  these  tlie 
second  moult  at  fourteen  days  from  the  first.  I  sent  this  one  to  Mrs.  Peart  for 
its  portrait,  and  received  it  again,  22d  September,  still  active  and  feeding.  But 
after  a  few  days  it  went  into  lethargy.  The  other  larva  fell  into  that  state  after 
the  first  moult.  Unfortunately  both  died  during  the  winter.  Some  of  the  eggs 
had  been  sent  Mr.  Fletcher,  and  he  got  one  larva  past  first  moult  and  then  into 
hibernation.  This  also  died  in  the  winter.  All  my  other  larva;  had  died  or  dis- 
appeared in  their  first  stage. 

In  1892  came  fully  two  hundred  eggs  from  Mr.  Scudder ;  but  not  one  of  the 
larvnc  from  them  reached  the  first  moult.  The  weather  was  very  warm  at  the 
time,  and  I  attributed  the  loss  to  that  cause.  But  Mr.  Fletcher  had  a  single 
larva  f:  ;  same  lot  of  eggs  reach  the  first  moult,  when  it  hibernated.  It  was 
found         <i  alive  in  April,  1893,  but  had  not  vitality  enough  to  enable  it  to  feed. 


CHIONOBAS  IX. 


On  25th  July,  1891,  I  had  from  Mr.  Scudder  an  adult  larva  found  by  him  on 
Mt.  Washington  under  a  stone,  and  which  is  shown  on  the  Plate  by  figures  if,  d^. 
This  was  at  once  sent  to  Mrs.  Peart,  who  wrote  soon  after :  "  It  is  very  restless, 
Init  sometimes  is  caught  eating,  then  again  will  remain  quiet  for  a  long  time,  in 
a  little  cave  it  has  made  in  the  moss."  On  21st  August:  " The  larva  does  not 
eat  now,  and  has  crowded  between  the  wire  of  the  cage  and  a  stone ;  has  not 
moved  for  several  days.  At  no  time  has  it  made  use  of  the  stones  that  are  piled 
on  the  earth  to  conceal  itself,  but  of  late  has  lain  mostly  on  the  bare  ground." 
On  27th  August  it  died,  and  with  no  evident  reason;  it  had  not  changed  color 
for  pupation,  and  looked  healthy. 

On  15th  July,  181)2,  I  received  a  larva  not  long  past  its  fourth  moult,  and 
which  measured  .G  inch  at  rest.  It  had  been  found  by  Mr.  Gardiner  Hubbard, 
son  of  my  distinguished  friend,  feeding  on  sedge,  at  high  noon.  This  was  of  the 
green  variety,  said  by  Mr.  S.  II.  Scudder  to  be  rare,  and,  indeed,  unobserved  by 
him  before.  It  made  the  usual  journey  to  the  artist,  and  came  back  8th  August, 
full  grown,  upwards  of  .9  inch  long  at  rest,  and  to  all  appearance  healthy.  It 
was  obese,  and  the  colors  soon  began  to  fade,  as  is  usual  with  butterlly  larv;e 
on  the  approach  of  pupation.  i  felt  sure  that  the  change  would  take  place 
soon,  probably  within  a  few  days.  But  it  remained  in  about  the  same  condition 
for  two  weeks,  lying  exposed  on  the  sod,  when,  on  22d,  it  suddenly  died.  I 
think  this  larva  at  its  home  might  have  pupated  in  August,  and  that  the  pupa 
would  probably  have  hibernated. 

Such  experience  as  I  have  had  seems  to  show  that  the  larvre  of  Semklea  hiber- 
nate direct  from  the  egg,  or  during  the  first  stage,  or  after  both  first  and  second 
moults ;  also  when  adult ;  and  the  pupa  may  probably  hibernate.  I  have  seen 
all  the  larval  stages  except  the  fourtli,  or  the  one  following  the  third  moult,  and 
so  far  as  I  know  that  has  not  been  observed. 

Mr.  Scudder  mentions  a  large  ichneumon-fly,  I.  instabilis,  Cresson,  as  having 
come  out  of  a  wintering  chrysalis ;  and  a  Pteromalus,  P.  Chionobic,  Howard,  as 
having  come  from  a  chrysalis  late  in  the  summer.  Mr.  Shelley  W.  Denton 
reports  that  Senddea  butterflies,  on  Mt.  Washington,  are  subject  to  the  attack  of 
a  black  long-legged  spider,  Pardosa  albomaculata,  Emerton.  He  says  :  *'  I  have 
seen  this  spider  run  after  a  butterfly  which  was  being  blown  close  along  the 
ground,  and  after  pouncing  upon  it,  begin  to  suck  the  juice  from  the  body.  I 
tied  a  dead  butterfly  with  a  string,  and  placing  it  near  a  spider,  drew  it  along 
for  some  yards,  the  spider  following  and  evidently  intent  on  getting  a  dinner. 
Doubtless  these  spiders  destroy  many  larvro  also,  for  one  sees  them  scrambling 
among  the  rocks,  searching  with  a  purpose  that  means  mischief." 


J? 


EXPLANATION   OF   THE  PLATE. 


Semidea,  1,  2   1,9,  i   9,  from  White  Mountains,  N.  IL  ;  6,  7   5,  same  locality,  showing  variation  in  the 
shape  of  the  hand  ;  r>  ^   from  I'ike's  Peak,  Colorado  ;  9,  10   9,  from  Hudson  Strait;  8  var. 
NiCiRA  5,  White  Mountains,  N.  H. 
n  Egg  ;  a-  niicroi)ylo. 

b,  i^  Young  Lakva  ;   h',  li*  last  segments  :   Ifi  process  on  body;  /;"  head. 

c,  c^  Larva  at  1st  moult ;  c'  he.ad. 

(/■'  Adult  Lauva,  green  variety,  a  little  enlarged  ;  tl  greatly  enlarged. 

(/*  Same,  red  variety,  a  little   enlarged  ;   (/'  greatly  enlarged  ;   d^  last  segment  ;   (/'  process  on   body  ; 
(P  head, 
e,  e^  Chrysalis,  enlarged  ;  c'  front  view  of  end  of  last  segment  and  crcmaster;  e*  side  view  of  same. 


1  \ho. 
var. 


loily  ; 


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PAIINASSIUS  I. 


PAUNASSIUS  SMINTIIEUS,  5;  VAli.  IIKUMODUIM-I. 


/',/n»/,«/».-'  Sminllhu.i,  D.Mililcil^iy  iiiiil  II<'Hils(m  ;   W.  II.  Kdwiircls,  Itnll.  N.  A.,  Vi.l.  I.,  |>l.  ."i   7,  p.  2\.     Is?'.'; 

ill.,  r;i|iilio,  \'iil.  III.,  p.  VM-      IN**'';  iil.,C'iiiiiiilian  Kiilom()lo'4ist,  Veil.  XV'II  .  |i.  Dl.     ISHS. 
V.\u.  IliitMoDUit,  llrni'v  Kitwiinls,  I'lipilin,  I.,  p.  l.     l»Sl- 

Dehc'Hii'Tion  of  tlic  o.'irly  stnu'os  of  Smintiikcs. 

Koo. —  Kc,liiiioi(l-sliai)t'(l,  l)idiiil  and  low,  IIk'  nidos  imicli  ciirvod.  tlio  to|>ii  little 
depressed,  the  base  iiatteiu-d  ;  the  upper  surface  ooiiipletelv  iiiciiisted  witii  do.se 
cloiijrated  granulations  (like  seeds  or  grains),  imperfectly  hexagonal  ;  in  .<onie 
cases  there  appears  to  he  ii  little  hole  at  each  angle  of  the  grain  through  the 
iiH'rustalion  (as  .shown  in  Konopicky's  ligure  of  the  egg,  in  Volume  I,),  hut  most 
often  this  feature  is  wanting  ;  in  the  depression  the  grains  diminish  in  live  or  six 
rows  concentric  about  the  micropyle,  which  is  in  the  centre  of  a  tlattened  ro.'^ette 
of  five-sided  cells;  color  ivory-white,  a  little  stained  green,  most  so  on  tlii"  top. 
(Figs,  a,  a-.)  Duration  of  this  stage  irregular,  .some  eggs  giving  larvie  the  same 
season,  others  in  the  following  spring. 

YoiiNC,  Lauva.  —  Length  .08  inch  ;  sub-cylindrical,  broadest  at  base,  ta])ering 
very  gradually  on  both  dorsum  and  side  from  :;  or  A  to  1:5.  the  last  segment  nar- 
rowing rapidly  and  ending  roundly  ;  color  black,  covered  with  long  black  hairs 
(in  Figure  h,  it  was  necessary  to  make  these  light,  to  show  them  against  the  dark 
surface)  ;  on  the  dorsum  are  four  rows  of  these  iiairs,  two  on  either  side  the  mid- 
dor,sal  line,  each  .springing  frmn  a  little  tubercle  ;  on  2  to  !  they  are  arranged  in 
cross-rows,  on  the  middle  of  the  segments,  and  on  2  they  are  equidistant  from 
•  each  other,  but  on  ;'.  and  4  there  is  a  wi.Ier  space  between  the  second  and  tlurd 
than  elsewhere  ;  also  on  2  is  another  cross-row  of  four,  near  the  fi'ont,  each 
tubercle  of  each  pair  placed  a  little  to  the  outer  side  of  the  corresponding  tu- 
bercle of  the  hinder  row;  segments  -I  to  13  have  the  hairs  arranged  (lilVerently, 
those  of  the  two  inner  I'ows  falling  on  the  anterior  part  of  each  segment,  wlnle 


i'AKNASSlUS   1. 

tlioso  of  tho  two  uutsido  lows  are  ut  the  oxtroiiio  roar;  the  hairs  on  the  antorior 
.segiiieiiLs  aro  curved  ami  tiinu'd  forward,  tlioso  of  'J  falling-  over  the  head  ;  from 
5  to  10  they  aro  nearly  eroet.  on  the  last  se,f,nnents  are  turned  back  ;  hiidi  on 
the  side  is  a  row  of  large  llattoned  and  rounded,  snb-oval,  tuberculous  spots  from 
2  to  12,  and  partly  outlined  on  tho  front  of  l->,  from  each  of  which  spring  four 
divergent  hairs,  fi'oni  separated  tubercles  set  almost  in  rectangle;  on  2  to  1  is  a 
demi-row  of  three  hairs,  small,  short,  in  triangle,  and  in  line  with  the  spiracles, 
and  this  row  i.i  represented  on  tho  front  of  1.1  by  a  single  hair  ;  along  the  Itasc, 
from  2  to  13,  are  two  hairs  to  each  segiiu'ut.  their  tubercles  close  together,  the 
inndor  one  of  the  two  always  a  little  al>ove  tlie  otlier ;  just  over  tho  feet  and 
legs,  and  from  2  to  I-!,  aro  two  shoit,  line  hairs  to  each  ;  under  side  and  legs 
greenish  brown,  the  feet  black ;  head  obovoid,  long,  broader  than  high,  depressed 
at  the  suture,  the  vertices  rounded  ;  color  black,  t!ie  surface  rough  ;  on  each  lobe 
eight  short  black  hairs,  two  across  next  lli((  vei'tices;  six  in  cross  lino  with  the 
a]iex  oi  the  fiontal  triangle  ;  six  across  the  middle  of  the  ti'iangle,  and  one  on 
each  ■  ide  near  base;  over  the  mandibles  a  fringe  of  six  hairs.  The  larva  from 
tho  lirst  is  able  to  jiroject  a  Innijiv  brown-yellow  mass  from  its  osmatorium,  but 
this  does  not  bifurcate  into  tentacles  till  tlic  next  strgo.  (Figs.  I)  to  //'.)  Diini- 
tion  of  this  stay-o  in  Ma\'.  at  Coalijur"!!,  li\o  da\s. 


After  lirst  moult  :  length,  at  twenty-faur  hoiu's.  .18  inch  ;  shape  'ory  nearly 
as  iit  lirst  stage,  nrtijor  more;  cylindrical,  the  elevation  anteriorly  somewhat 
greater,  and  the  dorsal  slope  mori'  decided  ;  color  black,  the  base  and  under 
surface  greenish  brown  ;  the  processes  much  as  before,  but  instead  of  single 
tubercles  over  dorsum,  ther  are  now  b.ur  corresponding  rows  of  small,  glossy 
black,  llattened  tubercuhitions.  each  from  .'!  bearing  four  short  divergent  hairs, 
separated  at  their  ijases  ;  on  2  ai'o  two  rows  each,  corresponding  to  the  minute 
tubercles  on  s:Mue  seginont  at  first  stage,  each  bearing  a  single  hair;  the  upjier 
lateral  tuliorculations  as  before  l)ut  larger,  and  decidedly  oval,  and  ihoy  bear 
from  six  to  eight  hairs  each;  there  is  now  an  infra-stigmatal  row  of  same  nature, 
small,  one  to  each  of  2.  .">,  4,  with  line  hairs,  from  5  two  to  each,  smaller,  nearly 
touching,  the  hinder  one  alwiivs  higher  than  the  otlier,  and  tlu-so  bear  lour 
hairs  ;  oxce|,t  on  1.'],  on  which  is  but.  a  single  hair,  from  a  reduced  tiil)ercle  ;  the 
hairs  vary  in  length  on  each  tubercle  over  the  body;  there  aro  also  maiij'  short 
black  h  >irH  between  the  tuborculations,  as  shown  on  c'  ;  from  2  to  l.'i  inclusive, 
in  lino  with  the  upper  lateral  tuborculations,  is  a  chrome-yellow  ova!  or  rounded 
spot,  on  the  rear  of  each  segment,  and  above,  in  line  with  the  sub-dorsal  row  ol 
tuberculations.  is  to  each  a  small  and  paler  yellow  oval  ,  head  nearly  as  before, 
broader  in  proportion  to  the  height,  the  hairs  much  more  numerous.     At  thi^ 


I'AKNASWIUS    I. 

stii"e  the  lentiides  are  iorkod.  but  iiro  sliui'l.     (Figs,  r  to  c"'. )      Diinitioii  ot  this 
stag'e,  in  May,  at  Coalhury!),  live  days. 

Al'tei'  .second  moult :  leugtli,  at  tweuty-t'oui' hours,  .28  inch;  same  shape  as  at 
the  second  stage  ;  color  black,  the  under  siile  chocolate-brown  ;  the  same  liatleued 
tuborculations  as  bei'ore,  but  (he  hairs  from  these  are  shorter,  and  scarcely 
loii'i-er  than  the  hairs  wiiich  cover  the  l)ody,  and  which  are  more  numerous  than 
before  ;  the  sul)-dorsal  light  spots  are  oval,  the  long  axis  running  with  the  length 
of  the  boily,  the  lateral  row  its  bid'ore,  yellow,  but  sometimes  pure  white  ;  head 
as  before,  the  hairs  more  abundant.  (Fig.  </.)  Duration  of  this  .stage,  in  June, 
four  da,y.s. 

After  third  moult:  length,  at  twenty-four  hour.s,  .4  inch;  scarcely  dilVers  in 
color  and  marking.s  from  the  last  previous  stage.  (Fig.  c.)  The  duration  of  the 
stage  I  am  unable  to  give,  as  all  the  larvie  in  my  charge  died  licforc  fourth 
moult.  In  the  next  stage  I  wa,s  dependent  on  hirvoc  sent  from  Colorado  and 
Montana. 


After  fourth  moult  (.some  d'lys) :  length  .Od  inch;  shape  and  color  as  before  ; 
the  tuberculations  have  disappeared,  and  the  whole  surface  is  covered  with  short, 
stitl'  black  hairs  of  uniform  length. 

Mature  Lauva.  —  Length  .9  to  l.l  inch;  nearly  cylindrical,  a  little  llattened, 
slender,  of  even  size,  or  very  nearly,  from  I  l;>  1  I  ;  color  lilack-lirown,  the  luider 
side  and  legs  chocolate-brown,  feet  black;  surf.ice  thickly  covered  with  short, 
stilf  black  hairs  ;  nuirked  by  two  rows  of  chrome-yellow,  sometimes  white,  spots, 
on  <'itb<!i-  side,  one  sub-dorsal,  one  lateral  ;  tin  number  of  spots  of  each  row 
varies;  sometimes  there  are  two  from  i  to  11  or  12,  in  ti.-e  .  ub-donsal  row,  nne 
on  the  middle  of  the  .segment,  a  smaller  one  on  the  rear  ;  but  sometimes,  as  seen 
in  7,  there  is  only  one  spot ;  the  lateral  row  lias  three  spots  from  .3  to  12,  two  on 
2,  four  on  lo,  l)Ut  .sometimes  there  is  l)ut  one  on  2.  and  two  on  the  others;  the 
tentacles  on  2  are  short,  tajjcring,  truncated,  liglit  yellow;  head  ohovoid,  broader 
than  high,  deeply  depressed  at  the  suture,  the  vertices  rounded:  cole  black; 
surface  lough,  and  bearing  many  short  hairs.  (Fig./,  natural  size,  Trom  Colo- 
rado; Fig.s.  fj,  _r/',  enlarged,  from  Montana,  and  belonging  to  the  var.  Ui.rinoihir.) 

CiiKYSALis.  —  Length,  .(>  inch  ;  breadth  at  nie.sonotum  .22,  at  abdonien  .26 
inch  :  c^linrL-ical,  the  ventral  outline  moderately  arched,  the  dorsal  largely  ;  head 
case  short,  narrow,  rounded  both  ways ;  mesonotuni  not  very  prominent,  dome- 
shaped,  with  no  carina;  the  deprcs.sion  slight;  a  .short  pyramidal  projection  at 


PARNASSIUS   I. 

bast'  of  wing ;  tlie  wing  cases  hnt,  slightly  raised  ;  alidonicMi  co4iioal,  tumid  ;  at 
tiio  L-nd  hlnntl\  rounded  ;  creni'aster  witiiout  hooks  or  bristles;  "almost  com- 
pletely aborted,  l)eing  reduciul  to  a  broad  semicirctdar  tumescence  involving  the; 
pnpal  rectum,  and  to  two  small  tubercles,  corresponding  to  the  anal  legs  of  the 
larva,  directed  forward  and  a  little  outward,  situated  at  the  riivergent  extremities 
of  two  short  and  low  ridges  forn)ing  together  a  V  opening  forward"  (Scudder) ; 
wdiole  surface,  except  the  smooth  wing  cases,  hnely  granulated  ;  color  yellow- 
brown  with  a  tint  of  green,  (l^'igs.  fi  to  h\)  When  about  to  pupate,  tlie  larva 
draws  a  leaf  or  leaves  together  by  a,  few  threads,  making  a  pseudo-cocoon  ;  but, 
as  will  iiereinafter  appear,  Mr.  Albert  Koebele  found  a  pupa  on  the  ground, 
beneath  a  bit  of  wood,  and  with  no  appearance  of  threads  or  web.  The  length 
of  this  staue  1  am  unable  to  give. 


Mr.  Henry  Ivlwards  described  var.  lIiiUMODrii  thus:  •'  $  ;  the  whole  upper  sur- 
face of  the  primarie.-.  is  of  a  smoky-black  lnu\  sliglitly  transpare  it,  the  usual 
Ijaiuls  being  lost  in  the  ground  color  of  tlie  wing.     The  present  in.sect  expands 


onlv 


:.o  iiicli. 


•outhern 


(k)l 


oracto. 


1  have  had  in  my  possession  this  tvpe 
female.  It  is  nothirjg  like  so  melanic  as  the  examples  now  ligureil,  and  is 
su-ailei-  than  most  of  the  females  received  from  Montana.  In  the  Judith  Moun- 
tains this  black  form  is  common,  and  grades  into  the  smoky-black  hue  of  the  type. 
In  the  (hirkest  examples  there  is  no  yellow  whatever  on  jirimaries,  and  very  little 

the 
II  of 


on  secondaries,  being  limited   to  a  narrow  irregular  discal  baud   or  stripe  on 
,„isal  side  of  the  red  spots.      iUit  others  have  more  or  less  yellow  in  the  ce 


1  over  most  of  secondaries.     Between  the  extremes  tliere 


jirmiaries.  am 

deuree  of  variation.     The  ret 


IS  ever 


1  spot 


s  are  in  exces- 


,  both 


■y 


of  color,  but  ill  some  the  spots  are  yellow,  as  in  var.  IJchrll.     The  greater 


1  as  to  number  and  intensity 
number 


ol   tlie   temales  are   large,  ex])aii(ling   Irom 


2.S  to  ;]:.>  inches  (Fi-r.  51 


IILC. 


Plate  11.  of  I'anias^ii 


1.-.  Ill 


\ 


oiimie 


1. 


represents  wi 


11  tl 


le  U'nitev  examnles 


2,  of 
of  the 


"•ave  It 


female  from  .luditli  Mountains,  .■^iid  tomes  near  the  type  of  Ilerinodttr. 
the  name  Skj/H,  and  Ihrmodiir  would  seem  to  be  a  melanic  Sdf/H.  Ifowever,  I 
am  very  lilling  to  accept  the  name  given  by  Mr.  Henry  Edwards,  and  to  extend 
his  deli  in  lion  so  as  to  cover  all  the  black  examples  of  the  sjiecies.  In  most  M 
tana  examples  the  red  is  more  soli('  and 
The  males  from  Mt.  Judith  are 


on- 


deeper  colored  tlian  in  the  typical  ,S(//// 


usually  largi',  expanding 


three  inches,  but  I 


(iiid  no  point  in  the  color  or  markings  in  which  they  differ  from  the  males  of 
Siiiinthctis.  in  Colorado.  Several  of  both  sexes  observed  were  undistinguishable 
from  a  pair  of  V.  Iiitcrvii  flius,  sent  me  by  Dr.  Standinger  as  Meiu'tries'  Inivrmc- 
dliis,  from  Siberia.  These  are  not  at  all  melanic.  and  the  marginal  borders  are 
transparent.  1  have  a  female  of  this  form  which  was  taken  on  Mt.  Bradhj, 
California,  by  Mr.  James  Behrens. 


I'AUNASSinS    I. 


I'robiibly  dark  UcruKidar  will  he  ioiiiid  in  cortiiiii  localities  in  Colorado,  and  ! 
I'ormcrly  received  a  .single  example  liom  New  Mexico  that  was  nearly  as  hlack 
as  any  i'roin  Montana,  and  on.  winch  tiie  red  s[)ots  were  hirge  and  intense.  lUit 
in  si/.e  it  was  very  small.  Mr.  Mead  liad  noticed,  in  ISTl,  that  occasionally,  at 
liiiih  elevations  in  Colorado,  the  females  were  nielanized  and  small,  while  at  low 
elevations  they  were  white  and  large. 

1  have  seen  great  nnndjer.s  of  the  Montana  Sm'mUieua  from  Mt.  .Judith,  by  the 
kindness  of  Mr.  Wm.  M.  Courtis,  M.  R,  and  of  Mr.  W.  V,.  Wright,  both  of  whom 
collected  at  Maiden.  The  climate  there  is  severe.  Mr,  Courtis  wrote,  llSSo,  that 
.snow  fell  during  every  month  of  the  year.  "The  .season  is  very  .short.  I  think 
all  the  butterflies  come  at  one  lime,  like  the  flowers.  Spring  and  fall  flowers 
arc  only  a  week  or  two  ajtart.  The  1'arna.ssianK  come  about  1st  July,  and  now, 
liMh  .Inly,  have  almost  entirely  disappeared."  Mr.  Wright  says,  'Jdth  .lunc, 
iS'Jd,   ■•  !  havi'  been  here  nearly  a  week,  and  have  had  very  liad  weather  ;    rain 

xry  -rucion  w  night,  the  days  more  or  less  cloudy  ;  no  bottom  land  ;  high 
'  ;  .  .  Unies  rocli}',  sometimes  .smooth  and  gniss'  ;  some  pine  clad;  all  altout 
as  .-^teop  as  rock  and  soil  will  be,  ,say  .'Jo"  to  15'."  Owing,  probably,  to  these  con- 
ditions, tlie  larva'  and  pu|)ii!  bi'i;ig  subject  to  colli  and  wet  in  greater  degree  than 
in  tin  main  Kocky  Mountain  lange,  the  Judith  females  have  become  melanic, 
and  th-  habits  of  the  bulterllies  have  come  to  dilfcr  somewhat  from  Sniinlliciin 
proper.  How  far  to  the  north  S)nhilhcus  flies  is  unknown,  but  Mr.  Bean  takes 
it  at  Laggan,  Alberta.  .\.ll  the  examples  I  have  .seen  from  that  locality  are  white 
and  snniU. 

ElVorts  were  made  for  several  years  by  dill'erent  observers  to  discover  the  food- 
plant  of  SmiiU/wtm.  Mr.  Courtis  wrote.  4th  July  :  ''  A  few  (lays  ago  I  took  a  walk 
and  saw  hundreds  of  the  I'arnassiaii.s^  and  c;mght  ten  or  twelve,  all  males  except 
one.  To-day  1  went  out  and  took  nearly  fifty,  and  have  several  pairs  tied  n]i 
under  netting,  vviili  sedum.  One  pair  have  mated  in  the  net."  On  July  Sth  : 
"I  went  out  *::•■  Dorniug,  and  took  twenty  or  more  pairs,  and  watched  the 
females.  T'  _  li  .'~' om  to  lly  to  the  ground,  and  either  lay  their  eggs  on  the 
ground  or  )••  ;  ■  ita.  roots.  1  could  not  find  eggs,  though  I  .saw  them  drop.  1 
have  a  larijc  n..;i'   o 


refusing  to  lay  in 


,'    females  now   tied  up.     .Some  which  were  let  loose,  after 
'  r.ement,  laid  at  once  on  the  grass  and  an^'where.     The 


species  is  connnon,  by  hundreds  on  every  hillside."  In  one  letter  Mr.  Courtis 
sent  nic  140  eggs,  and  wrote :  '•  Most  of  these  came  from  females  that  mated 
after  1  caught  them.  1  ll  'nk  they  lay  at  the  roots  of  jdants,  as  they  always 
drop  to  the  ground,  then  elind)  the  stalk  and  lly  away.  Those  in  confinement 
(''imbed  sticks,  and  the  window  frames,  laying  eggs  ".s  they  went,  putting  one 
on  everything  they  touched,  except    the  scdum.     1    made   one    lay  on  this  by 


I'ARNA.SSUJS    I. 


kot'ping  luT  moving,  but  f^lic  scemod  very  niiicli  excited.  As  soon  as  T  put  iior 
on  grass  and  sticiis  she  laid  every  lew  moments."  Again:  "1  noticed  a  i'ouialc 
aligiit  on  sedum,  drop  to  the  grounil,  and  cUnih  up.  She  certainly  laid  an  ei'-", 
though  1  could  not  lind  it." 

Mr.  Wriglit  was  at  Maiden  nearly  three  weeks.  lie  says:  "One  cannot  go  far 
without  .seeing  pairs  in  copulation,  during  the  short  season  of  pairing  and  on  the 
limited  areas  on  which  the  nowdy  emerged  iniagos  appear.  Copulation  takes 
place  inunediately  on  the  emergence  of  tlie  females,  often  while  the  wings  are 
still  limp.  .  .  .  Afterwards  tlie  males  lly  away,  and  are  seen  far  beyond  the  breed- 
ing grounds,  but  tiie  females  remain  tiiere.  Most  of  the  females  1  take  start  up 
at  my  feet,  and  till  the  eggs  are  laid  the  fenude  rarely  Mies.  But  the  males  are 
contimially  on  the  wing,  hovering  low  to  (  :  -^  tl";  female  in  hiding,  or  as  she 
suns  herself  on  a  bare  spot  of  ground.      It  i.-,  impossible  to  discover  tlieni 

wdien  hidden,  even  thougli  one  may  know  witki  few  inches  where  th(;y  are. 
When  a  female  is  started  by  the  male  she  Hies  straight  and  rapidly,  and  suddeidv 
drops  into  tlie  grass.  Apparently  this  actior.  is  for  the  jiurpose  of  misleading oi' 
eluding  the  male.  In  life,  esj)ecia!ly  at  pairing  time,  Ijoth  sexes  have  a  strong 
odor  tiiat,  on  taking  them  from  the  net,  1  often  found  very  disagreeable.  I  have 
seen  the  females  lay  eggs  on  grass,  wild  rose,  blackbei'ry,  and  one  of  the  Coiii- 
positii\  but  never  on  sedum." 

As  related  in  Volume  I.,  Mr.  Mead  had  observed  Sjniiilhott^,  in  1871,  ami 
obtained  eggs  on  sedum.  He  says:  *' Yesterday,  Mr.  B.  brought,  me  a  female 
wi'li  an  egg  adhering  to  the  ovipositor,  and  said  that  it  had  deposited  several 
eggs  on  'a  tuft  of  grass.'  On  further  incjuiry  he  was  not  sure  what  the  'grass' 
might  be,  and  1  conjectured  it  might  be  seduin.  .  .  .  Accordingly,  on  searching, 
1  found  two  empty  eggshells  on  the  jdant,  apparently  punctured  by  some  insect." 
Five  days  later :  "  The  Parnas.sians  lay  freely.  1  have  about  one  hundred  eggs, 
laid  indiscriminately  on  the  box,  or  the  ch)th  covering  it,  within  which  1  had 
inclosed  a  female  with  the  sedum.  Very  few  were  on  the  plant  itself.  On  21st 
August :  "  I  opened  an  egg  to-day  and  found  a  half-developed  larva  inside,  appar- 
ently in  a  natural  state.  "  Six  days  later:  "To-day  I  dissected  an  egg  carefully 
and  found  a  completely  formed  caterpillar,"  Some  of  these  eggs  were  dis- 
covered, on  the  loth  January  following,  to  hitve  hatched,  but  when  was  unknown. 
All  were  dead. 

Mr.  Bruce  wrote,  9th  June,  1886  :  "  1  tliink  the  food-plant  is  neither  sedum 
nor  saxifrage,  but  Castelleia  Integra,  a  singular  red-blooming  plant.  The  butter- 
lliej  seem  attracted  to  the  plant,  and  are  always  present  where  it  occurs."  On 
June  25th  :  "I  have  watched  the  females  lay  their  eggs  and  find  that  they  also 
lay  en  Artemisia,  but  the  Castelleia  is  the  favorite.     I  dug  up  several  of  these  last 


TAltNASSirS   I. 


to  send  you,  ami  on  the  first  1  toucluMl  were  two  eggs."  (3n  July  22d  :  "  1  luivo 
scvenil  times  soon  tlio  fonuilos  laying  oggs  on  Castolloia,  l)nt  1  watched  lots  of 
liiem  yesterday,  and  tliey  laiil  on  ovorytliing  they  happened  to  be  on.  oven  dry 
grass  and  stones.  Sedum  carpeted  the  rocks,  and  (Jastolleia  was  plontil'ul,  ami  no 
ilonbt  if  the  larvai  feed  on  cither  plant  they  wonld  soon  find  (heir  own.  1  saw  a. 
Icmalo  with  limp  wings  climb  a  dry  stem  of  Castolloia,  and  1  soarchod  for  tho 
pupa  skin,  but  could  not  find  it."  On  21st  September  :  "During  the  last  wook 
1  have  in  vain  searched  for  larvje  of  tS'iiiiii/firus.  I  bcliovo  they  must  partly 
food  up  in  the  fall,  for  the  snow  is  hardly  oil'  tho  ground  in  tho  spring  before 
the  insects  are  ilying." 

The  late  Mr.  W.  S.  Foster,  at  Salida,  Colorado,  wrote  me,  17th  July,  1888  :  '•  1 
WHS  at  Marshall  Pass,  elevation  ll.OOO  foot,  on  l-")th,  and  saw  a  fomalo  Siniii' 
llu'im  alight  in  a  clump  of  grass,  crawl  down  to  the  middle  of  it,  and  lay  an  ogg 
on  a  stem.  There  was  no  sedum  in  this  chimp,  though  S.  stono|)otidum  grow 
close  by.  Probably  the  female  lays  her  eggs  anywhort',  and  Icnvos  tiio  larvte  to 
iind  their  food-plant." 

Up  to  this  time,  no  one  had  seen  either  l:irva,  or  pupa  of  Smin/liois,  but  July 
1  I,  1S89,  Mr.  Jiriice  wrote  :  "  I  .send  you  to-day  (ivo  larv;v.  'I'ho  Sedum  steno- 
petalum  is  really  the  food-plant,  and  1  have  seen  tlie  larva'  eat  nolhing  else. 
They  bury  themselves  in  the  earth  at  niglil.  and  wriggle  out  eiirly  in  the  morn- 
ing, as  soon  as  tho  sun  wiirms  the  ground  ;  then  oat  voraciously  for  three  or 
four  hours,  and  bask  for  the  rest  of  the  day  on  a  stone,  or  leaf,  or  on  tho  groiiml. 
1  am  .sorry  to  say  that  most,  if  not  all,  the  liirvu'  sent  ar<'  probably  ichneiimon- 
ized.  1  found  thirteen  larva\  but  a  rat,  or  some  other  of  the  numberless  vermin 
that  infest  the  mining  shanties,  got  the  not  oil',  and  carrit'd  away  or  ate  half  of 
them.  One  lar\a  had  comiiiencod  a,  cocoon  of  loaves  on  the  bettom  of  the  tin, 
an<l  unfortunately  I  <listurl)ed  it.  I  can  Iind  larvai  easily  now  that  I  know  their 
habits.  They  do  not  touch  Saxifrage  aizoides,  though  that  is  .'dnindant.  1  .sat 
down  several  times  and  watche<l  the  larva-  eating  the  -•diiiii,  so  th,'re  can  be  no 
mistake  about  that  food-])lant.  The  full-grown  larva'  hide  in  the  earth  like  cut- 
worms. I  have  .seen  them  ])artially  buried  several  times,  and  liavi'  found  them 
by  pulling  up  sedum.  The  soil  on  the  slopes  is  lino  ami  friable,  easily  bored 
into  by  a.  larva.  On  disturbing  one  of  them,  it  will  sometimes  curl  np  and 
remain  (juiot ;  but  at  (jihor  times  they  will  run  yi.'yy  fast  and  hide  in  tin?  grass, 
and  bury  fhemsolves  (piiokly.  I  oiinnot  say  that  tlioy  go  ileop  into  the  gidiuid, 
but  far  enough  lor  concoalmont." 

From  Hall  Valley,  altitude  ll,(MM)  foot,  .'id  July,  1890:  '-Tuesday  was  a  line 
morning,  so  1  walked  up  Oibson  (liilch  to  my  cabin  on  Bullion  Mounbiin.  About 
noon,  a  hailstorm  came  np,  changing  to  a  furious  .'jnoustorin  which  lasted  all  the 


PAHNASSIUS   I. 


afternoon.  I  got  to  the  cahin  about  livo  o'clock,  cold,  wet,  and  hungry.  Tlie 
next  day  opened  cold  but  bright,  and  after  the  sun  rose,  the  snow  soon  dis- 
appeared. I  went  out,  and  in  a  Uttle  time  found  l\)ur  hirv;u,  which  I  send  you." 
On  loili  July:  '•  I  found  a  <s'//(/;;///t».s  larva  basking  on  a  rock,  near  seduni.  It 
has  now  spun  a  slight  web  in  the  bo.\,  an<l  is  preparing  1o  pupate.  I  would  not 
trust  tiiese  larvie  in  anything  tliat  has  so  much  as  a  piuliole  in  it,  for  they  will 
somehow  contrive  to  s((ueeze  out.  1  found  one  nearly  through  a  piece  of  wire 
gauze,  it  having  elongated  itself  like  a  leech.  I  laid  on  the  grassy  slope  mid 
watched  the  buttertlies  retiring  for  the  night.  Sutlnfhciis  would  drop  liglilly 
on  the  grass  with  wings  fully  extended,  and  there  lie  a,  long  time,  the  legs  not 
being  used  at  all.  As  daylight  faded,  they  gradually  closed  tlieir  wings  and 
sli])ped  down  into  the  grass.  On  the  other  hand,  the  Argyimids  mul  Meliticas 
hung  on  the  under  side  of  leaves  and  llowers,  sometimes  in  clusters  of  twenty  or 
more."  On  20th  July:  ^'  Smiiifhoix  wu^  fhing  on  IJuIlion  to-day  literidly  bv 
thousands,  but  very  few  were  females.  It  is  a  singidar  eharaeleristic  of  this 
species  that  one  never  sees  two  of  tluMU  llirting  or  chasing  each  othei',  as  other 
buttertlies  do.  A  Colias  or  I'ieris  will  chase  or  circle  roimd  a  Siiilntliciis,  but  the 
latter  gels  away  as  fast  as  possible,  and  seems  not  to  liave  tlie  idea  of  playing,  in 
Colorado,  .S'////////<(''/.s  is  abundant  for  thi'ee  months,  and  I  have  seldom  found  llieiii 
in  copulation.  This  1  understand  is  dilVerent  from  the  experience  of  observers  in 
Montana,  and  ])erhaps  the  rougher  and  colder  clinnite  there  shortens  their  lives, 
and  they  are  compelled  to  propagate  as  (juickly  as  possI!»le.  ikit  early  in  June 
1  have  taken  several  pairs  in  copula,  at  I'alnivr  Lake  (snith  of  Denver),  and 
earlier  than  elsewhere.  The  species  occurs  there  in  inunense  numbers,  and  I  have 
caught  two  hundred  examples  in  a  very  sliort  lur-e.  Tlie.se  first  comers  are 
large  and  white,  nothing  melanic  about  them.  The  conditions  at  that  lake  are 
fa.  j}-  Ue  to  an  early  development  and  a  protracted  seasonal  life  of  the  species; 
a  long,  deep,  and  fertile  valley,  very  high  and  well-timbered  mountains  on  the  west, 
side,  the  peak.s  attaining  the  higliest  altitude  ;  on  the  east,  rough  undulating 
hills,  with  strangely  formed  sandstone  ridges;  plenty  of  vegetation  everywhere, 
sedum  often  com])let(dy  carpeting  great  area.s  of  ground.  The  snow  lies  late 
in  places,  but  in  the  \alley  proper  it  is  sheltered  an<l  (juite  warm.  Smiiilliciis  is 
here  on  the  wing  fully  four  months,  from  last  of  May  to  last  of  yeptember.  1 
iiave  no  doubt  thest;  late  indiviiluals  come  Irom  the  higher  levels.  Tliere  are 
gullies  and  gulches  that  butterllies  will  enter,  and,  never  turning  back,  will  kec]) 
right  down  the  mountain  till  an  open  tract  is  reached.  Here  flowers  abound, 
and  buttertlies  of  many  species,  as  well  as  other  in.se^ts,  swarm." 

On   -2d  July  :  "  I  send  you  this  day  several  larviu,  the  result   of  a  hard  day's 
work.     1  went  to  the  very  top  of  Mt.   Mayden,  one  of  the  highest  of  the  Front 


I' A  UN  ASS  I  [JS    r. 


liiiigo,  14,000  feet,  and  as  I  had  hoped,  I  found  insects  and  vegetation  two  weeks 
lii'hind  tlic  lower  region.  All  these  liirviv  were  on  sednni.  I  watched  them  eiit- 
ini(  it  several  times.     One  adnlt  1  I'oiiiid  on  a  rock  near  sediim." 

From  Denver:  '' I  have  two  females  Smint/tins  confined,  and  they  are  very 
nnuising  creatiu'cs.  They  are  in  a  large  tin  with  a  clump  of  hlooming  sedum.  n 
\cllow  saxifrage,  and  som(>  roots  of  grass,  and  stand  on  the  sill  of  the  open  win- 
dow—  of  course  inclosed  in  a  net.  They  will  now  and  then  crawl  I'onnd  the 
net  and  deposit  an  egg  on  it;  they  sun  themselv(!s  on  tlu;  sedum,  sucl\ing  iit 
lli(i  hlossonis.  I  have  watered  the  plants  with  a  (ino  rose,  ami  the  instant  the 
insects  feci  tlie  spray,  they  hurry-skurry  and  sqnee/e  down  among  the  plants  so 
that  they  cannot  he  .seen  at  all,  their  habit  doubtless  during  liie  fre((uent  moun- 
lain  storms."  From  Hall  Valley,  27th  Seplendicr, "iSOO  :  "  All  is  brown  and  deso- 
late :  shari)  frosts  at  niu'ht  and  bris-ht  vet  cold  davs  have  burned  tlie  veijjetation  ; 
('.\ce|)t  in  sheltered  nooks  not  a.  butterlly  is  to  be  .seen.  I  end)raced  the  chance 
of  a  ritle  through  the  tindjcr  with  a  jack  train  that  was  liauling  to  tlie  mines, 
and  went  up  the  (libson.  All  1  saw  were  two  Colias  SciKh/crii,  half  !i  dozen 
Cdfias  3le(((fii,  rather  more  Argynnis  PJin\i//i<iiiic.  and  about  a  dozen  Smliif/tcus. 
Of  these  last  1  saw  but  one  female,  and  she  was  pouchless.  and  apparently  not 
long  out  of  pupa.  The  males  were  also  fresh  and  very  handsume.  1  think 
these  late  fresh  exan)[)les  come  from  eggs  laid  where  the  snow  docs  not,  melt  till 
.inly,  and  there  are  thousands  of  acres  through  the  mountains  in  this  condition. 
Did  you  know  the  males  can  use  their  claspers  as  a  defensive  wea])on  ?  It  is  ,so 
indeed.  I  had,  on  one  occasion,  tilled  the  cyanide  bottle  with  insects,  at  (Jibson, 
and  sitting  ilown  to  lunch  at  my  favorite  spring,  just  above  tindter.  I  pimied  my 
captures,  turning  out  what  were  worthless.  Among  them  was  a  male  Siiii/i- 
l/ii'iiM,  '\\\!<i,  taken.  I  saw  that  the  omnipresent  ants  at  once  found  the  dead  insects 
and  tried  to  lug  them  o!'f.  (In  Colorado,  ants  are  the  pest  everywhere,  on  the 
prairies,  the  mountain-top,  and  in  the  crowded  street;  they  will  catch  live  but- 
terilies  right  before  one's  eyes,  and  when  the  net  incloses  them.)  The  Sviiii- 
lliciis  was  recovering  from  the  effect  of  the  poison,  and  1  saw  it  struggling  with 
an  ant.  Presently  it  turned  its  abdomen  under.  o])ened  the  claspers.  seized  the 
ant  by  the  middle,  compelling  it  to  let  go  its  hold,  and  then  Hew  iwvay  with  it." 

Mr.  I'eakirt,  in  Proc.  Ent.  8oc.,  Phil.,  l8Gli,  had  said  of  Smliitheiix  :  "  Mr. 
hidings  captured  tliis  line  species  in  July,  solely  within  the  mountain  districts, 
\isuidly  wdien  settled  upon  the  flowers  of  some  tree,  and  always  near  the  edge 
(if  a  water-com-.se.  It  is  aljundant,  but  of  dilHcult  captm-e.  not  only  from  the 
natural  obstacles  interposed,  but  from  its  very  (juick  and  high  flight,  this 
connnonly  ranging  from  four  to  eight  yards  above  the  head."  On  this  Mr. 
Bruce  says:    "As  applied   to  (S?/(/';(//;'''/.s',  nothing  can   be  more  erroneous.     But 


I'AUNASSIUS   I. 


1  tliiiik  the  account  was  iiitomlod  lor  Liinonitis  ]VcUlevn'>/crli,  wliicli  it  suits  voi' 
well." 

Mr.  Allicrt  Kocholo,   ISilO,   found   SuiIiiI/khh  in  cast  Wasliin''ton,  and  wrote 


"  At  Easlon,  1  •■•ot  fresh  females  as  well  as  niak 


The\'  came  out  from  al 


)Olll 


12  M.  to  .']  I'.  M.      It  was  interesting  to  .see  the  males  swarmin>r. rf>ften  thirty  or 


forty  at  a  time,  and  each  in  .search  of  a  mate, 
have   1   seen  any  feediiiL!,-  except  worn  ones. 


Tl 


lis  IS  a 


11   tl 


ley 


^CKIdlll 


The  females  look   like  a  dirfcicnl 


'h   faster.      Jf  eny-ascd  in  oviiiosilinii'. 


tl 


lev  run 


species  on  the  wing,  Hying  nine 
very  fast  over  the  ground  and  through  various  plants,  to  find  a  siiital)le  place  in 
which  to  leave  their  egg.s.  1  never  .saw  one  lay  on  .sedum,  but  always  on  soiiu' 
other  plant,  or  on  wood,  chips,  etc.  Old  and  partially  dried  moss  is  a  favorite 
place  ;  .so  is  almost  any  plant  that  is  growing  amidst  sedum.  as  pentsleMiioii  (ir 
hunciies  of  grass.     Yet  1  cannot  say  that. they  do  not  lay  on  sedum  also." 

These  extracts  from  letters  written  on  the  spot  from  day  to  day  hy  expert 
ohservei's  give  one  an  idea  of  the  time  and  labor  r'.'fpiired  to  attain  a  tolerably 
complete  history  of  the  life  anil  habits  of  some  of  our  l)uttcrtlies.  It  has  taken 
twenty  years  to  bring  the  history  of  Siiu)if/i(us  from  nil  to  its  present  condition, 
and  much  still  remains  to  lie  learned.  It  is  clear  that  the  eggs  are  laid  any- 
where, and  on  anyfiiing.  but  in  the  neighborhood  of  sedum.  so  far  the  only 
known  food-plant  of  the  larva.  Most  of  the  eggs  hibernate,  and  do  not  hatch 
till  tile  snow  leaves  them,  but  part  are  hatched  the  (ir.st  season,  and  tlie  lar\;e 
are  more  or  less  advanced  before  cold  weather  sets  in. 


On  l.^th  July,  18S:!,  1  received  I  1(1  eggs  of  Siiiiiit/ioii^-Jfcniioihir  from  Mr. 
Courtis,  at  Maiden,  and  they  were  kept  in  a.  cool  ])lace  through  the  rest  of  tiie 
year,  but  not.  sul)jected  to  any  degree  of  colil  that  would  retai-d  their  hatching. 
They  began  to  liatcli  tiie  list  day  of  January,  1ISS4.  1  put  some  of  the  larv;e 
on  the  species  of  sedum  common  here,  ternatnin.  ami  two  i1a3's  later  found  that 
the  leaves  had  been  nibbled  a  little.  On  I2tli  one  larva  pa.ssed  its  first  iiniiili. 
and  by  ICith  three  others  had  jiassod  the  same.  But  .•-cores  of  the  larviv  refused 
to  eat,  and  died.  On  pressing  one  in  the  (irst  stage  with  the  side  of  a  ])in  on  dor- 
sum, it  would  protrude  its  scent-organ,  a  mere  shapeless  lunii).  ])ale  yeliou- 
brown.  Miit  after  (i'.-t  moult  tentacles  liave  appeared,  two  stout  stui)by  prongs, 
green-yellow  with  a  tint  of  brown.  On  27th  Felirnary  the  ohlest  larva  pas.^'d 
the  .second  moult,  but  .soon  after  died.     No  other  reached  (hat  moult. 

June  1.3,  1(S86,  twenty  eggs,  laid  on  Castelleia  integra  in  condnemeut.  were 
received  from  Colorado.  In  August,  none  having  liat('lied,  these  were  .sent  to  New 
York  to  go  in  a.  refrigerating  bouse.  They  came  back.  21st  March,  some  just 
hatching,  but  the  larva?  refused  to  eat  and  died.     On  .'Jd  .\pril,  1800,  a  lot  of  eggs 


PAKNASSllS   I. 


iiiid  nowly  liiitclii-fl  larva'  caiiif  l)acU  iVoiii  New  Voik.  Tlin  larviv  wore  placi'il 
III!  Sediiiii  stoiKipetalmii  (Iroiii  Colorado).  On  Itli  two  wlmo  ()l)S(nvL'd  Icodiiig. 
'I'lioy  liort'd  round  liolt'«  tlie  size  ot  their  heads  in  (lie  thickest  part  ol'  the  lleshy 
leal',  and  ate  out  the  suhstance  ol'  the  leal,  leaviiiy-  an  empty  siiell,  an  the  larviu 
ol'  species  of  FAca-na  ami  Thecla  do.  Later  I  saw  others  eating  at  the  edges  of 
the  leaves  witliout  hnrrowing.  One  of  the  lot  reached  tliiitl  moult,  and  died  ; 
the  others  had  fallen  l)y  the  way. 

•Iidy  0,  IH'JO,  Mr.  Wright,  at  Maiden,  sent  eggs  of  Ilcnnodttr.  I  left  them  in 
Miy  loom,  where  they  were  exposeil  to  mu(;h  hot  weather,  and  in  October  dis- 
covered that  most  had  hateiied.  Many  were  dead,  hut  a  few  were  not,  and  evi- 
ilcMlly  just  out.  As  soon  as  sedum  was  given  these  they  began  to  feed.  15y  14th 
October  half  a  dozen  seemed  very  near  the  lirst  uioidt,  and  a  day  or  two  later 
tried  to  pass  it,  but  died  with  their  skins  half  shed,  not  having  vitality  enough  to 
get  through. 

July  25,  1S8'J,  I  received  ten  advanced  larva'  and  three  pupiv  from  Mr. 
Hruce.  The  pup:e  had  formed  en  route.  I  put  the  larva'  on  S.  ternatum.  and 
three  small-leaved  species  of  seduin  which  I  had  bought  from  allorist.  All  tlie.se 
were  attacked  and  the  larva'  fed  ravenously.  They  were  surprisingly  active  on 
their  legs,  rniniing  like  Arctian  larva'.  .Most  of  this  lot  were  parasitized,  a  grul) 
of  a  large  Tacliina  lly  coming  from  them.  Of  one  sent  Mrs.  I'l'art,  she  wrote 
later:  '"The  larva  is  lying  on  the  bottom  of  the  glass,  drawn  up.  not  curveil 
much.  1  see  a  few  threads  fastened  to  a  stick  near  it,  and  about  the  stems  of 
the  sedum  are  others,  making  a  slight  inelosuro.  Another  larva  pupated  on 
a  bit  of  cloth.  There  is  some  silk  spread  about  on  the  cloth,  and  a  few  threads 
draw  the  edges  together,  forming  a  sort  of  cradle." 

With  the  eggs  received  July.  18!I0,  from  Mr.  Wright,  came  two  mature  larva) 
of  what  would  have  produced  Ilcnnodur,  somewhat  larger  than  any  I  had  .seen 
from  Colorado.  They  are  figured,  enlarged,  j/,  (f,  so  as  to  show  distinctly  the 
}ellow  spots,  and  as  will  be  seen  these  vary  in  number  in  the  two  larvu). 
Neither  of  them  pupated. 

Mr.  Koebele  wrote,  July,  ISOO.  that  he  had  found  a  Sininfhcii.i  pupa,  at  Spo- 
kane Falls,  under  a  piece  of  wood,  on  the  ground,  with  no  web  about  it. 

On  13tli  July,  18'j;i,  I  received  a  larva  past  third  moidt  from  Mr.  Arthur  J. 
Snyder,  and  taken  by  him  at  Park  City,  Utah. 

As  appears.  I  have  fouml  it  impossible  to  rear  the  larva  from  the  egg,  at  Coal- 
burgh.  One  reached  the  third  moult,  a  very  few  the  second,  more  the  first. 
Probably  a  thou.sand  larva'  have  hatched,  and  fullv  ninety-five  per  cent,  have  died 
in  the  first  stage,  generally  soon  after  leaving  the  egg.  refusing  food.  But  as  larva) 
after  both  third  and  fourth  moult  have  been  sent  me,  1  have  been  able  to  see 


I'AUNASSIIS    I. 

every  stayo.  iiiid  Mrs.  Poart  Iius  iiiiide  (Iniwinjf.s  of  (licm  all.  Most  of  the  larva' 
liave  liatclied  in  winter  and  early  sprin^r,  liiit  some  in  the  fall  of  the  year  in 
wliieli  the  eggs  were  laid,  and  this  supports  Mr.  Jiruce's  opinion  that  some  larvje 
in  natural  conditions  feed  in  the  fall,  and  give  the  earliest  spring  Ijuttorllie.s. 

Siiiiiilhi'ns  Hies  from  the  eastern  side  of  the  lloekies  through  (Colorado.  Wyo- 
niing,  and  Montana,  as  far  to  the  west  as  eastern  (."alifornia  and  eastern  Wash- 
ington, its  territory  overlajjping  that  of  I',  ('lodiioi.  1  hope  some  day  to  be  aide 
to  give  a  I'late  showing  all  the  stages  of  C/ixdus.  Some  of  these  I  have  the 
requisite  drawings  of  now.  The  egg  is  (piite  distinct  in  sliape  and  inei'ustation 
from  that  of  iSin!iif/i(ih-<,  low,  hi'oad  (piite  at  tlit!  base,  and  sio|iing  up  to  the  nar- 
row and  depre.s.sed  .summit.  .Mr.  Seudder  has  suggested  as  descriptive  of  this 
form  IIk'  word  •' spalangoid."  fi'om  s/Ki/diKjiis.  a  genus  of  sea-urchins;  the  egg  of 
Siiiiiil/ici'H  iicing  called  ■•  t'chinoid,"  from  <r//(//».s-.  another  genus  of  same  family. 
Instead  of  being  (iovei'ed  liy  a  mosaic  of  separate  grains,  as  in  Siiiin/linis,  this  I'gg 
has  a  smooth  crust,  much  indented.  The  young  larva  dillers  in  ornunientiition 
trom  ^iiihilhi nx. 


How  the  keel  or  pouch  seen  in  the  females  of  dilTerent  species  of   hinia 


.ssnis  IS 


formed,  and  what  pur|)()se  it  serves,  has  been  a  matter  of  conjecture.      In  \'ohi 


nie 


I.,  1 


«;ave  a 


\t  t 


le    nilorma 


tion  then  obtainable,     in    ISSG.  Mr.  1'] 


bli 


er  n\  I'roceedniiis  ol 


the  Z 


wes  puhlislied  a 


oiilou'ica 


1  Societv,  "On  the  Ihitterllies  of  the  (ie 


nus 


papc 

Parnassius,"  in  wliicli  somi'  new  ()bser\alions,  mostly  by  Mr.  Arthur  Thomson, 
on  the  making  and  ciiaraeter  of  tlu!  pouch  were  related.  Mr.  Thomson  had  sev- 
eral imagos  of  I'.  Ajiol/o  emerge  from  ])up!e  at  the  Zoiilogical  (lardens 


He 


;ii\s 


that  he   })ul   tlic   insects   in  a  lai'ge  gau/e  caj. 


as  soon   a>' 


lev  were  ready  after 


enieru'inu' 


and  copulation  betwei'ii  se\'eral  of  them  immediately  took  place;  that 


ter  1 


lours  : 


tl 


le  secoi 


id  tl 


u'ce 


the  lir.st  pair  were  in  connection  three  and  one  qnar 
and  a  half  hours;  in  t'ach  case  the  ])onch  iK'veloped  perfectly,  and  the  females 
began  to  lay  eggs  within  'ive  minutes  of  separation.  Watching  the  formation  of 
the   pouch   in   the   first   pair   with  a  gLiss,  it  "  aiii)eared   to    be  about  three  six- 


ipi 


teenths  inch  long,  and  not  (|uite  one  eighth  broad,  with  a  very  .slight  central 
depression  the  whole  length,  of  a  dark  green  color,  and  with  minute  transver.«e 
corrugations.  This  I  found  to  be  a  membranous  covering  attaclied  to  the  abdo- 
men of  the  male,  containing  a  dark  green  liuid.  This  iiieinl)ranc  i-ntirely  cov- 
ered the  true  pouch  of  the  female,  as  I  ob.servcd  that  the  male  appeared  to  be  able 
to  contract  it,  and  did  several  times,  ,so  a,s  to  exno.se  the  iiouch  of  the  female,  wl 


lucli 


was  then  quite  white  ;  and  it  has  since  occurred  to  me  that  this  exposure  of  the 
pouch  might  be  for  the  piu'pose  of  hardening  it  a  little,  as  the  pouches  are  quite 
sol't  during  copulation  ;  and  this  leads  me  to  think  that  this  membranous  covcm'- 


I'AKNASSH  S   I. 


iiiii,'  is  iiie  mould  in  wliirii  tlic  poucli  is  I'oruiod."  TIk'  sovciitli  pair  wert'  in  coii- 
iiliitioii  about  linc'u  hours,  wlicu  ••  1  si'[);iniU;(|  flicm  ioiciblv.  Tliu  poucli  wiis 
tjilitc  soft.  ...  I  then  c'XiMuiui'd  tin-  UKMuhriiuc  oi'  the  mimU-.  and  louud  ihiit  by 
s(|Ut'i"/.ing  tile  abdoiuen,  anil  lioldinjr  up  thi'  UR'nibrano  with  a  pin,  u  wliite, 
opa(pu',  <^elatinous  substiincc  issued  I roui  that  part  oi'  the  abdomen  where  the 
poueli  of  the  female  would  Ije  duiinii'  copulation.  Stnue  of  this  subsliiuco  1  was 
al)le  to  pull  out,  but  it  be,t,Mn  to  harden  inmu'diately  on  exposure  to  the  atmos- 
phere, and  beeanm  (piite  brittle  and  of  a  yellowisii  (U)lor.  From  this  i  am  led  to 
think  that  the  male  supplies  the  material  of  which  the  pouch  is  made,  and  that 
the  female  has  really  little  to  do  with  the  niakiug."  As  will  appear  pro.suiitly, 
Mr.  Thomson  was  not  mistaken  in  this  conjecttu'e. 

I'rofessor  [lowes  undertook  the  task  of  dissiH'tinji;  and  examining  the  specimens 
sent  him  by  Mr.  Thomson,  and  is  tpioted  as  saying  that  Von  Siebold  believed  the 
secretion  wa.s  derived  from  the  male,  and  to  be  functional  in  prolonging  the 
coitus,  adding  :  '•  1  cannot  agree  with  him  that  this  is  the  case,  the  adhesion  of 
the  copulating  individuals  being  assured  by  the  hook-like  (daspcrs  of  the  male. 
The  [touch  is  densest  in  the  vicinity  of  the  female  genital  orilice,  and  its  detailed 
structure  conforms  internally  to  the  ventro-lateral  parts  of  the  male  genital  fun- 
nel. In  view  of  this,  the  fact  that  it  is  impossible,  in  di.ssecting  of  specimens  pro- 
cured during  copulation,  to  remove  the  pouch  without  bi'inging  away  the  internal 
generative  apparatus  of  the  female,  |)oiuts  to  my  mind  to  a  diri'(!t  connection 
between  that  apparatus  and  the  [touch  itself.  It  suggests  the  [troltability  of  an 
origin  of  the  same  from  the  laxly  of  tlie  fenuile.  and  not  of  the  male,  its  is  gener- 
ally supposed."  Messrs.  ThouLMtn  and  Howes  therefore  differ  diametrically  as  to 
the  i)rinci[)al  [)oint  in  ([uestiou. 

I  now  come  to  the  oljservations  of  Mr.  I)a\id  Bruce,  on  Shiiiilhcns.  He  wrote 
from  Denvi'r,  Uth  .lune,  ISSG  :  ••  I  ha\e  lost  a  wliole  day  watching  a  pair  in  co]i- 
ulatiou.  and  an.xiously  waiting  for  them  to  .separate.  They  had  been  together 
twenty-four  hours,  and  as  it  was  evening,  and  1  wa.i  very  tired,  I  gently  pulled 
them  by  the  clo.sed  wiug.s,  when  they  .•separated,  and  nothing  of  the  [loucli 
a[)|)eared  on  the  female.  I  watched  carefully  with  a  gla,<s  from  daylight  in  the 
morning  till  I  .separated  them,  and  these  are  my  conclusions.  The  pouch  is 
entirely  formed  from  the  male.  I  have  read  Mr.  Thomson's  account.  What  he 
terms  the  '  mendtranous  covering '  is  the  true  [louch  itself.  There  is  certainly 
some  peculiar  organ  of  the  male  under  the  [touch  (or  nuMubranous  covering). 
The  semi-transjjarent  natiu'c  of  the  membrane  enabled  me  to  .see  this,  a  V-,shaped 
organ,  which  showed  itself  as  nearly  white  through  the  semi-transparent  .sheath. 
It  struck  nie  as  like  the  widely  cleft  point  of  a  quill  pen  ;  occasionally,  the  male 
would  work  this  organ  back  and   forth,  one  branch  of  it  having  a  pi.ston-like 


I'AltNASSlIS    I. 

inovfiiiiMit  ill  fiicli  division  of  the  poiicii.  uml  the  poiicli  wiis  Moft  niul  cliiHtic  aiii| 
yii'lili'd  to  the  iiiolinii,  On  sf|iMiiiliii);  the  piiir,  to  my  siirpriso,  iiistcail  of  the 
poiicii  n'miiiniii;;'  on  thr  fciiiiih".  the  u  holi'  firtiiii'  hcloiij^cil  to  the  iniih',  jiikI  was 
viniblt'  for  a  iiioiiR'iit  or  two.  wlicii  it  jj;ra(hiiilly  withih'ow  into  ihf  ahdoincn  of  the; 
male  and  disappeared,  (hi  sepanitinjr,  a  large  drop  of  green  lluid  eanie  from  oadi 
of  the  pair.  This  dries  and  leaves  a  stain  on  pajier.  The  memhranoiis  cover- 
ing yielded  to  the  motion  of  the  organ,  yet  enveloping  it  closely,  and  had  :i 
laminated  or  folded  appearance.  The  green  llnid,  wlu-ii  I  separated  the  pair. 
prevented  my  seeing  \oy\  distinctly  the  true  stale  of  things,  and  by  the  lime  I 
had  turned  to  the  table  and  taken  a  piece  of  blotting-paper,  the  wliok',  pouch  ami 
organ,  had  disappeared.  'I'he  lluid,  I  believe,  was  merely  a-  hibricating  secretion. 
I  think  the  retractile  organ  is  connectcil  with  the  clasping  ap|)aratus.  It.  .seemeij 
to  ine  that  sonu^thing  was  abnormal  about  the  jirotracted  coitus  in  this  case,  aiul 
that  the  pair  were  unable  to  separate  voluntarily.  I  havi'  thought,  it  pof-sible 
that  the  reason  for  the  existence  of  those  pouches  in  I'arnassins  is  found  in  the 
fact  that  they  ari'  additional  .safeguards  for  preventing  |)reiiiature  sepaiation  by 
till!  violent  storms  so  prevalent  in  the  regions  where  these  insects  live." 

Mr.  Wright,  at  Maiden,  says  :  "  The  pouch  is  positively  aliseiit  in  the  virgin 
females.  I  have  watclu'd  several  cases  of  voluntary  copulation,  and  find  that  the 
pouch  begins  lo  lie  visible  soon  after  connection  as  a  web  of  exceeding  lhinnes.-<. 
Later  on  it  thickens  and  enlarges,  becoming  like;  tissue  paper  by  the  lime  the 
copulation  ends;  then  gradually,  and  in  eoui.se  of  an  hour  or  two,  it  becomes 
like  a  shaving  of  iiorn.  and  (iually  brown  or  black,  and  rigid." 

I  consulted  Mr.  Scudder  aljout  these  matters,  as  related  by  Mr.  Rrnce,  and 
proposed  to  get  fresh  examples  of  Snilnlhens  and  Clodiiis,  if  he  would  di.s.seet 
them,  in  order  to  discover  what  the  organs  were  which  had  been  observed  at 
work  moulding  the  ])oucli.  lie  kindly  olTered  to  assist,  and  in  due  time  receiv(>d 
dry  examples.  IJolh  jMessrs.  ISruce  and  Wright  undertook  to  forward  living  ex- 
amples of  the  males,  and  during  1S!I2  such  were  mailed  from  Colorado  and  Cali- 
fornia, but  all  arrived  dead,  and  so  dried  thai  Mr.  Scudder  found  no  advantage  in 
dissecting  them.  In  June,  1894,  Mr.  Hruce  and  I  were  in  Colorado  together,  and 
we  mailed  some  twenty  males  of  S)i)'iiit/u'us,  but  Mr.  Scudder  happened  to  be 
ab.sent  from  home  on  their  arrival,  and  the  experiment  failed.  After  that  we 
never  had  an  opportunity  to  take  JSinin/lictis. 

Mr.  Scudder  published  his  observations  on  the  (jrgans  of  male  Siii'nit/iens  in  the 
Transactions  of  the  Entomological  Society,  London,  for  January,  1S03,  and  I 
will  now  give  an  ab.stract  of  his  paper.  '•  Mr.  Edwards  having  placed  in  my  hand 
abundant  dry  material  during  the  past  winter,  I  soon  reached  a  conclusion  which 
feeemed  to  throw  new  light  upon  the  matter.  .  .  .  My  dissections  were  almost  en- 


I'AliNASSIIS    F. 


tircly  of  Smiii/hiiin,  hut  us  tlioy  Icl'l  iii.iiiy  |Miiiits  Mtill  iim'xpliiiiit'd,  I  was  iiuxioiiH 
It)  ('Nnmiiic  living'  cxiiini)!!'.-!.  .  .  .  Mr.  Urucc  Hoiit  iiic  iiiiilc-i  of  Sniliillinis,  nud 
Ml'.  Wri^lit  i)ii(!  lot  of  livinjr  lualcH  of  ('/nilliix,  from  (Jnlifoiiiia.  I'lifoilimatcly 
none  rcac^lit'd  mo  iilivo  cxci'iit  a  single  mnrilmiid  cxampli'  of  •Siiiiiii/tiiti,  too  far 
uoiii'  to  1)0  useful.  Tlic  slructuri!  of  tlic  uialc  I'aruassiau  is  ri'inarkalilc  foi'  liav- 
inji'.  as  in  the  gouiis  Anusia  (l)aiiais),  tlu;  sith's  of  tho  oij^lith  alaloiuiual  scji-mciit 
t'X|>anilL'il  auil  posteriorly  exIendtMl,  formiujf  a  kind  of  false  chispiis  couceal- 
iu^i'  tlui  ffreator  part  of  ilw.  jfouitaha  proper;  in  Sni  In  I  li<  us  i\]\>\  .ly>r(//o  emlirac- 
iiii;'  idso  tlie  iideiior  surfaci^  of  the  true  elaspers,  and  tiius  ^ivin;^'  liiat  sei^iiieut  a 
liMigtii  twice  as  jireal  alouj^  the  ventral  as  along  the  dorsal  line  (V\<^.  i).  It  is 
beneath  these  '  klappen,'  or  false  elaspers.  that  Von  Siehold  says  the  secretion  is 
pourtnl  forth,  and  he  is  certainly  rij^ht.  foi'  all  the  crevioo.s  hctween  the  inner 
surface  of  this  expansion  and   the  outei'  surface  of  the  oi'uans  lieneiitji,  which  il 

closely  clas|)s,   are   often  lilh'd    comjilelely.  in    all  s| iniens  I  have  examined    to 

some  extent,  with  a  coaii;idaled  secretion,  which,  when  compared  under  the  micro- 
scope with  il  fiaj^inent  from  the  pouch  of  Ihe  female,  is  of  essentially  llu-  same 
character  as  it. 

"  In  C/ndiiifi  and  Muniiosi/itc  and  other  species,  the  fiilse  clnspers  do  ot  emhraco 
mider  surface  of  the  true  claspei's,  which  are  thus  not  at  all  cniicc;d('(|  ou  ;in 
'or  view  ;  and  theicfore  there  is  in  these  species  consideialde  nmililicalion 
1)1  lUe  parts  I  am  ahout  to  descrihi'.  which  are  haseil  wholly  upon  an  examination 
of  Siiiiiif/icKS.  If  the  ei«j;lith  ahdominal  rinji;  is  carefully  rcmovtMl.  hit  hy  hit 
( Fig.  r),  wdueh  can  hardly  he  done  without  ru])lnrinn'  some  of  the  coagulated 
secretion,  hut  often  leaves  broad  slun-ts  intact,  all  the  accessoi-y  orji'ans  of  gener- 
ation are  exposed  to  view%  and  a  second  striking  feature'  is  revealeil  ;  for  it  will 
then  he  seen  that  the  .sternal  portion  of  the  ninth  (last)  segment,  to  which  are 
attached  the  elaspers  proper,  is  split  along  the  median  liiu-  anil  semis  two  pos- 
terior shafts  side  by  side  to  the  uttermost  edge  of  the  overla|>ping  eighth  seg- 
ment. Directly  beneath  it,  in  the  sense  of  toward  the  midille  line  of  the  body, 
i.  e.,  lying  hetwi-en  the  lower  posteiior  ensiform  process  of  the  ninth  segment 
and  the  lower  siu'face  of  the  true  elaspers.  is  a  pair  of  lanudlati'  scimitar-shaped 
organs  diverging  at  tip.  and  so  closely  conui'cted  with  tlu'  sheet  of  coagulated 
secretion,  and  of  so  nearly  the  sanu'  color  ami  texture  as  it.  as  to  ap|ieai'  a  pail 
of  the  same.  It  is  only  when  the  jirocessesof  the  ninth  segnK'ul  ar(>  in  their  turn 
removed  that  the  form  and  structure  of  these  parts  can  he  nuule  o\it  ;  it  is  then 
.seen  that  they  have  a  meinbranou,s  or  tendonons  structure,  hardly  chitinous,  and 
certainly  not  the  same  as  the  hardened  j(dly-lil\(-'  substance  of  the  secretion 
which  is  continuous  with  their  edges  and  permeates  the  crevice.s  in  the  region 
about.      Hy  uncovering  the  parts  in  front,  it  is  seen  to  be  formed  mainly  of  two 


PAUNASSIUS   I. 


sloiidcr  blades  curving  in  opposite  senses  (Fig.  i'',  /^),  which  lie  nnder  the  pro- 
tection of  the  inferior  processes  of  the  ninth  set^nient,  bnt  when  they  pass  for- 
ward dilate  into  triangular  oxi)ansions  wiiich  nearly  lill  the  lozenge-shaped  space 
left  vacant  Ijotween  the  curved  l>ase  of  the  inferior  processes  of  the  ninth  seg- 
ment (following  the  similar  curve  of  the  eighth)  and  tie  slightly  emargiiiate 
apex  of  the  seventh  ;  at  their  base  appear  to  l)e  attachmeiMs  of  th„  seventh  ;  the 
o]iposite  sides  of  the  triangular  basal  expansion  are  tiiicker  than  the  middle,  as 
if  there  w<'re  a  two-branched  liasal  attaciinient  .'onnected  ijy  a  slight  nien>brane, 
to  give  greater  supjjort  and  rigidity  to  the  attachment. 

''  Tiiis  organ,  wiiieh,  .><o  far  :>^  1  Unow,  lias  no  homologue  whatever  among  Lepi- 
doplera,  ,<eems  to  nie  (o  be  in  Just  tiie  place  and  of  j"ust  the  form  to  serve  as  the 
ajjparatus  for  n;(>ulding  on  its  interior  the  ab  lominal  pouch  of  the  female  out  of 
the  secretions  which  flow  either  from  it,  or  through  it,  or  aiound  it,  from  glands 
in  close  connection  with  it;  and  conseiiuently  1  suggest  for  it  the  name  of  jxri- 
/ihtx/,  indicative  of  its  use.  The  attachments  and  the  mechanism  by  which  it 
may  act.  together  with  the  precise  [xisition  and  relation  to  it  of  the  adj(Muing 
secM'etory  glands,  can  of  coursi'  only  be  told  fi'om  fresh  specinu'iis,  and  such  spe- 
cimens would  doubtless  serve  also  to  I'orreet  in  some  particulars  this  j)reliniinarv 
description. 

"It  will  perhaps  be  found  that:  the  membrane  nienti(  ned  b}' Thomson,  contain- 
ing a  dark  green  fluid,  is  an  ev^iginable  gland  extended  from  near  the  base  oi  tin' 
false  clippers,  and  that  when  it  jjiotrudes  beyond  the  lip,  as  Tiiomson's  descri|)- 
tion  would  seem  to  imply,  it  secretes  from  its  inner  .^urface  the  material  ol  which 
the  pouch  is  formed,  wliich  is  then  moulded  into  shape  in  its  iinier  surface  by  the 
scimitar-.sha])ed  ])e'!->'ast,  which  must  have  an  i-xtensile  movement  sur[)assing 
even  that  of  the  trm-  elaspers.  This  is  a  point  which  only  an  examination,  first 
of  living  males,  and  then  of  j)airs  in  union,  can  fully  satisfy." 


KXPLANATION   OF   THE   I'LATE. 


SMiNTriF.us,  0,9  (from  MonhiiKi)  ;  var.  Ilr.iiMODUii,  1   J,  J,  ;i  9,  ly. 
(I,  E(i<i ;  »■',  iiiit'ro]iyl('. 
h  to  h";  YouNO  Larva  ;  //',  lioiid;  Ir',  outline  of  lieail  and  fOL'niont  2. 

(■  to  c'-',   Larva  at  ist  nionlt ;  <•^  siJc;  view  of  segments  7,  H  ;  c^,  tentacles  on  fej^ment  2;  c\  head. 
(/,  l^arva  at  'Jd  moult. 
(',  Larva  at  U<1  moult. 
/,  Adiii.t  Lakva,  natural  size. 

7,  A  sceond  ailnlt,  enlarijcd  ;  f/'K  a  lliird,  still  more  onlarged  ;  tf;  lioad  ;  rj*,  tpnlaeles, 
li,  CmiYSAl.ls,  in  its  jisen  lo-<-oooon  ;  h-,  outline  of,  /inside  view  of.  last  se;;inenl  ;  A*,  front  view,  sliow- 

inj;  llie  ereuiasler. 
/',  The  last  sejjments  of   tlie  male  hutterlly;  i-,  i';  same,  with  envelope  removed,  e.xiiosiu^'  the  peri- 
plast, i*. 


'in . 


^ 


fcva 


rtS 


Ms' 


■^.'Si 


pi.i 


>,;    A\      y] 


^1' 


I    . 


IS-^'   kfJ'3^   '^'-^-<  '■^f':-^'  '^M^. 


P^^^fcJ;^^-^?^' 


((.•I-I 


CHARON      12     0,34     9       VAR     SILVE  STRI  S.   5    ^ 

'1  -  '      Liirvu     ifniimj  .7     /  ' 


/iiir/s    '//.'///'/'■■/ 


/■•■'     /, 


A    ,V       f'hi  :;.'iih^ 


Vai 


Wll 
11    ( 

or 

in 

sec 

fri 

na 

mc 
bh 
na 
lai 
re 

on 
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of 
th 
ar 


SATYRU8  111. 


SATYRUS  CHARON,  1-5. 

Sdliini.i  CImrim,  Edwards,  Trani!.  Am.  Knt.  Soc,  Vol.  IV.,  p.  G9.     1W7-2  ;  id.,  Can.  Kiit.,  Vol.  XII.,  ji.  rtl. 

1880.     Moad,  Hep.  Wheeler  E.\peil'n.,  Vol.  V.,  p.  '>1^.     187,0. 
Vak.  Sli.VE8Tni8,  Edward.",  I'roe.  Aead.  Nat.  Seieneosi,  I'liilad.,  18Cl,p.  1G3. 


Male.  —  Expands  from  1.5  to  1.9  inches. 

Upper  side  bliickisli  brown  ;  liind  margins  edged  by  a  black  lino,  anterior  to 
which  is  a  second,  usually  more  or  less  macular,  often  wanting  ;  on  primaries 
a  conspicuous  black  sexual  dash  ;  a  sub-apical  black  ocellus,  without  pupil,  with 
or  without  a  pale  yellowish  ring  or  nimbus,  and  variable  in  size  in  individuals  ; 
in  the  second  median  interspace  a  second  small  ocellus,  but  often  wanting  ;  on 
.secondaries  there  is  occasionally  a  small  blind  ocellus  near  the  anal  angle ; 
fringes  concolored  with  the  wings,  but  sometimes  on  primaries  brown  's  alter- 
nated with  gray. 

Under  side  of  primaries  brown  with  more  or  less  of  a  yellow  tint,  tlie  ap(\\ 
mottled  with  dark  gray  ;  the  basal  two  third  j  crossed  by  many  line,  abbreviated 
blackish  streaks ;  the  black  marginal  lines  distinct,  the  inner  one  wavy  or  cro- 
nated  ;  the  ocelli  repeated;  the  soccmd  one  nearly  always  jiresent,  sometimes 
large  and  equal,  usually  the  upper  one  large,  the  other  small,  but  often  this  is 
reversed  ;  always  surrounded  by  yellowish  rings  and  having  minute  white  pupils. 

Secondaries  darker,  mottled  with  gray  on  the  extra-discal  area,  and  sometimes 
on  the  basid  ;  across  the  disk  a  rather  obscure  band,  with  deep  black  edges,  tin; 
basal  side  not  defined  next  costa,  deeply  incised  in  the  cell  and  again  in  the  .•sec- 
ond median  interspace  ;  but  often  the  band  is  entirely  merged  in  the  color  of  the 
base  ;  the  outer  side  is  very  irregular,  incised  on  costal  margin,  projecting  two 
long  and  broad,  converging  and  pointed  teeth  opposite  the  cell ;  but  the  band  is 
often  more  or  less  lost,  sometimes  completely,  as  seen  in  Figure  5  (var.  Silves/rix) ; 
the  ocelli  are  minute,  from  one  to  six  in  number,  with  or  without  white  pupils, 
and  stand  on  cloudy  black  patches. 


SATYUUS   III. 

Boily,  logs,  and  palpi  dark  brown  ;  antennai  brown  with  line  crotaccoiis  ainni- 
lations  on  the  upper  side,  altogether  cretaceous  beneath ;  club  pale  fulvous. 
(Figs.  1,  2,  var.  3.) 

Femalk.  —  Expands  from  1.7  to  2  inches. 

Paler  colored  than  the  male,  but  similarly  marked.     (Figs.  3,  4.) 

Ec.ci.  —  Oonoidal,  truncated,  the  .summit  ilattened,  the  sides  convex,  the  l)ot- 
tom  rounded  ;  marked  by  twenty-four  to  twenty-eight  straight,  shar]),  vertical 
ridges,  which  start  from  the  edge  of  the  base  and  end  at  the  rim  of  the  summit; 
the  spaces  between  the  riljs  roundly  but  not  deeply  excavated,  and  crossed 
by  many  equidistant  fine  raised  threads;  the  micropyle  is  in  the  centre  of  a  Hat 
rosette  of  fivt-.-'ded  cells,  outside  of  which  are  several  irregularly  concentric  row.s 
of  five  and  six-sided  depressed  cells,  increasing  in  size  and  distinctness  to  the 
edge  of  the  summit,  and  having  thin,  .sharp  edges;  color  at  first  lemon-yellow. 
(Figs,  a,  a'.)    Duration  of  this  stage  twelve  day.s,  at  Coalburgh,W.  Va.,  in  August. 

Youm;  Lauva. — Length  .08  inch;  similar  to  S.  Meud'u,  tapering  on  botli 
dorsum  and  sides  from  3  to  13,  the  last  three  segments  curving  roimdly  to  tiie 
extremity;  this  is  nearly  square,  a  little  incurved,  and  bears  a  conical  tubercle 
at  either  side  ;  the  tubercles  on  the  body  as  in  Meadii,  those  on  2  and  13  longer 
than  elsewhere  ;  each  bears  a  white  process,  cylindrical,  slightly  tapering,  and 
ending  bluntly,  appressed,  turned  forward  or  back  as  in  Meadil ;  color  piidtisli 
yellow,with  a  red-brown  mid-dorsal  stripe,  and  three  others  on  either  side,  the 
upper  two  nearer  together  than  the  second  .and  third  ;  another  brown  line  below 
the  basal  ridge  ;  the  head  as  in  3I('adu,  and  the  tuljercles  and  processes  the 
.same  in  number  and  position  as  in  that  .species  ;  but  the  processes  do  not  taper, 
and  some  of  them  are  a  little  thickened  at  the  extremity.  (Figs,  b  to  U'.)  The 
larvaa  went  into  hibernation  at  once  from  the  eff<r. 


After  first  moult:  length,  at  twenty-four  hours  from  the  moult,  .15  inch;  the 
anterior  segments  thickest,  the  dorsum  arched  posteriorly ;  the  last  segment 
ending  in  two  conical  tails,  the  space  between  their  bases  roundly  excavated ; 
the  body  covered  thickly  with  minute  tub'erculations  from  each  of  which  arises 
a  white  clubbed  and  appressed  process ;  the.se  vary  in  length  everywhere,  but 
are  longest  on  2  and  13  (Figs,  c"  to  c") ;  turned  back,  except  on  2,  on  that  seg- 
ment forward  ;  color  green  ;  a  pale  brown  raid-dorsal  line,  two  such  lines  on  the 
side,  near  together,  and  a  third  next  above  the  yellow  basal  ridge ;  under  side 
whitish  green ;  feet  and  legs  pale  green ;  head  sub-globular  (closely  as  at  first 


SATYItrS   III. 


stage),  a  little  broarler  tliaii  2 ;  oinorald  ^'rcen,  tlio  tubercular  points  white,  the 
proeeases,  like  those  of  l»o<ly,  bent  down.  (Figs,  c  to  c".)  Duration  of  this  stage 
about  eleven  day.s. 

After  second  moult  ;  length,  at  twenty-four  hours,  .?>  inch  ;  nearly  the  same 
shape  as  l)efore,  the  dorsum  more  arched  over  the  middle  segments,  ending  as 
before  ;  the  tubercles  smaller,  the  processes  reduced,  irregular  in  length  and 
shape,  some  of  them  cylindrical  ;  the  tails  red  from  base  to  tip ;  color  of  body 
bluish  or  gray  green  ;  the  mid-'lorsal  line  deep  green,  edged  with  yellow  ;  the 
sub-dorsal  line  and  the  basal  ridge  yellow  ;  head  as  ))efore,  the  tubercles  and 
processes  smaller.     (Figs,  d  to  </'.)     Duration  of  this  stage  idjout  eleven  da^s. 

After  third  moult :  length,  at  twenty  hoiu's,  .4  inch ;  the  shape  as  at  last  pre- 
vious stage  ;  color  yellow-green,  the  tails  red  ;  the  tubercles  and  processes  as 
last  given,  but  still  farther  reduced  ;  the  lines  or  stripes  as  before  ;  head  as  be- 
fore, the  proce.s.ses  smaller.  (Figs,  e  to  f;\)  Duration  of  this  stage  about  twelve 
days. 

After  fourth  moult :  length,  at  eighteen  hours, .54  inch.  (Fig.  /,  natural  size.) 
In  about  twelve  days  was  fully  grown.  (Fig.  f',  midway  between  the  moult 
and  adult,  greatly  enlarged.) 

Matui!E  L.\nvA.  —  Length  <?,  .!)4,  ?,  l.t)2  inch;  greatest  breadth.  .Ki  to  .is 
inch ;  cylindrical,  thickest  in  the  middle,  tapering  on  dorsum  and  sides  evenly 
either  way  ;  ending  in  two  short  conical  tails  which  meet  at  base  at  a  small  angle  ; 
covered  with  fine  white  conical  tuberculatious,  each  giving  a  small  white  pro- 
cess, either  tapering  to  a  point,  or  cylindrical,  or  a  little  thickened  at  the  end  (the 
greater  number  tapering),  and  all  slightly  approsscd  ;  color  yellow-green  over 
dorsum,  below  the  .sul>-dorsal  stripe  green  (but  sometimes  whitish  green  through- 
out) ;  the  mid-<lor.>!al  stripe  dark  green  a  little  edged  with  yellow  ;  the  stripe 
and  ridge  of  equal  width,  yellow,  or  in  the  paler  larvie  green-yellow  ;  the  tails 
pale  red  ;  under  side,  feet  and  legs,  whitish  green  ;  head  sub-globular,  broadest 
near  ba.se,  a  little  depre.«.sed  at  top ;  color  bright  green ;  more  thickly  covered 
with  tubercles  than  at  last  previous  stage,  and  these  are  reduced  as  arc  also  the 
processe.s.  ( Figs. /',/*,  natural  size;  r/  to  (f,  parts  magnified.)  From  fourth 
moult  to  pupation,  at  Coalburgh,  eighteen  days. 

CnRY.SALi.s.  —  Length  S .  A  io  .45  inch  ;  breadth  at  mesonotum,  .10  to  .18;  at 
abdomen,  .2  inch ;    ? ,  .5  to  .0  inch  ;  breadth  at  mesonotum,  .18  to  .2  inch,  at 


SATVIUJS   III. 

nl)cloinen,  .2  to  .22  inch  ;  cylindrical,  ahdonioii  conical ;  the  veiitriil  ontlinc  from 
top  of  head  case  to  end  of  the  wing  cases  not  so  much  iirehed  as  in  Mvadii ; 
head  case  short,  the  top  narrow,  square  or  a  very  little  incurved,  the  sides  exca- 
vated ;  nicsonotuni  rather  prominent,  rounded  lengthwise,  eariuated,  the  sides  a 
little  convex ;  followed  l)y  a  .shallow  deprcs.sion  ;  cremaster  long,  tapering,  com- 
pressed transversely,  rounded  at  extremity,  and  armed  with  many  stout  hooks ; 
color  very  variahle,  as  thus :  — 

A  :  pale  yellow-green  throughout,  the  dorsal  side  from  the  head  ca.se,  and  all 
of  the  abdomen,  thickly  dotted  and  finely  mottled  with  yellow-white  ;  three  nar- 
row whitish  stripes  from  head  case  to  13,  one  mid-dorsal,  one  sub-dorsal  on  either 
side ;  the  dorsal  edges  of  the  wing  cases  also  white  ;  the  ventral  side  from  top 
of  head  ca.se  to  end  of  wing  cases  granulated  with  white ;  on  the  wing  cases  are 
thi-ee  stripes  of  green,  the  largest  being  on  mid-wing  and  reaching  the  hind  mar- 
gin, the  others  short  and  stopping  within  the  margin. 

B  :  altogether  whitish  green  ;  no  hands  on  dorsal  side,  no  stripes  on  wing 
cases. 

C:  greeni.sh  black  throughout;  finely  dotted  over  the  dorsal  side  and  abdo- 
men with  yellow-white;  the  three  bands  as  in  A ;  the  wing  cases  striped  with 
black. 

I):  black  with  no  tinge  of  green;  the  light  stripes  either  yellow-white,  or 
white  with  a  pink  tint.  (Figs,  /i  to  h'\)  Duration  of  this  stage  ten  to  fourteen 
days. 


To  Mr.  Theodore  L.  Mead  is  due  the  first  notice  of  Satyrus  Ciiauon,  in  1871. 
In  his  Wheeler  Kxpedition  Kcport,  he  says :  "  This  species  was  first  met  with 
near  Twin  Lakes,  on  the  'Jth  of  .Inly.  It  was  quite  abundant  in  the  .sage-brush, 
and  on  flowers  at  the  edge  of  the  Lake.  Later  in  the  season,  it  was  found  in 
both  the  South  and  Middle  Parks,  though  not  so  abundiintly  as  in  the  Arkansas 
Valley,  whence  the  expedition  also  brought  specimens.  Altogether  one  hundred 
and  thirty-one  specimens  were  taken  by  me.  In  August,  females  were  obtained 
and  inclo.sed  with  grass;  several  eggs  were  laid  —  very  similar  to  those  of 
Nephrhy 

Churon  Hies  in  the  Rocky  Mountains  from  New  Mexico  to  British  America, 
and  beyond  the  mountains  to  eastern  California.  I  saw  it  at  Glenwood  Springs, 
Colorado,  along  Grand  River,  in  July,  18'J4,  but  it  was  less  common  than  S. 
Pdnlus,  or  S.  Arktne.  Mr.  I)avi<l  Bruce  has  found  it  abundant  in  other  parts  of 
that  State,  and  has  kindly  written  the  following  notes  respecting  its  localities  and 
habits:  "  Charon  is  connnon  and  generally  distributed  in  dry  grassy  places,  from 
the  foothills  to  about  10,00(1  feet    elevation.     It  tlies  rather  briskly  at  a  few 


SA'i'vuns  in. 

iiK'lu(H  ahovo  tlic  ffround,  stopping'  a  momt'iit  al  almost  eviTV  oomposito  llowor, 
and  circling  aroiiml  every  l)ii.«li  and  lierh,  in  a  dclihcratt'  manner,  as  if  look- 
in}^  lor  a  mate,  or  for  a  suitahio  place  in  wliieli  to  <lei)osit  its  e<r<;s.  Late  in  the 
season,  when  these  objeets  have  been  aeconiplished,  I  have  seen  the  species  in 
the  nanow  eafions  of  the  Platte  and  (,'lear  Creek,  t're(|iienting  the  siiidlowers  in 
iunni)ers,  a  dozen  or  more  sometimes  on  the  disk  of  one  llower,  associated  with  as 
many  ayrotid  moths,  iind  tiie  whole  party  under  the  narcotic  inlhience  of  the 
sweets  they  are  imbibinjf,  so  as  easily  to  be  picked  olT.  Bnt  tliongh  a  lover  of 
(lowers,  it  is  just  as  nuich  |)leased  with  the  juices  of  a  decaying  carcass,  or  the 
fresh  droppings  of  cattle  and  iiorses;  and  it  will  gather  in  crowds  on  the  damp 
sand. 

"  1  have  seen  it  in  the  South  I'ark  district  from  June  20th  til!  August  28th  ; 
at  Palmer  Lake,  in  the  pleasant  grassy  meadows  of  the  'Divide,'  as  late  as  Sep- 
(endjer  1st.  These  last  lliers  were  light  colored  and  worn,  and  passed  most  of 
tiieir  time  on  the  flowers  of  Sedum  stenopetalum,  whieii  grows  there  in  profusion. 
Earlier  in  the  season,  its  favorite  haunts  are  the  grassy  slopes  partially  covered 
with  dwarf  oaks.  In  such  a  place  it  is  dillicult  to  capture  despite  its  slow  lliglit 
and  frequent  stoppages,  for  it  dodges  under  and  through  the  scrub,  and  winds 
around  in  the  shadows  in  such  a  way  that  with  its  obscure  coloring  it  is  soon  lost 
to  view,  — although  it  never  hides  like  the  species  of  Neominois  and  Chionobas. 
It  is  a  quiet  insect  in  the  net,  and  the  female  will  lay  eggs  freely  in  Conline- 
nient." 

In  California,  Nevada,  Utah,  and  Montana,  C/iaroit  Hies  with  the  allied  species, 
S.  CEdin,  Boisduval. 


1  received  twenty  eggs  of  Charnii,  August  4,  18S 4,  from  Mr.  H.  W.  Nash,  at 
Rosita,  Colorado,  laid  80th  July.  These  began  to  hatch  1 1th  August,  or  twelve 
days  after  the  laying.  Most  of  the  larva?  at  once  went  into  hibernation,  but 
one  of  them  ate  a  little  and  changed  from  ]iinkish  yellow  to  green,  as  the  larvie 
change  in  the  spring  after  feeding.  IJut  it  hibernated  before  the  (irst  moult. 
This  is  the  only  instance  in  which  I  have  known  a  larva  of  the  genus  Satyrus  to 
feed  in  the  fall.     All  the  species  have  gone  into  hibernation  direct  from  the  egg. 

These  larva?  w-U'e  sent  to  New  York,  to  a  refrigerating  lujuse.  and  1  received 
them  again  March  7,  1885,  with  very  little  loss.  The  next  day  .some  were 
observed  feeding,  and  had  changed  color  to  green.  { Fig. /r. )  On  2'.)th  March, 
one  larva  passed  the  first  moult,  two  on  olst,  and  so  at  intervals  imtil  the  fd'teenth 
and  last  larva?  passed  the  moult  on  15th  April.  Therefore  the  dill'erence  in  time 
at  the  (irst  moult  was  seventeen  days. 

On  9th  April,  the  lirst  larva  passed  its  second  moult,  or  at  eleven  days  from 


SATVRUS   III. 


till)  first ;  til  J  Inst  of  ton  Inrva*  (somo  liiiving  died,  and  nonie  having  been  [)iit  in 
nlcolio!)  puHMC'd  tiiis  moult  'Jlst;  the  dill'ci'c'iicc  hcinj,'  twelve  diiyn. 

Tht>  lii'st  liirvii  pas.n'il  the  third  moult  21st  Ai)ril,  the  lust  of  nine  the  same 
moult  Tth  iMiiy  ;  the  diilV'i'ciKM'  l)i'inijf  sixteen  days. 

Number  one  passed  its  louilh  moult  May  ;{d,  and  pupated  2Ist,  or  at  eighteen 
(lays  from  the  moult  ;  the  ])upa  gavi'  a  male  imago  'Jd  .lime,  at  twelve  days. 
The  last  of  nine  larvae  pas.sed  its  fourth  moult  (ith  .lune,  or  Ihiity-four  days  after 
the  (irst  larva  had  reaehed  the  .same  ])oint.  Some  of  the  nniture  larva'  and  pupa' 
were  preserved,  so  that  only  four  butterllies  were  obtained  from  this  lot.  Of  .six 
pupa',  two  green  ones  and  a  black  prod  need  males.  A  whilish  green  one  gave  a 
female.  'I'he  history  of  these  larva'  shows  how  it  happens  that  butterllies  fresh 
from  elirysalis  may  be  found  for  .several  weeks  in  one  loeality. 

On  2d  September,  1888,  I  received  from  the  late  Mr.  William  S.  Foster,  at 
Salida,  Colorado,  .■several  eggs  of  Chdron.  They  began  to  batch  I  ith.  or  at  four- 
teen days  from  the  laying  of  the  eggs.  The  larva'  hibernated  as  before,  were 
sent  to  New  York,  and  came  back  Idtli  April,  18S'J.  The  first  <me  passed  its 
first  moidt  2oth  April,  or  eight  days  after  beginning  to  feed  ;  its  sec(md  moult 
otli  May,  at  ten  days;  its  third  litli  May.  at  six  days;  its  fourth  2(lth  May,  at 
nine  days  ;  suspended  .'ilst,  and  pupateil  .lune  1st.  From  fourth  moidt  to  i)upa- 
tion  twelve  days.  The  last  of  the  larva'  pupated  June  8tli.  The  first  pupa  gave 
a  male  imago  June  ITitli,  or  after  fourteen  days.  The  last  imngo,  a  female, 
came  out  June  18th,  after  but  ten  days.  In  all  stages  the  temperature  hastens 
or  retards  more  or  less.  There  were  «even  pupa',  four  of  them  green,  three 
black  and  white.  It  is  ascertained  that  the  se.x  of  the  inuigo  is  not  indicated  by 
the  color  of  the  pupii. 

Again  in  188!l,  August  l;>th,  eggs  were  received  from  Mr.  Nash,  at  Puoblo. 
The  larvae  came  back  fron>  New  York.  2d  April,  1890,  but  I  did  not  follow  the 
changes  carefully.  About  1st  .June  there  were  three  pu])a'.  two  green,  one  black 
and  white. 

In  October,  1891,  I  .sent  young  larva*  of  C/iaron  to  Mr.  Fletcher,  at  Ottawa, 
together  with  Iarva>  of  several  other  species  of  Satyrids.  The  former  were  almost 
the  only  ones  that  survived.  The  species  has  in  each  case  proved  (|uite  hardy, 
the  loss  during  the  winter  having  been  very  sniall. 

These  larva*,  as  1  believe  are  all  Satyrid  larva*,  are  grass  feeders,  and  they 
llonrisheil  on  Blue-grass,  l*oa  pratensis.  In  feeding,  the  larva  stands  astride  the 
edge  of  the  leaf,  and  beginning  at  the  top  eats  vertically  in  two  rapid  cuts  down, 
followed  I)y  two  more,  and  so  on  to  the  farther  side,  the  second  segment  stretched, 
but  the  feet  and  legs  are  not  moved.  When  ((uite  acro.s,s,  the  larva  backs  down 
far  enough  to  enable  it  to  repeat  the  process. 


SATVIH'S   MI. 

I  Imvo  ronrcd  liirvii>  of  novoml  Hpecics  of  tin-  gomi.s  Siifyrus,  Alojx  luul  Nqihdc, 
Ariaiu;  lioopls,  but  iioiio  Imvc  shown  other  than  jiiifii  chiTsiiliils  («xci'|)t 
Cliiirnii,  and  in  a  Hin<,do  instaiici!  Aridiic.  Thin  individual  was  niarUod  witli  dark 
cldiids  and  .stripes,  but  not  to  the  extreme  represented  in  the  i'hite. 

'I'he  var.  SilccKlris  was  described  ns  a  species  from  CaliforiiUi.  It  is  (.'/taroii 
hiindless  on  under  hind  wing;  and  tiiis  variation  is  not  unconuuun  wherever  the 
sjK'cies  is  found. 


KXPLANATION  OF  TlIK  PLATK. 

CiiAitov,  1,  •-'   J,  •'!,  ■»    ?.  viir.  Sir.VKHriii.H  S ,  :>. 
11,  I'Aiii  ;  (('■',  fnicn)|n  1<'. 
//,  Yoi'.d  Lauva  just   fi-Diii  v>nf;  h\  after  fccliii'.' ;   'A  uw  (if  llic  iniclilli!  sc^iiR'nlM,  'lowil  viow ;  //', 

liiMil  ;  /<",  pi'DCL'SS  of  IhmIj  . 
<■,  I-;\rvii  Ml  l^-t  111-  lit  ;  c-,  lust  se^iiicnt ;  <■■',  licii.l  Mini  ~i'Coiul  so^iiiciit  ;  c'  to  /■'■,  stvlr  „S  procenscs. 
,1.  \,M\i\  at  -.'(l  moult,  sMe  viow  si'^iii^ntx  7  and   s  ;  (I-,  Jorsil  viuw  of  .saiiif;  (/■',  liiMil  ;  'I*  to  (/",  procu.sSL's 

of  lioily. 
e,  Lai'vii  at  :iil  "mhiU  ;  c''  to  (■•,  processes. 

y;  I/arva  nl  Itli  uii.ull,  natural  size  ;  /".  iniihvay  lietwoen  fuiirlli  nioiilt  anil  iiialiirity. 
/■'/',  Anui  .•    ;    ...VA,  9lii;litly   eiilari;cil,  ilursal  ami  siile  view;  i/',  ilorsiiiii  of  7  ami  8;  ;/',  lieail;  ;/■  to;/', 

proeessi's  of  l)0<ly. 
//,  CilliYSAI.lH,  i^reen  variety,  l,«,  lilaek   var.,  natural   size  ;  li-,  same  mneli  eiilarj;i.il  ;  A',  eivmasler,  siile 

view  ;  A',  same,  front;  A",  liiKjks  nf  eremaster. 


^    -i,    *i    \    ■'. 


_^MiiB—wpi.'j.ju»i-;-i..xjim.iif.' 


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CHIONOBAS  XI. 


CIIIONOBAS  GICAS,  1-5. 


a.iimohns  f;/.7'i.s  Rutlor,  Catalogue  of  the.   Siityridie  in  ll.,^  I!rili>li   Mn^cinn,  Ull,  pi.  2.    ISCS;  K,lwar.l>,  liult. 

N.  A.,  Vol.  II,  pi.  4:1,  44,  p.  27!).     V,  lf*7i;   6.  l«75. 
,V<'ra'/f;.M-.s  Ful.lcr,  Uoisc   Noviira,  I-q.id.,  Ill,  p.  H9,  pi.  (in.     18G8  (on  title-pii-e,   18C7,  but  anUMlatcl  unr 

jcir). 

Egg.  — Sub-conic,  the  brcadtli  to  the  Iilm.l^Ui  nearly  as  five  to  si.x  ;  the  base 
tlattened,  somewhat  roinided,  the  top  rounded;  In-oadest  in  middle,  narrowing; 
upward  gradually ;  marked  l)y  eighteen  or  nineteen  ribs  like  those  of  Mdcnunii, 
somewhat  sinuous,  a  few  branching  at  bottom,  or  else  an  abbreviated  rib  is  placed 
l)otween  two  long  ones;  narrow  at  sunnnit,  and  rounded,  the  slopes  flat,  each 
witii  many  line  and  irregular  excavations,  the  bases  not  quite  meeting,  thf 
angles  at  the  depressions  ami  elevations  nearly  or  quite  ecpial,  right  angles  ;  the 
micropyle  is  in  the  centre  of  a  rosette  of  .shallow  six-sided  cells,  the  Ijoundaries 
(/:  which  are  raised  like  threads;  outsid.'  of  these  are  two  or  three  rows  of 
simiiiU- irregular  cells,  gradually  enlarging ;  beyond  to  the  end  of  tlii!  ribs  the 
llatteneu  space  is  covered  pretty  thickly  .villi  shallow  cells  of  irregular  sizes, 
usually  .separated,  but  sometimes  conlluent ;  color  gray-white.  (Figs,  a,  ir.) 
Duration  of  this  stage  from  fifteen  to  eighteen  days. 

YouXG  Lauv.v.  — Length,  at  twenty-four  hours  from  the  egg,  .1">  inch  ;  shaped 
as  in  Mitrounii,  and  the  gei.us;  thickest  anteriorly,  taitering  from  2  to  S  slightly, 
after  8  rapidly,  the  dorsum  .irching  to  13,  which  ends  in  two  short,  sub-conical 
tails  nearly  or  (piite  meeting  .^t  base;  the  tuljercles  and  processes  the  same  in 
number,  position,  and  shape,  as  .n  MxcnKiiii ;  color  at  lirst  pale  n'ddi.sh  gray,  the 
last  segments  more  red,  after  a  ."ew  days  whitish  green;  the  lines  red-brown,  the 
mid-dol-sal  and  sub-dorsal  .slight,  the  lateral  heavy,  rather  a  stripe  than  line;  the 
basal  ridge  lighter  than  the  ground  color,  and  under  it  !i  threa<l  of  brown  ;  under 
aide,  feet  and  legs  greenish  yeilow   with  a  brown  tint;  head  as  in  Macoitnil, 


CIIIONOBAS   XI. 

Ijroiulor  than  2,  siil)-glol)(iso,  tlie  front  well  rounded,  l)roade.st  below,  narrowiiiir 
upward.  (k'])ressed  at  the  suture  ;  surface  covered  with  sliallow  indentation.s,  and 
showing  a  few  tul)ercles,  each  with  its  short  clubbed  and  bent  white  proces.s,  dis- 
posed as  in  the  genus;  color  greenish  yellow,  brown-tinted.  (Figs.  6  to  I/.)  Du- 
ration of  this  .stage  about  eleven, days. 

After  llrst  moult :  length,  at  twenty-four  hours,  .22  inch  ;  nearly  the  same 
sha])e  as  at  the  first  stage;  the  tubercles  and  processes  as  in  3facoiiiill,  Chn/ms, 
and  the  genus;  color  yellow-bufl";  the  mid-dor.sal  stripe  green,  with  red-brown 
edge.-,  and  bordered  on  either  side  by  a  narrow  strip  of  ycllow-biifl",  after  which 
the  ground  is  greenish  buff  to  the  narrow  brown  sub-dorsal  stripe;  the  area  next 
Ijclow  is  yellow-buiV,  cut  through  the  middle  by  a  fine  brown  line;  the  broad 
lateral  band  vinous-red,  the  edges  black  ;  then  a  narrow  strip  of  yellow-buff,  and 
the  grceni.xh  l)rown  spiracular  band  ;  basal  ridge  yellowish,  and  under  it  a  Hue 
of  red-brown  ;  under  side,  feet  and  legs,  whitish  greon  ;  head  broader  than  2, 
same  shape  as  before,  indented  and  tuberculated  as  in  the  other  species,  with  six 
vertical  stripes  as  in  the  genus  ;  color  yellow,  brown-tinted.  (Figs,  c  to  c^.)  Most 
of  the  larv;o  treated  have  hibernated  between  first  and  second  moult,  two  oidy 
Iiaving  reached  the  .second  moult  lu-forc  hibernation.  Duration  of  the  .stage  in 
these  cases  fifteen  and  twenty-eight  days,  respectively. 

After  second  moult :  length,  at  twenty  hours,  .33  inch  ;  shape  as  in  .second 
stage,  the  tubercles  and  processes  same  ;  color  yellow-bull' ;  the  stripes  as 
before,  but  the  lateral  is  less  black  and  on  the  lower  and  anterior  part  is  green  ; 
head  as  before.  (Figf*.  d  to  r/'.)  All  larv;e.  whether  hibernating  after  first  or 
second  moult,  have  died  before  .spring.  The  larvte  have  proved  as  diflicult  to 
rear  as  those  of  Mucoun'd. 


The  female  Gic.vs  figured  and  described  in  Volume  IT  was  one  of  three  not 
fresh  examples  which  had  been  taken  by  the  late  Mr.  G.  11.  Crotch,  near  Victoria, 
Vancouver's  Island  ;  the  male  was  copied  from  a  drawing  made  at  the  British 
Museum,  from  Mr.  Butler's  type  insect.  At  that  date,  1874,  these  three  females 
and  the  single  male  were  the  only  examples  of  the  species  known  to  me  in  col- 
lection-^. 1  had  therefoi'e  never  .seen  a  male  Gujas.  Of  late  years,  many  of  both 
sexes  have  been  taken  by  Messrs.  Wright,  Danby,  Green,  and  others,  and  I  have 
at  present  under  view  forty-eight  examples,  most  of  them  sent  by  Mr.  Wright ; 
several  fine  ones  by  Mr.  Green.  The  Mu.seum  nude  is  of  the  yellow-brown 
variety,  an  extreme  instance  of  which,  in  coloring,  is  shown  on  the  Plate,  Figure 
5.     It  is  a  very  rare  variety,  and  of  all  the  specimens  before  me  there  arc  but 


(.IIIONOHAS    XI. 

two,  Itotli  iiiiilos.  One  leiiiiile  is  lu-urly  as  pale,  hut  lias  a  (lociclt'iUy  rod  tint.  Tlio 
greater  nuiiiljer  ol'  the  iorty-eigiit  are  l)ro\vn  rattier  tlian  red,  hut  a  lew  are  quite 
ixa  red  as  any  CaUforniai.  On  tlie  under  .side,  wliieh  is  the  most  important  lor 
specific  characters  in  this  group,  there  are  two  distinct  types  :  the  iiiehmic,  shown 
on  the  present  Plate,  and  the  yellow-while,  more  or  less  lightly  llu.slied  with 
i)rown,  as  seen  in  the  female  in  Volume  11.  None  of  either  .sex  under  view  have 
so  pronounced  a  mesial  hand  as  that  represented  in  the  Museum  male.  In  this 
species  the  whole  hind  wing  is  heavily  and  thickly  streakeil  with  hlack  or  hlack- 
hrown;  the  outer  liinb  is  dark  almost  or  ((uite  to  the  hand;  and  the  edges  of 
the  hand  arc  heavy  stripes,  black  in  the  ilarker  examjjles,  nearly  as  dark  in  the 
paler.  The  width  of  these  edges  is  usually  aI)out  one  tenth  inch,  and  there  is  no 
instance  under  view  of  a  delicate  outline,  a  simple  hlack  line,  such  as  is  common 
in  Iihnm  and  Californlca.  In  most  cases  the  basal  edge  of  the  band  is  indelinito, 
lost  in  the  heavy  streaks  of  the  basal  area.  There  is  more  or  less  white  alonf 
the  whole  costal  margin,  hut  streaked  like  the  rest  of  the  wing.  In  a  few  cases 
all  of  the  wing  is  mottled  with  white,  except  the  outer  limb.  It  is  characteristic 
of  the  species  that  the  band  is  broadly  edged  with  black,  and  that  the  streaks 
over  the  whole  wing  are  both  heavy  and  multitudinous.  The  exterior  edge  of 
the  band  is  roundly  crenated,  often  ([uite  evenly,  with  no  prominences  oj)[)osite 
the  cell  to  break  the  general  curve;  but  in  some  cases  the  two  crenatious  in  the 
median  interspaces  project  somewhat,  as  shown  in  the  (igure  in  Volume  II. 

Iduxa,  in  contrast  to  the  other  species,  almost  always  has  the  male  yellow- 
brown,  often  pale,  as  if  faded  in  the  sun.  IJut  as  this  pale  hue  is  found  in  perfect 
examples,  it  must  be  natural.  The  under-side  figures  of  this  species  given  in 
Volume  II  are  good.  1  have  forty-nine  examples  before  me,  embracing  twenty- 
eight  recently  sent  by  Mr.  Wright,  the  choice  specimens  of  his  collection.  \ot 
one  of  the  lot  is  so  red  as  in  the  figure  of  the  male  in  \'oluiiie  II,  and  four  fifths 
are  not  red  at  all.  The  hind  wings  beneath  are  all  hoary  —  whitish.  Where  any 
black  is  present,  it  is  in  the  border  of  the  hind  margin,  usually  rather  dusky  than 
black.  In  almost  one  third  the  examples  there  is  no  melanism  at  all.  The  Mhole 
wing  is  finely  striati-d.  as  in  the  two  under-side  figuirs  in  \'oluiiie  II.  but  often 
much  le.ss  than  in  the  figure  l  ?  ,  in  which  c^ise  tiiere  arc  large  areas  of  immacu- 
late white.  The  interior  of  the  band  is  of  the  ground  color  of  the  wing,  and  the 
edges  are  but  slightly  darkened,  often  being  mere  threads  of  black,  never  heavier 
than  a  dilTused  line,  and  then  only  next  the  costa.  In  all  but  three  the  ba.sal 
outline  of  the  band  is  distinct  throughout.  The  exterior  side  is  in  the  form  of  a 
bent  bow,  tlie  ends  (at  the  two  margins)  turned  back,  and  often  there  is  not  a 
crcnation  from  end  to  end  (as  will  be  .shown  in  the  next  Plate) ;  but  at  times 


-vh 


ClIIOiXOBAS   XI. 

tlio  midillo  ol  the  how  if!  crenated  evenly  ;  and  occasionally  the  two  cronations 
in  the  nuHJiau  interspaces  are  .scpiarely  trnncated.  Looking  at  these  IdiuKi 
alongside  the  I'orty-eiglit  Gujas,  in  no  instance  conld  an  example  of  one  species 
be  taken  lor  the  other.  Thoy  are  as  well  marked  and  as  distinct  as  arc  any  two 
closely  allied  species  of  the  genus,  —  (Kiio  and  Scmidcu,  for  example. 


Camkoknica,  in  contrast  with  Giija.s  and  l(htn<i,  is  decidedly  red.  1  have 
never  seen  a  ]ialc  or  a  yellow  brown  one.  L'rofessor  E.  T.  Owen  sent  me  one 
hundred  and  tliirty-nine  examples,  taken  l)y  himseil,  at  Fori  Klamath,  Oregon, 
1802,  and  kindly  presented  mo  thirty  of  them,  20  c?  ,  10  $  ,  selected  with  a  view  to 
embrace  all  the  notieealde  variations.  These  are  before  me,  together  with  six 
others  taken  by  Mr.  James  Behrons,  in  Siskiyou  County,  California.  The  figures 
in  Volume  II  are  excellent,  and  I  cannot  suggest  an  improvement.  The  (incly 
striated  surfaces  of  the  hind  wings,  almost  always  free  from  melanism  on  the 
hind  margins,  and  Hushed  with  red-brown  from  these  margins  through  the  mesial 
bands,  are  well  shown.  This  last  feature  is  peculiar  to  CaUfornlca  (though  it 
is  shared  by  Mdcouiili),  and  is  usual. 

In  these  tliree  species  there  are  three  distinct  types,  and  they  keep  ,soparat(!, 
though  some  of  the  variations  of  one  run  in  the  direction  of  the  others.  IJut 
some  do  not.  If,  as  we  may  suppose,  the  three  species,  together  with  Macoimil, 
are  descended  from  the  same  parent  species,  the  present  state  of  things  would 
•seem  to  be  what  might  have  been  expected,  namely,  that  while  distinct  types 
have  evolved,  there  are  variations  that  are  more  or  less  intermediate,  and  varia- 
tions that  are  in  the  contrary  direction. 

With  regard  to  the  ocelli  on  the  wings  of  tiie  three  westernmost  species,  there 
is  no  dilferenoe  to  note.  On  the  fore  wings  of  the  males  I  (ind  one  to  three,  on 
the  hind  wings  none  or  one  ;  of  the  females,  two  to  four  on  the  fore  wing.s,  none, 
one,  and  two  on  the  hind  wings. 

In  V^olume  II,  I  spoke  of  Chionobas  Nerailcnxix,  Felder,  as  if  it  might  be  a 
fourth  species,  because  the  colored  figures  of  tlie  plate  in  the  Heise  Novara,  Lep., 
which  I  had  .seen  at  the  Peal)ody  Library,  Baltimore,  looked  as  if  intended  to 
represent  neither  of  the  other  three.  They  are  badly  colored,  however.  1 
have  recently  seen  a  |)lain  plate,  at  the  Academy,  L'iiiladelphia,  and  am  now 
satislied  that  Nei'ddrnsis  and  Gii/cts  are  l)ut  names  of  the  .same  insect.  That 
also  was  Mrs.  I'eart's  opinion,  who  examined  the  Plate  with  me.  Ajiparently 
Feliler's  name  has  the  priority,  as  the  Catalogues  credit  JVcvadcnsis  to  1867, 
but  Gi(/nK  to  ISnS.  Mr.  Butler  informs  me,  however,  that  when  his  Catalogue 
of  Satyridic  i.ssued,  in  which  the  description  and  figure  of  Glr/an  were  published, 
February,   18G8,  Folder's   Part  IIL  which  contained  JVevadennin,  had   not  yet 


CIIIONOIJAS   XI. 

been  publiMhe*!.  When  it  did  appear,  soiiiu  I'lateH  were  antedated  one,  and  some 
two  yearn,  that  of  Neviulenifis  anioMi,'  the  rest.  Tiie  name  d If/an,  tiierefore,  can- 
not be  dirtturbeil. 

I  have  bred  the  three  Hpecies  from  tlie  ej^jf,  two  of  them,  Ji/iuhi  and  ('nli/hr- 
iiirii,  to  adult  larval  stage,  but  failed  to  get  pnp;e,  and  (rtfja/^  to  .second  moult. 
There  was  much  dilTerence  in  the  duration  of  the  several  stages  of  the  larvie  of 
the  two  first  named,  and  in  the  liehavior  of  the  larvte  of  all  three.  (I'lrjds  was 
bred  twice  ;  in  one  case,  the  larvie  hibernating  after  their  first  moult  ;  in  the 
other,  two  larva.'  readied  .second  moult,  and  hibernated,  the  remainder  hibernat- 
ing after  first  moidt.  hlmta  was  bred  twice,  in  two  successive  years,  some  of 
each  lot  of  larva,-  reaching  maturity  the  same  sea.sou  in  which  the  eggs  were  laid. 
In  one  broo<l,  the  length  of  the  larval  jieriod  from  hatching  to  maturity  was 
.seventy-six  da}'.",  in  the  other,  eighty-eight  days ;  the  remainder  of  the  larva- 
hibernating  after  second  moult.  Whereas,  with  CiiitJ'urnua,\n-in\  once,  one  larva 
reached  maturity  in  fifty-two  days  from  the  egg,  and  another  in  fifty-si.\  days, 
other  larvie  hibernating  after  .second  moult.  The  several  stages  of  the  two 
spoken  of  as  in  advance  of  the  others  jjassed  with  sui'i)rising  swiftiu'ss  for  Chio- 
nobas.  The  larva?  of  the<e  three  species  and  also  iJ/(<(7>(/«//,  comprising  the  grouj), 
are  built  and  marked  on  the  same  plan,  and  are  very  like  each  other  through  all 
the  stages  ob.served.  All  are  brown  or  gray  in  longitudinal  bands,  alternated 
with  bands  of  black  ;  and  with  such  a  style  of  uuirking  and  coloration  there  is 
little  room  for  individual  varitition. 


GiOA.s,  .so  far  as  is  yet  known,  is  confined  to  Vancouver's  Island.  It  has  been 
taken  on  Mt.  Findlayson  and  Mt.  ,\ustiu  ;  at  Cobble  Hill,  Koksilah,  and  South 
iSaarnich.  Also  sm  far  to  the  north  as  Mt.  I'revost,  sixty  miles  from  \'^ictoria. 
Mr.  Charles  de  Bloi^  (Ireen,  C.  K.,  sn^'s:  "1  took  frit/as  all  the  way  froni  Vic- 
toria to  Mt.  Prevost.  and  should  .say  that  it  is  foimd  over  the  whole  .southern 
part  of  the  island.'" 

Of  the  habits  of  G'/yas,  Mr.  William  II.  Danby,  of  Victoria,  writes  :  ''The  males 
are  very  alert  when  at  rest,  easily  alarmed,  and  of  an  incjuisitive  disj)osition. 
This  last  was  demonstrated  by  the  alacrity  with  which  they  would  chase  I'apiiio 
Kurymeibm,  whenever  that  insect  approached,  —  .say  at  about  fifteen  feet.  A 
O'ujuH  would  rise  and  make  a  dash  at  the  stranger,  driving  it  away  at  once.  This 
habit  I  turned  to  account,  using  the  Papilios  as  decoys,  and  by  their  aid  finding 
Gigas,  which  always  returned  to  the  spot  it  started  from.  Thus  1  obtained  more 
examples  than  I  otherwi.«e  could  have,  beeau.se  on  the  uiuler  side  G'ujas  .so  closely 
resembles  the  black  mosses  on  or  among  which  it  rests,  that  until  it  is  flushed  it  is 


CIirONORAS   XI. 


dillioiilt  to  piTcuive.  The  llitflit  of  tlio  mak",  when  undisturbed,  is  in  inidnliitious 
niiide  witli  littio  olTort.  iind  it  closi'ly  rt'soinljlos  liiiit  of  Satyriis  Ai'luuc,  but  is 
more  swift.  The  feuudes  lly  with  lui  easy  iind  reguhir  movement,  and  tloy  are 
neitlier  so  ((uick  nor  so  why  as  the  male.s,  and  con.sequently  are  more  easily 
captured." 

Mr.  (Jreen  wrote  in  IS92:  *' I  came  across  G'ujiix  many  times,  last  year,  in 
dilierent  situations.  I  have  never  seen  tiiem  tloiny  an^'thing  el.se  than  sunnin^i,' 
themselves,  and  when  so  engaged,  they  are  not  easily  taken  witii  the  net.  They 
prefer  to  alight  on  rocks,  but  at  tiie  same  time,  1  have  observed  that  if  tiierc  is  a 
dead  tree  lying  across  the  rocks,  they  will  make  u.se  of  it;  also,  thai  if  disturltcd 
they  disappear,  but  will  in  time  return  to  the  same  .sjxit.  The  only  standing 
tree.s  Avhich  I  have  seen  them  resting  on  are  small  dead  ones." 

On  July  10,  IS'J.'),  Mr.  (Jreen  wrote:  "1  send  you  six  perfect  Ghjdx,  which 
1  was  fortunate  enough  to  obtain  yesterday.  1  took  three  females  and  eight 
males,  four  of  the  last  just  out  of  chrysalis.  TIu'  males  tly  high  up  the  mounlaiu, 
and  go  there  to  sun  themselves  on  the  bare  rocks.  If  struck  at  and  niis.«'  '.  they 
dart  flown  the  mountain  into  the  timber.  When  alighted  they  fold  then  wings 
back  to  back,  .so  that  nothing  but  the  under  surface  is  to  be  seen." 

Mr.  W.  Lr.  Wright  made  two  trips  to  V^ancouver's  Island,  in  jiursuit  of  Gigax. 
On  the  lirst,  18',ll,  he  was  very  successful;  itut  the  second,  l.SOli,  was  nearly 
fruitless,  owing  to  bad  weather  and  limited  time,  he  being  on  his  way  to  Sitka. 
Mr.  Wright  has  collected  /dnnu  in  three  seasons,  1892,  18'J3,  IS'Jl,  in  the  red- 
wood region  of  northeast  California  ;  and  he  ha.s  taken  Chionobas  ('(tHj'oniica  in 
east  Washington,  and  on  Mt.  Hood.  Oregon;  also  in  northern  California,  lie  is 
the  only  living  collector  who  has  taken  the  three  species,  and  knows  by  personal 
observation  their  respective  habits. 

His  lirst  letter  was  from  Victoria,  June  .'!(l.  1891;  '•  1  have  ju.st  come  from 
Mt.  Findlay.son,  and  mail  you  to-day  about  two  dozen  eggs  of  Gii/tis.  I  got  fifty- 
one  of  the  butterflies,  of  which  only  two  were  females."  Two  days  later,  he  .sent 
fifteen  more  eggs,  laid  in  Victoria  by  the  female  he  had  brought  in  on  the  .second 
day,  and  wrote :  "  Glf/us  Hies  to  the  very  top  of  a  bald,  rocky  knol),  Mt.  Findlay- 
son,  the  highest  peak  in  this  part  of  the  island,  elevation,  1  understand,  about 
4(100  feet.  The  knob  is  almost  solid  rock,  and  it  is  covered  in  part  with  lichens 
and  mosses,  i)rown  and  black  with  age  and  exposure.  But  large  areas  are  of 
clean  rock,  wind-swept,  and  similar  in  color  to  the  niosses.  Upon  the  rock  this 
butterfly  rests,  with  closed  wings,  and  it  is  wholly  invisible  when  quiet.  So  far 
as  I  saw,  the  males  spend  nearly  all  their  time  on  the  rocks.  I  never  saw  one 
on  a  flower,  or  alighted  on  anything  but  rock.  Other  butterllies  also  lly  about 
and  over  the  peaks,  Papilios  ZoUcaon  and  Euryuiedon,  Argynuis  Breninerii,  etc. 


CIIIONOHAS   XI. 


Tlio  GUjun  (like  ilfliglit  in  rising'  u|i  to  cliiisc  any  piisHiii},'  lly,  I'ollow  it  a  littli? 
ay,  and    then  ndiirii   to  tlioir   own  spots.     If  .staiti'd   np  h\  myself,  and  not 


idarnic'd,  tliuv   tl<:w  circL 


ii   for  a  fi'w  niomonts,  iind   tlicn  alighted,  fiv- 


(piontly  at  niy  fuct.  I  foinid  tiicMn,  tlu'ri'foro,  easy  to  take  on  the  wiiiji.  and  wlien 
aligliting.  lly  om-  or  two  o'clock  the  chill  sea  air  i)e<fins  to  l)e  felt,  as  il  comes 
in  from  thi'  Strait  de  Kiica,  and  at  once  not  a  (Hi/an  is  to  he  seen.  In  tin-  two 
days  1  spent  on  the  mountain,  none  were  taken  after  l.'iO  I'.  M.  The  female 
that  laid  the  egjf.s  I  found  upon  tin;  hij^hest  peak,  fluttering  gt-ntly  along  the 
hasc  of  (i  big  rock,  and  oviijositing,  either  as  she  tlew  or  alighting  a  moment  for 


pnr 


[lose. 


Af 


ter   capturniL 


Her. 


I    sought   a    suilahle    place,  sheltered,  a 


ni 


hagged  her  over  or  in  a  little  clump  of  hiun'i  grass,  parting  the  grass  and  put- 
ting the  hag  in  the  opening.  Sit  I  left  her  over  the  niglit.  Tii.'  next  day,  the 
second  hutterlly  taken  proved  to  he  a  female,  hnt  I  had  killed  it  before  1  made 
the  discovery  of  sex,  because  it  had  dropped  among  .•^ome  stones  and  was 
rescued  with  dillicnlty.  Tliis  female  was  taken  at  the  base  of  the  |)eak.  some 
300  to  400  feet  below  tiie  highest  point.  The  knob  is  so  small  that  it  is  inca- 
pable of  aetvnnnodating    any   large    numi  ^r  of    these    bntterilies.   and    on    the 


second  daw 


but 


one   was 


taken  after    1  I..)!)   \. 


I   had   got   them    all.     At 


L.'IO  I'.  M.  that  day,  I  (irst  observed  the  eggs,  which  were  adhering  to   the  sides 
of  the  bag. 

"The  approach  to  Mt.  Kindlayson  from  the  railway  station  is  through  a  dense 
torent,  and  over  rough  nioimtain  side,  say  for  three  mdes,  one  of  which  is  along 
a  cattle-path,  if  yon  can  linil  it  (I  could  not),  and  the  rest  through  thicket. 
Arriving  at  the  base  of  the  knob,  one  wonders  how  he  can  ascend  it.      I5ut  there 


are  li 


tth 


lelves  that  /ig/ag  this  way  and  that,  .•ind  the  ascent  is  le.ss  dillicidt  than 


it  .seemed  likely  to  be."' 

In  a  letter  of  18!)2,  Mr.  Wright  says:  •  Vaneouvei'  is  cold,  \vet,  dnnunateil  by 
high  and  raw  winds,  so  much  so  that  the  lir-trees  extend  their  brandies  oidy  on 
the  landward  side,  while  toward  the  sea  tliey  are  stnnted  and  unable  to  grow. 
On  the  island  and  along  the  coast  the  rainfall  is  inuuense,  but  the  (Jascaiie  liangt! 
stops  it  all,  and  the  plains  to  the  east  of  the  range  are  consequently  arid,  as  the 
rain-bearing  winds  are  always  from  the  ocean.  Now,  precipitation  in  itself  does 
not  count  ,so  nnich,  but  the  consecpiences,  in  vegetation  and  aridity,  are  great,  so 


that 


ni  cro.ssinii: 


om 


the  west  over  the  Cascade  Ran<re  is  like  going  from  a  cool, 


damp  .spring  into  dry  snnnner,  and  each  region  has  its  separate  fauna  ami  ilora. 
It  .seemed  to  me.  from  what  I  saw  of  Vancouver  and  Sitka,  that  the  climate  of 
the  former  was  considerably  the  colder  and   blecker  of  the   two.     There,  in  the 


sub-arctic  forest,  d'i 


(ja.> 


ive.> 


•hiellv  on  rocky  bare  knobs,  above  the  surrounding 


timber,  and  out.sidc  the  .shelter  of  il.     That  was  my  exiterience.     As  related,  the 


CIIIONOnAS    XI. 


onh'  ovipositing  I  ohsorvod  took  |)l;uc  upon  tlic  liiij:li('.i(  imd  hloiiitOHt  point,  at 
the  imnicMliiite  biinu  of  tiic  rocky  knoh.  'riuTO  wiif*  ii  total  iibHenco  of  cither  sex 
at  nuicii  lowiT  elevation,  or  in  the  ineailows  which  lie  lower  down,  thoiiLfh  I 
hiuiteil  lhruui(h  these  and  took  other  species  ol  hiitlerllies. 

"On  the  other  hand,  ChionohuH  Idiiiui  inhabits  the  slopes  of  evergreen  red- 
wood forest,  not  the  tops  of  the  hills,  whether  bare  or  tree-chid,  nor  the  grassy 
opi'nings.  This  is  the  redwood  district  of  northeastern  (.'alifornia,  on  the  I'acidc 
const.  Lliiii't  simulated  Liuienitis  in  habits  ami  liight,  dilVering  decidedly  from 
both  (ri(jits  and  ('aU/orniai.  It  sails  along  with  wings  extended  horizontally,  as 
iloes  Limenilis,  and  in  a  way  not  usual  with  Satyrids.  It  never  alights  on  the 
ground,  like  Ohjas,  though  the  male  does  sometimes  alight  on  dead  leaves  for 
warmth,  when  it  is  growing  cool  in  the  afternoon  ;  but  its  usual  place  of  alights 
ing  is  on  a  green  twig  of  tree  or  on  a  shrub.  Its  liight  has  the  darting  move- 
ment characteristic  of  the  Califoruiau  spei'ies  of  Limenitis,  and  entirely  unlike 
till!  movement  of  GIi/uh.  The  male  likes  best  to  take  his  position  on  the  extreme 
point  of  a  green  twig  that  reaches  ont  horizontally,  and  there,  with  'wimjn  whie 
opiii. Jl'ils  like  Limenilis  and  (Jrapta,  to  sun  himself,  in  such  cas^;  he  will  not 
permit  one  to  approach  neai'er  than  about  twenty  feet  before  taking  flight.  He 
must  usually  be  taken  on  the  wing.  Now,  neither  d'ajus  nor  ('n/i/ovjiIcK  rest 
with  wings  open,  so  far  as  my  observation  goes.  G!;/iix  is  much  easier  to  capture 
than  /(ham,  because  it  is  most  of  the  time  at  rest,  and  returns  to  the  .same  spot 
aftei'  a  chase  with  another  butt(U'll\',  while  Lfidin  must  b(;  taken  on  the  winir- 

"  In  contrast  to  the  other  two  species,  (Jnfiforiiicd  lives  in  a  semi-desert  coun- 
try, both  as  to  land  and  air.  the  hot,  arid  regions  of  east  Oregon  and  Washington, 
and  of  northeast  California,  where  the  temperature  is  luilf-tropical.  (lirjos  is 
semi-arctic,  living  amid  the  cold,  dark  (ir  forest;  Iiliiiin  is  temperate,  living  in 
the  mild,  dark  redwood  forest;  ('(i/ifunilrn  is  semi-tropical,  living  in  open,  dry, 
warm  glades,  in  the  '  bush-land,'  on  the  border  between  the  forest  and  the  open 
plains.  Criijds  alights  on  bare  rocks  ;  LhtiKi  on  green  twigs  ;  Cdll/onticd  on  dead 
or  dry  grass.  I  never  saw  this  last-named  species  alight  on  trees  or  lindjs,  but  on 
the  ground  in  grassy  jilaccs,  exactly  after  the  habit  of  C.  Vnniiid,  as  1  .saw  it  in 
east  Montana. 

"  As  to  the  climate  of  Tdiind,  it  is  cool  and  damj)  all  the  year,  with  ])ut  little 
snow  or  ice  ;  heavy  and  continued  rains  all  the  winter,  and  both  early  and  late. 
The  hibernating  larvie  must  be  soaked  for  four  months  or  more.  This  butterlly 
lives  and  breeds  directly  in  the  evergreen  forest,  tlu;  redwood  slope,  not  in  the 
sunny,  grassy  openings.  I  have  been  at  all  these  places,  and  1  know  the  dill'er- 
eiice  in  climate.  To  an  eastern  man  these  dilTerences  may  seem  apochryphal, 
because  no  such  state  of  things  is  found  on  the  Atlantic  coast.     But  they  are 


CIIIONOIIAS    XI. 


real.  Tlit>  Const  nmifrt'  of  moinilaiiiM,  I'loiii  UriliNli  f'i)liiiiil)iii  (o  Moxico,  minks  n 
|)o."<itivt'  liiu!  of  cliiiiiili',  from  moist  ami  wcl  on  tiic  wi'sUtm  side,  to  hot  ami  (liy 
oil  the  oasterii  ;  iiml  tlif  fiiima  and  flora  cliaii;,'!'  to  corrt'siioml.  (•'iijas  lives  in 
till'  liititudo  of  Ni'wfoimdlaiid  ;  Jdinin  in  that  of  IJaltimoro  ;  wliilo  t'tiflf'iiriiicn 
iiinj,'cs  from  llic  latilndi'  of  Winnipcj^  to  that  of  I'hiladcl|ihia.  'I'lic  corner  of 
\Vasliinj;ton  bordering  on  the  Str;iit  do  Kiiea  is  a  ji'rand  pile  of  ronj;li  mountains, 
eulminatiii^'  in  Mt.  Olympus,  somo  SdlHI  feet  hij;h  ;  this  whole  corner  of  the 
State,  bordering  on  tliu  souiul,  the  strait,  and  the  ocean,  havinji  an  area  nearly 
as  largo  as  Massuchusotts.  It  is  almost  wholly  nid<nown.  imexplored.  ami  tmiii- 
hubitcd.  It  I'fsombles  Vancouver  in  climate,  but  apparently  differs  in  geological 
formation,  being  less  like  a  solid  rock,  and  having  soil  and  sand  beaches.  On  the 
forestry  maps  of  the  U.  S.  Department  of  Agricnlture,  this  region  and  Vancouver 
are  represented  as  covered  by  the  Sitka  spruce.  I  .-^eo  no  climatic  reason  why 
(t'lt/as  should  not  be  found  in  that  corner  of  Washington.  All  tiiis  region  is  of 
very  raw.  rough  climate,  with  high  winds  and  chilling  fogs.  The  Strait  de  Kuca, 
forming  a  gap  between  the  mountain  ranges,  opens  a  ])athway  for  the  cold  sea 
winds,  ('(iliforincn  could  not  live  on  \'ancouver's  Island,  any  moi'e  than  Argvn- 
nis  J)!tui'i,  of  West.  \'ii'giuia,  could  live  in  the  Chiouobas  Seiitidm  district  of  New 
Hampshire.  When  climate  oilers  no  obstacle,  Idiiiiti  does  not  go  north  to  meet 
(iUjdx.  The  tem])erate  belt  of  the  western  slope  extends  from  San  Francisco,  on 
the  coast,  widening  to  the  northward,  till  in  southern  Oregon  it  reaches  fi'om  the 
sea  to  the  Ca.scade  Mountains,  some  two  hundred  miles,  and  in  north  Washington 
i.s  reduced  to  u  narrow  strip  between  those  mountains  and  the  Sitka  spruce 
region,  and  so  to  the  Canada  line  and  l)cvoud.  In  California,  on  the  coast,  this 
belt  includes  the  Redwood  District,  but  in  Oregon  and  Washington  it  is  charac- 
terized by  the  Douglass  spruce.  There  would  seem  no  climatic  obstacle  to  pre- 
vent IdniKi  from  going  north  in  that  belt  even  to  the  latitude  of  Victoria,  the 
habitat  of  (t'iijus.  (t'lyus  is  not  known  south  of  the  strait,  though  it  may  yet  be 
found  in  the  peninsula.  It  ct-rtainly  does  not  come  down  the  coast  below  the 
Sitka  spruce  region.  Nor  has  Iditnn  been  seen  beyond  to  the  north,  or  outside 
of  to  the  east,  the  Redwood  slopes  of  ('alifornia.  And  thus  there  is  left  unoccu- 
pied by  any  species  of  (!hi()uol)as,  a  district  of  eight  degrees  of  latitude  broad, 
from  40'  to  4S',  or  of  live  hundred  and  sixty  miles.  In  proof  that  this  district  is 
really  unoccupied,  I  will  cite  the  names  of  experienced  collectors,  who.  to  my 
knowledge,  have  traversed  it  in  various  directions  and  at  various  tinu's.  some  of 
them  several  times,  stopping  off  where  the  country  seemefl  particularly  favorable 
for  their  object:  Messrs.  Crotch.  Morrison,  Koebele,  Dunn,  Owen,  and  myself. 
And  not  one  of  them  has  seen  a  Chionobas  in  west  Oregon  or  west  Washington. 
There  certainly  is  indication  of  specilic  difference  between  these  forms  in  their 


CIllONOnAS    XI. 


iviili;l\    scpariil'il    Inciilitii's  ol'   siroiiiilv  cuMlriistcil   cliiiiiiU's,  as  well   as  in   tlicii 


lial)ils  and   iiciincr  ol    lliulit 


mil 


ill    lliis  is  ill  line  willi  llic  liiiTcreiicos  in  Ih 


)l()ratiiiii  (if  the  Imttfiliics  tlirnischo.  and  what  voii  tell  nio  of  tin-  hi'liavior  of 


111     larva" 

■'  ( 'ii/lj 

iiiassv  oi: 


lll'lUCll.     Ol 


1    tlic  oilier   hand,   as    1    have    Ix'forc   said,    iiilialiils    lli 


I'    (Mlfil. 


of  oaU   and   piny  (the  grass  all  dead  and  dr^    wlit-n  this  hnltcrllv 


•V 


ars)  next  oasl   ol 


I  he  Cascaih'  It.mj^c.     .Mr.   Koclicic  took  ('xani|ilos  of  it 


Clt-rlinii.  Killllass  Comity.  Wa-iJii'irloii.  This  lowii  is  in  iln-  scatlcrt'd  jiiiK 
ifuion.  al  till'  l.ia^f  of  tin'  raiii.'''.  vlicri'  only  scanty  crops  of  liarloy  and  oats  an 
raisfd  withonl  irrigation. 


( '.i/ifiinii<-ii  lias  hccn   taken   in   larue   iiiniiliers  hy   Professor  ( )weii 


anil 


Ml 


(Juniiinirliain.  a'  Lake  Klaiiiaih.  in  soiiliiwest  Orenon.     .\l   that,  locality'  iinniei 


i\a  lieds  and   sail    inaisln 


lies  alioiiiid.      The   lal< 


c  IS  a  •  sinl 


ISC 

lint   a   live  one  ;   that 


is,  it  receives  more  water  than  it  can  evajioraie.  and  the  surplus  Hows  away  liv 
Klamath  lliver.  There  are  dozens  ol  smaller  sinks  that  are  •dead,'  real  dead 
.seas;  the  water  so  -all  and  alkaline  ,i-  lo  he  poisonoiis.  Tliey  never  run  olV  iiiiy 
water,  liiit  till'  liepiii  varies  aceordinu  to  the  season's  rains.  The  water  is  all  the 
time  lieiMiiniiiLf  more  salt,  and  these  laki-lieds  will  in  lime  hecoine  '  dry  laki's.'  or 
mi'd  llat<.  in  dry  sea.sons.  So  far  as  I  know,  ('n/i/'uninii  there  inhaiiits  the  sidi! 
hill-  and   lienehos  where  the  irpjiss  is  alreaiK  dried  iin  for  the  summer,  hecaiiso 


the  spring  rams  are  e.\liau-leil,  ami  there  are  no  summer  rains.  1  w'u  specimens 
ni  f'ii/i/'iiri>l(ii  hiouuhl  me  this  last  season  (IS'.Mifrom  the  Sierras  east  of  licA 
Hlull'.  in  norlliern  < '.liifornia,  and  the  ino-t  southern  locality  in  which  this  s])eiac> 
has  been  seen,  were  taken  near  a  green  meadow,  hnt  yel  np  on  the  dry  slope 
aho\e  it  where  the  grass  was  dead  (on  .'.Uh  .lime),  elevation  |."illO  feet.  Here 
also  were  scattered  pine-trees." 

I'idfosor  Owen,   in    IMIJ.  s|)enl   several  weeks  al    l''orl  Klamath,  and   In'onghi 
liiree  hiinilK'd  examples  of  ('dUfoniK  <i,  nearly  one  half  of  which  wore 


awa'V  some 


in  my  pos.sessioii  for  ex.imiiiation.  .is  hefori-  relateil.  Mr.  Owe  ;  wrole  me  that 
\\^^  found  these  Imtlerllies  ■■on  low  gronihl,  amoiin'  scatlei'cd  pine-trees,  which 
rarely   I'nriiish  diiise  shade;   elevation   aiiont    lOIKl  feet       'I'hey  alight  on  dead 


>nil  ilry  standing  trees. 


loos.  dr\-  l\ 


d  <h>a(! 


wigs,  anil  (lead   leaves,  a!-o  pine  cones 


N. 


'i'l 


ie\' 


mo    low   lliers,   and    1   should    compare    their  lliglit    rather  with   Argynnis    than 
Limenilis." 

Mr.  ( 'imniniiliam   lives  near  I'oii  Kl.iiiiatli.   iiid    for  several   \cars  has  been  a 


colli'v'lor  ol   liiiltcillie-.      lie  writes:    ■•  ( 'idijhniica  fre(|i;enls  open   glades,  a 


moll 


scaf'-ring  pine,-,  with  moie  or  less  vegetiition  under  foot.  It  is  also  to  he  s'.;en  'ii 
more  thickly  timlierecl  localities  where  there  is  a  dense  gn.wili  of  '  linck  brush  ' 
a  name  ajiplied  to  a  thicket  of  semi-lhurny  shrub.     It  is  loud  of  a  dry  hollow,  or 


CIllONOItAS    \I. 
'iilcli.       I   liMVt'  iK'ViM'  sfcii  it  oil  tlio  ^rniiiinl.  or  on  rdcks,  cir  iiios.s,  \n\\  I  liavo 


sfvi'iiil  liiiii's  soin  it  on  drv  loirs  ami  div  twi'j-s. 


Oi 


I  one  occasion 


I 


i\v  a  ]iair  in 


ciiiliun  on  llic  li'.iiik  ol  a  ^rccn  lir,  liut  with  tliat.  ('\<'i'|)tion  1  never  saw  lliis 
linttcrtly  alij.'lil('il  on  a  jirccn  tii'c.  I  liavc  seen  llic  I'ciiialf  on  a  sliiiil),  (lie  •  clia- 
parral,'  a  dry  bush  sonujlliiii;^-  liUt-  '  sairc  l)riisii,'  with  lew  and  small  leaves. 

•*  Its  tlijfht  is  not,  treiiiiiloiis.  or  waveiinir.  lil<e  some  of  the  Satyrids.  hut  there 
are  three  or  lour  rapid  strokes,  and  then  with  win;rs  dosei]  over  the  liack.  it  sails 
>lrai},dit  ahead  ;  then  another  moveineiir  ol'  the  w  inL^>,  ami  another  sail.  Ol'teii 
the  I'emah'  will  dodj^e  into  a  Inish  when  struck  at.  and  no  aim  luit  of  shoviiii;  will 
ilisl(jdjj;e  her.  The  males  are  almost  always  in  motion,  appai'  ntly  walidiini:'  for 
the  appearance  of  the  females,  and  really  1  have  rarely  seen  them  at  rest." 

Till!  most,  iioitherii  locality  at  which  ('ii/i/'Dnilfi  has  been  taken  is  l-lnderiiy, 
east  of  (he  <.'aseade  Iian;fe,  in  the  latitude  of  .Mt.  I'revost,  on  N'aiicouver's  Island, 
hy  Mr.  (ireen.  who  was  at  tin'  time  eiii^aL-'cd  on  the  construction  of  tl.e  railway 
to  Vernon  (through  Kiidorhyl  from  the  Canadian  Pacilie  Hallway.  .Mr.  (In •en 
t(dls  me  (hat  l!iat  district  is  very  hot  in  suimiier.'  "  the  altitude  where  I  took 
the  two  females  which  were  sent  yon  is  from  J.'ilMl  to  LMKKl  feet  :  the  coiiuliy 
timhered,  with  }rras.«y  and   rocky  openiiif^s.  ' 

Tliest!  females,  sent  hy  .Mr.  (ireen.  were  iiiimistakahly  ('ul'ijorniiii,  tluir  under 
surfaces  Hushed  wit'i  red-hrown.  a>  shown  in  the  I'late  uf  VOlmiie  )l. 


There  is  no  doiiiit  that   the  three  specie-,  (lifju.-'.  ('ii/if''>r 


llirii.  all' 


1  J,/, 


iii'i,  more 


especially  the  first  two,  le  hadly  ir.ixed  up  in  many  collections.  It  has  come  to 
111}'  knowkMl^^o  that  one  >•'•  'he  American  accuinnlators  of  Imtlei  llic-:.  who  has 
distrilmted  Ids  Hpecitneiis  hy  sale  or  e.\ciian;je  far  and  wide  over  lioth  continents, 
■<ent  out  what  li<'  called  (t'ii/ns,  •-  reeei\eil  from  Orej^on,  .iiid  which  was  not.  and 
could  not  have  lieeii.  anything  hut  (''ilifuniloi.  for  no  other  meiiiher  of  the 
group  lives  in  On-goii. 

On  the  I'late  to  follow,  Chioiiohas   XII.  phases  of   lihniii  antl  ('(i/il'<irini<i  will 
he  figured,  ami  tlii'  stages  of  both  (except  pupa-i  fully  illustrated. 


'  .Mr.  .laiiH'b   llii.liiv,  ttliii  \va- \i.iiiii;j  Mr-'irii 
'try,  tli'MTl  |iUi'l  lit  Urili."!,  Culiiiuliiii." 


Willi,'  nil  .Iiilv  js,  iH.i.,,  dial  tlii 


>  ir:;iiiii  i>  "  III 


I  111'  lull, 


KXl'LANAIION   Ol'   nil-:    I'LATK. 


(Ii-i^-i,  I     '  t,  ,1,  I  9  ;  ..  viir.  i. 
II,   lii.ii  ;  "',  njii'i'<i|i_vlf. 
I;  !■',  VoiNii  l,viiv\  ;  I,;  liiail. 

<■.  I,:irvr.  at  Ul  in. mil  ;  i  -,  scciion  nf  iliirHiini,  si','iiiiiii»  7,  M  ;  <■",  lii-inl. 
(/,  l.aiva  at  'Jil  niciiik  ;  ./•',  m'.:iikiiI«  7,  H  ;  ./',  Iu«iil. 


AROYNNIS    VII. 

lines,  the  sequence  of  one  lino  of  advance  being  alternate  to  that  of  the  otlier. 
Such  a  species  woiild  Ir.ivcrse  the  ccntiirifs  in  two  jji-occssions,  one  liavinif  a 
year  the  start  of  the  otiier.  so  that  a  cvl'U'  of  (levelopim-nt  in  the  ont-  procossioM 
completes  its  course  a  year  in  advance  of  the  corref<pondent  cycle  in  the  other. 
But  tl  e  wayfaring  children  of  Albirta  apparently  all  travel  in  one  caravan." 

Mr.  Bean  sent  iiic  ten  eggs  of  .\lhei'lfi,]iiu\  on  Dryas  octopetala  in  confineincnt, 
July  20  and  lil,  1S',M».  There  were  some  other  plants  in  the  can.  he  wrote, 
on  which  a  few  egg.s  were  laid,  t)ul  nearly  all  were  on  the  leaves  and  stems  of 
the  "lant  first  mentioned.  Tin-  fggs  hateheil  on  -KHh  and  ."ilst  .Tidy,  or  after  ten 
d:>>'^.  The  larvie  at  once  went  into  hiheiiiation.  and  dieil  in  course  of  the  winter. 
Mr.  Beun  told  me  that  the  larva;  witli  him  were  lo.st  in  the  same  way. 


CHTOXOBAS  VIIT. 


CrilONOBAS   SUBHYALLNA,    l-o. 

Chionnhnt  Sulihiialina,  CiirlN,  in  AjUH'inlix  lo  Hik-'h  N'miaiivi'  N.  W.  1';i>-'Ml'i',  p   (>'*■      lt*3j  ;  Edwardu,  Cnnii- 
ili.iii  Kntouiolo^i-t,  \'ol.  XXV.,  |i.  1:17       \K\.\  :   lleanii,  Elwes,  Trai.s.  Ent.  So*;.  Loml.,  p.  ITti.     1SU3. 


AI.vr^E. 


'jxnaiK 


Isf 


roiTi 


to 


int 


hoH 


ortiinr ; 


Shape  of  C.  Jinicci  ami  C.  I'lthri,  ami  fully  as  traiisparcTil  as  tiie  f 
priinaritjs  narrow,  pi'oiluccd  apically  and  pointod.  the  hind  inar<;in  slo])iiig  inward 
more  th;;n  in  SonUlvn  or  (Eim.  Upper  side  pale  gray-l)laek  ;  primai'ies  soiiio- 
tiinos  havi'  a  faint  scxnal  sti'i|)e.  oftener  no  traee  of  it;  one  example  under  view 
shows  two  light  snl»-apical  points,  transverse,  pupils  of  in('oin|)leto  ocelli ;  eostnl 
edge  whitish,  freckled  next  hasi-  witii  hlack  :  fringes  of  Ijoth  wings  yellowish 
white,  dusky  at  liie  (Mids  of  the  nervules. 

Under  side  of  |)riniaries  paler,  llie  costal  and  a|)ex  gray-white,  or  yellowish 
white,  strttaked  and  niottleil  with  hrowii  ,  in  some  examples  the  rest  of  the  wing 
is  free  from  markings  (as  shown  in  l'"ig.  1);  hut  in  others  the  extra-discal  area 
and  the  costal  half  of  flie  cell  are  covered  with  transverse,  alihrcviated  streaks  of 
brown,  more  or  less  distinct  (as  sliown  in  Fig.  1 1. 

Secondaries  vary  much,  some  showing  a  distinct  thongli  faint  inc-ial  hand 
(Fig.  2),  others  almost  none  at  all  (Fig.  .!).  with  intermediate  grades;  sometimes 
there  is  no  more  than  a  suggestion  of  the  hand  in  cloudy  patcln-s  on  eitlu'r  mar- 
gin ;  where  tiie  hand  is  coiii|ilctc.  the  edges  are  darken,  il  and  deiiiiite.  the  outei- 
one  erenatcd  from  the  elhuw  on  upper  lirmich  of  nwdi'in  to  costa.  and  WM\y  ~.iv 
erose  fi'om  elhow  to  inner  margin;  on  the  iinier  (>(lge  there  i-^  .i  prominent  pri>- 
jcction  on  the  suh-cosfal  nervine,  either  angular  or  lounded.  followed  hy  a  nearliv 
rectangular  sinus  in  the  cell  ;  the  whole  wing  is  covi'red  with  whitish  or  InteouN 
scales,  iiitermhigleil  with  which  are  brown  ones  more  or  less  grouped  into  line. 
abl)reviate<l  streaks,  especially  over  the  basal  area  and  along  the  inner  inargni  , 
sometimes  there  is  a  narrow  space  of  nearly  clear  white  just  outside  the  band  : 
on  tlio  edge  of  hind  nnirgin  a  pale  dot  in  the  middle  of  eiich  interspace,  ami  often 


i  D  U  N  A     ^-   ■■       I  r'      ^    <i         VAH     -■     ' 

■      •/  •  /■/■/              '  ■      I  III  III/      siiiiii  S 

CA  L_,  I  F'ORN  I  CA       -'     var  r,       i   q     '■  ,j.,      h    /■     /„/■,-,/     s,. 

G  I  G  A  S  'VAR      V 


CHIONOliAS  XII. 


CHIONOBAS   IDUNA,   1-5. 

Chionobat  fduna,  Rdwardai  liiitt.  N.  A.,  Vul.  II ,  >'l.  43,  p.  379. 

EoQ. — Sub-conic,  shaped  as  in  Gujan ;  nmrkod  bv  from  twenty  to  twonty- 
two  ribs,  the  suinniits  and  slopes  of  wliiuh  arc-  ii.s  in  (lujds;  tliu  niicropyle  i.s  in 
the  centre  of  a  rosette  of  shallow  six-sided  cells,  the  boundaries  of  which  are 
raised  like  threa<ls  ;  outside  of  tlie.se  are  two  or  three  rows  of  similar  irroj^ular 
cells,  gradually  enlarging;  ;  beyond  to  the  end  of  the  ribs  u  network  of  low 
knobs,  with  numerous  little  ridges  radiating  from  each ;  these  ridges  are  very 
short  —  not  prolonged  across  the  interspaces,  ami  are  le.ss  distinct  than  in  ."omo 
other  species;  color  gray-white.  (Figs,  a,  ti'.)  Duration  of  this  stage  sixteen 
days  in  June  and  July,  1892  ;  fourteen  days  in  July,  181)3. 

Young  Larva.  —  Length,  at  twonty-four  hours  from  the  egg,  .14  inch;  shnpe 
as  in  GIfjds  and  Murouiui ;  l.'J  ending  in  two  short  siil)-c(»niciil  tails,  which  nu'ot 
at  base;  the  body  processes  the  .same  in  number,  position  and  form  as  in  tlio 
species  named  ;  color  at  first  pinkish  gray,  in  less  than  one  day  grocn-gniy,  the 
stripes  red-brown,  the  mid-dor.sal  and  sub-dorsal  narrow  and  equal,  tlie  lateral 
narrower  than  in  (ritjds,  greenish  anteriorly,  elsewhere  reddish;  the  basal  riilgo 
yellow-white,  and  beneath  it  a  red-brown  thread  ;  feet  and  legs  grny-white,  trans- 
lucent; head  considerably  broader  than  2,  the  front  well  rounded,  broadest  bolow, 
narrowing  upwards,  depressed  at  the  suture ;  surface  covered  with  shallow  inden- 
tations, and  showing  a  few  tubercles,  each  with  its  short,  clubbed,  and  i)ent  wliite 
process;  color  greenish  yellow,  with  a  tint  of  brown.  (Fig.s.  6,  6".)  Duration  of 
this  stage  sixteen  days  in  1892,  thirteen  in  1893. 


After  first  moult:  lengtJi  at  or.*  'i  y,  .25  inch;  shape  of  the  species  named, 
the  tubercles  and  processes  sam  :  coii-i  light  buff;  the  mid-dorsal  stripe  green, 
with  thin  lines  of  brown  at  the  t  'gos  ;  the  dorsal  area  (or  band)  next  the  stripe 


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CHIONOBAS   XII. 

buff  shading  into  pale  green  without,  and  all  of  it  finely  streaked  longitudinally 
with  brown ;  the  sub-dorsal  stripe  brown,  the  area  below  this  buff;  the  lateral 
stripe  green  anteriorly,  on  both  sides  thinly  edged  by  vinous-red,  the  posterior 
half  wholly  of  this  last  hue  ;  the  spiracular  band  greenish,  and  both  over  and 
under  it  a  fine  brown  line  ;  luider  side,  feet  and  legs  greenish  white  ;  head  same 
shape  as  at  first  stage  ;  color  pale  green-yellow,  the  six  vertical  stripes  as  in  the 
genus,  pale  brown,  not  distinct.  (Figs,  c,  r,  c^)  Dur.ation  of  this  stage  nine  to 
seventeen  days  in  18U2 ;  twenty-six  days  in  1893.  Part  of  the  larvae  hibernated 
soon  after  first  moult. 


After  second  moult :  length,  at  one  day,  .34  inch  ;  shape  as  in  second  stage, 
the  tubercles  and  processes  similar ;  color  ligjit  yellow-buff  ;  the  stripes  as  before, 
except  that  the  lateral  is  edged  on  both  sides  by  black  ;  the  dorsal  area  more  dis- 
tinctly streaked  brown  ;  head  as  before,  the  vertical  .stripes  still  not  distinct. 
(Figs,  d,  tP,  cP.)  To  next  stage  eleven  to  fifteen  days  in  1892  ;  fourteen  to  seven- 
teen, in  1893.     Some  larvae  hibernated  soon  after  the  second  moult. 

After  third  moult ;  length,  at  twenty  hours,  .54  inch ;  same  shape ;  color  buflT; 
the  mid-dorsal  stripe  black,  green  within  ;  the  streaks  on  the  dorsal  area  much 
darker ;  the  sub-dorsal  stripe  lost ;  the  lateral  with  heavy  black  edges,  green 
within,  vinous  posteriorly ;  head  as  before,  the  vertical  stripes  more  distinct. 
(Figs,  e,  e'^,  e^.)     To  fourth  and  last  moult  fifteen  to  twenty  days. 


After  fourt'i:  moult:  length,  at  one  day,  .6  inch.   (Fig./.) 
teen  days  was  full-grown. 


In  fifteen  to  nine- 


Mature  Larva.  —  Length  1.1  to  1.3  inch;  shape  of  Gigas  and  Macoimii, 
thick  in  the  middle,  tapering  about  equally  either  way,  and  ending  in  two  short 
sub-conical  tails,  which  meet  at  base ;  surface  thickly  covered  with  fine  tubercles 
(as  in  the  other  species),  each  bearing  a  short,  tapering  process ;  color  brownish 
buff,  striped  and  banded  longitudinally,  as  in  the  genus  ;  the  mid-dorsal  stripe 
black  ;  next  this  the  dorsal  area,  or  band,  is  whitish  shading  into  buff  without, 
and  streaked  longitudinally  and  finely  with  black  and  dark  brown ;  the  sub-dorsal 
stripe  slight,  indicated  by  a  line  or  two  of  black  interrupted  streaks ;  the  area 
outside  this  pale  buff,  with  a  brown  thread  running  through  the  middle ;  the 
lateral  stripe  or  band  black  over  the  posterior  two  thirds,  buff  streaked  black  on 
the  anterior  segments  ;  the  spiracular  band  greenish  buff ;  the  basal  ridge  yellow- 
white,  as  are  the  feet  and  legs ;  head  small,  and,  as  in  the  genus,  sub-globose, 
broadest  below,  narrowing  a  little  upward,  slightly  depressed  at  the  suture  ;  the 


CHIONOBAS   XII. 

surface  thickly  covered  with  shallow  iiulentations,  with  many  tubercles  and  pro- 
cesses like  those  on  the  body  ;  across  the  top  six  vertical  stripes,  as  in  the  genus, 
the  indentations  within  these  black.  (Fig./^,  greatly  enlarged  ;  /^,  dorsal  view 
of  segments  7  and  8  ;  /■*,  head.)     The  larvie  died  without  pupating. 

I  received  from  Mr.  W.  G.  Wright  thirty-three  eggs  of  Iduna,  laid  18th  to 
21st  June,  1892,  at  Mendocino,  California.  The  larvie  began  to  hatch  5th  July, 
and  by  8th  I  had  seventeen.  Part  of  the  eggs  had  been  sent  to  Mrs.  Peart,  who 
wrote,  12th  July  :  "  I  see  no  ditference  between  the  young  larviu  of  Idund  and 
those  of  G'lcjas,  except  that  the  former  do  not  seem  so  bright  in  color ;  the 
stripes  of  OUjas  were  as  bright  as  those  of  Macounii  —  very  red."  Ten  of  my 
larva!  lived  to  pa.ss  their  first  moult  on  21.st  July  and  subsequent  days.  The 
first  one  passed  its  .second  moult  on  20th  July,  others  at  intervals  to  Uth  August. 
Shortly  after,  the  number  was  reduced  to  six.  The  missing  larvaa  sinr'y  dis- 
appeared ;  I  supposed  they  went  to  ground,  or  into  the  sod,  for  hibernati-  .i,  but 
on  .searching  could  discover  none.  They  are  so  very  small  and  of  such  dull  color 
that  they  might  easily  be  overlooked.  The  first  larva  pas.sed  its  third  moult  9th 
August,  the  second  one  on  11th.  No  other  reached  that  moult.  Two  were 
found  dead,  and  the  rest  may  have  gone  to  ground.  The  second  larva  spoken 
of  died  before  fourth  moult,  but  the  first  reached  that  moult  4th  September, 
but  not  without  assistance  in  getting  rid  of  its  old  skin.  It  had  been  constricted 
so  long  that  the  mandibles  were  deformed,  and  consequently  the  larva  died  from 
starvation.  Mrs.  Peart  had  brought  one  larva  to  fourth  moidt  24th  August, 
and  it  continued  to  feed  well  and  grew  rapidly.  On  26th  August,  it  was  .96  inch 
long ;  on  5th  September,  1.3  inch,  obese  and  evidently  full-grown.  But  by  acci- 
dent it  fell  to  the  floor  and  was  mortally  hurt. 

Twelve  eggs  were  received  from  Mr.  Wright,  mailed  from  Mendocino,  2oth 
June,  1893.  These  began  to  hatch  9th  July,  and  eleven  larva?  were  obtained. 
The  first  one  passed  its  first  moult  22d  July,  and  by  1st  August  nine  larvae  had 
got  through  that  moult.  But  three  passed  tlie  second  moult,  and  one  of  these 
was  soon  found  to  be  in  lethargy,  and  was  sent  to  Clifton  Springs,  New  York,  to 
go  into  the  refrigerating  house  there.  One  reached  third  moult  3d  September, 
the  fourth,  23d  September.  This  larva  was  resting  on  its  sod  on  28th,  in  the 
morning,  but  at  2  p.  m.  was  not  to  be  seen  or  found,  though  I  searched  both  earth 
and  sod  for  it.  By  all  which  it  will  ajjpear  that  these  larvae  are  grown  in  con- 
finement with  much  tribulation.  Mrs.  Peart  had  been  more  successful,  and  had 
reared  a  larva  which  passed  third  moult  22d  August,  the  fourth,  11th  September. 
By  29th  September,  this  had  reached  a  length  of  1.32  inch,  and  being  mature 
and  sleepy  was  sent  to  Clifton  Springs.  The  two  larvae  came  back  to  me  in  the 
following  March,  apparently  healthy,  but  both  died  during  April. 


CHIONOBAS  XII. 

So  it  happens  that  a  pupa  has  never  been  seen  in  this  group  of  Chionobas.  In 
Iduna,  Callfornica,  and  Macounii  one  or  more  larva?  have  reached  the  adult 
stage,  but  refused  to  go  farther.  I  have  given  tliem  sand,  friable  earth,  moss,  and 
sod,  hoping  that  in  one  or  the  other  pupation  might  take  place.  But  the  larvtB 
liave  usually  lingered  for  days  or  weeks,  eating  nothing,  moving  about  a  little, 
only  to  die  as  larvae  at  last. 

As  was  said  under  Chionobas  XI,  Iduna,  in  contrast  to  the  allied  species,  almost 
always  has  the  male  pale  yellow-brown,  and  Figure  1  gives  a  good  representa- 
tion of  this  hue.  So  also  Figures  2,  3,  4,  well  show  the  peculiar  hoary,  thinly- 
streaked  surface  of  the  under  side  of  hind  wing,  and  the  usual  style  of  outline 
of  the  band.     Figure  5  is  taken  from  the  only  melanic  Iduna  observed. 

Figure  7  is  the  likeness  of  a  prettily  marked  Gigas  female. 


CHIONOBAS  XII. 


CHIONOBAS  CALIFORNICA,  6. 

Chionobas  Cali/ornica,  Boisduval  ;  Edwards,  Butt.  N.  A.,  Vol.  II.,  pi.  44,  p.  281. 

Egg.  —  Sub-conic,  shaped  as  in  Iduna  and  Gigas,  but  larger ;  marked  by 
twenty-two  or  twenty-three  ribs,  somewhat  sinuous,  occasionally  branching  either 
near  the  top  or  bottom ;  narrow  at  summit,  rounded,  the  slopes  flat,  the  spurs 
between  the  fine  excavations  more  separated  than  in  the  other  species,  and  stand- 
ing at  all  angles  to  the  rib ;  the  micropyle  is  in  the  centre  of  a  rosette  of  shallow 
six-sided  cells,  the  boundaries  of  which  are  thread-like ;  outside  of  these  are  two 
or  three  rows  of  similar  irregular  cells,  gradually  enlarging ;  beyond  to  the  end  of 
the  ribs  are  two  and  three  rows  of  little  welts  or  cushions,  with  fine  ridges  radi- 
ating from  each ;  these  ridges  sometimes  cross  the  spaces  between  the  welts,  but 
most  often  do  not ;  the  arrangement  is  distinctly  more  star-like  than  in  the  other 
species  named  ;  color  gray-white.  (Figs,  g,  g^.)  Duration  of  this  stage  thirteen 
days,  in  July. 

Young  Larva.  —  Length,  at  one  day,  .16  inch  ,  shape  as  in  Fdima  and  Gigas  ; 
13  ending  in  two  short  sub-conical  tails,  which  meet  at  base ;  the  processes  same 
in  number,  position,  and  form  as  in  the  other  species ;  color,  just  from  the  egg, 
pink  with  a  gray  shade  over  dorsum,  in  a  few  hours  greenish  gray  ever  the 
whole  dorsal  area,  the  last  segments  vinous  tinted  ;  the  mid  and  sub-dorsal  stripes 
narrow,  equal,  red-brown  ;  the  lateral  broad  as  in  Gigas,  vinous,  green  ante- 
riorly ;  the  spiracular  band  gray-green  ;  the  basal  ridge  yellow-white ;  under 
side,  feet  and  legs  gray-green,  translucent ;  head  as  in  the  other  species ;  color 
brownish  yellow.     (Figs,  h,  hr,  W.)     Duration  of  this  stage  six  to  eighteen  days. 

After  first  moult :  length,  at  one  day,  .26  inch ;  shape  of  the  other  species 
named  ;  the  tubercles  and  processes  same  color  yellow-buff,  the  stripes  and 
bands  as  in  the  genus  ;  the  mid-dorsal  stripe  gray  edged  with  vinous  ;  next  this 


IPROViiJC    .  .. 
VICTOR. 


CHIONOBAS  Xll. 

the  ground  i,s  pule  buff  shading  into  darker  bull',  the  whole  area  finely  streaked 
longitudinally  with  pale  brown  ;  the  sub-dorsal  stripe  a  mere  line,  vinous,  the 
ground  below  it  pale  bull',  cut  through  the  middle  by  a  thread  of  brown  ;  the 
lateral  stripe  vinous,  gray-green  within  anteriorly ;  basal  ridge  yellow-white ; 
under  side,  feet  and  legs  j)alo  buff ;  head  same  shape  as  before,  indented  and 
tuberculated  as  in  the  species  named  ;  color  pale  yellow-brown  ;  the  vertical 
stripes  as  in  Idinia,  but  heavier  because  of  the  blackness  of  the  indentations 
within  them.  (Figs,  i,  ?,  i".)  Duration  of  this  stage  ten  to  twenty-one  days. 
The  larva)  whose  stages  were  prolonged  went  into  lethargy  soon  after  second 
moult. 

After  second  moult :  length,  at  twenty  hours,  .35 ;  shape  as  at  second  stage, 
the  tubercles  and  processes  same  ;  color  yellow-buff ;  the  mid-dorsal  stripe  pale 
black,  green  through  the  middle  ;  the  dor.^al  area  buff  clouded  brown,  and 
streaked  with  darker  brown;  the  sub-dorsal  line  vinous,  the  ground  below  it  red- 
dish buf¥,  cut  in  the  middle  by  a  brown  line  ;  the  lateral  stripe,  or  band,  black 
with  a  vinous  tint,  edged  bufi"  below  ;  the  spiracular  band  gray-green,  edged 
on  both  sides  by  red-brown  ;  the  ridge  pale  buff,  as  are  the  under  side,  feet  and 
legs;  head  as  at  second  stage,  with  similar  stripes  (not  figuredj.  Duration  of 
this  stage  ten  days. 

After  third  moult:  length,  at  one  day,  .6  inch;  .same  shape;  color  yellow- 
buff  ;  the  mid-dorsal  stripe  black,  cut  by  green  at  the  middle  of  each  segment;  the 
dorsal  area  yellow-brown,  streaked  with  darker  brown  ;  the  sub-dorsal  line  vinous, 
the  area  under  it  buff,  cut  as  before  by  a  brown  thread  ;  the  lateral  band 
broad,  vinous-black  ;  the  spiracular  band  gray-green,  thinly  edged  with  brown ; 
head  as  before.  (Figs,  j,/,  segments  7  and  8  ;  /,  head.)  To  next  stage  nine 
days. 

After  fourth  moult :  length  .68  inch  ;  in  twelve  days  was  full-grown. 


Mature  Larva.  —  Length  L18  inch,  greatest  breadth  .16;  shape  of  the 
group,  thick  in  middle,  tapering  about  equally  either  way,  and  ending  in  two 
short  sub-conical  tailj,  which  meet  at  base ;  surface  thickly  covered  with  fine 
sub-conical  tubercles  of  irregular  sizes,  each  bearing  a  short  tapering  proce,ss ; 
color  brown-bulT,  striped  and  banded  longitudinally  as  in  the  genus;  the  mid- 
dorsal  stripe  black  ;  the  dorsal  band  next  the  stripe  whitish  shading  outwardly 
into  brown,  and  throughout  finely  streaked  longitudinally  with  darker  brown  and 
black ;  the  sub-dorsal  stripe  scarcely  more  than  a  macular  black  line ;  below,  the 


CHIONOBAS   XII. 

ground  is  buff  with  black  specks  running  through  the  middle ;  the  lateral  band 
deep  black,  a  little  mottled  buff  anteriorly;  the  spiracular  band  green-buff;  the 
ridge  yellow-white  ;  under  side,  feet  and  legs  brown-buff;  head  small,  and,  as  in 
the  other  species,  sub-globose,  broadest  below,  narrowing  a  little  towards  top, 
depressed  slightly  at  the  suture  ;  the  surface  thickly  covered  with  shallow  inden- 
tations, with  many  tubercles  and  processes  like  those  on  the  body ;  across  the  top 
six  vertical  stripes,  as  in  Idiina  and  the  genus,  the  indentations  v/ithin  these 
black.  (Figs,  k,  natural  size;  U',  greatly  enlarged;  l^,  head.)  The  larvoo  died 
without  pupa'ang. 

I  received,  6th  July,  1890,  twenty  eggs  of  Californica  from  Mr.  Albert  Koe- 
bele,  then  at  Spokane  Falls,  Washington.  These  began  to  hatch  on  13th,  and 
by  the  IGth  there  were  fourteen  larvoe.  On  .SOth  July,  three  passed  the  first 
moult ;  others  passed  this  moult  at  intervals  up  to  9th  August.  On  21st  August, 
one  passed  second  moult.  All  but  two  of  the  larv03  went  into  hibernation  im- 
mediately after  the  second  moult.  One  of  the  two  passed  the  third  moult  Sep- 
tember 'id,  and  fourth  moult  September  16th.  The  other  I  had  sent  Professor 
Riley  at  Washington,  and  it  was  returned  to  me  after  its  fourth  moult.  Both 
these  larvai  were  torpid  by  30th  September,  and  were  kept  out  of  doors,  shaded 
from  the  sun.  On  oth  February,  1891,  I  brought  all  the  larvtc  into  the  house. 
There  were  two  alive,  past  second  moult,  and  the  two  adults,  the  latter  lying 
half  buried  in  the  sand  that  covered  the  earth  of  the  ilower-pot.  They  all 
looked  healthy,  and  were  put  out  of  doors  again,  and  so  remained  till  9th  April. 
For  some  time  previous  to  that  date  the  weather  had  been  cool,  with  several  falls 
of  snow,  but  suddenly  a  change  to  warm  had  come.  I  found  the  smaller  larvae 
and  one  of  the  adults  dead,  the  other  was  of  good  color,  and  I  hoped  to  see  it 
pupate  in  a  few  days.  Day  by  day  it  moved  a  little,  and  once  was  found  on  the 
sod,  but  by  April  25th  was  dead. 


^B 


EXPLANATION   OF  THE  PLATE. 

1.  IdUNA,  1,  2,  3,  4  $  ;  5  var.  J. 

a,  Egg  j  a',  micropyle. 

b,  Young  Larva  ;  6^  head. 

c,  Larva  at  1st  moult ;  c'  section  of  dorsum,  segments  7  and  8;  c*,  head. 

d,  Larva  at  2d  moult  ;  il'',  section,  7  and  8  ;  rf',  head. 

e,  Larva  at  3d  moult  ;  e',  section,  7  and  8  ;  e-',  liead. 
/,  Larva  at  4th  moult. 

/",  Adult  Lakva,  greatly  enlarged  |  f\  segments  7  and  8 ;  /*,  head. 

2.  Californica  6,  var.  $. 

g,  Ego  ;  9",  micropyle. 

h,  Young  Larva;  A^,  segments  12,  13  |  h',  head. 


t,  Larva  at  1st  moult  ;  1^,  segments  7,  8  ; 


head. 


J,  Larva  at  third  moult;  segments  7,  8,  side  view  ;  j^  same,  dorsal  view  ;  y, head. 
k,  Adult  Larva,  natural  size  ;  k'^,  same  enlarged  ;  kf,  head. 
3.  G1GA8  7,  var. 


yBi^ 


y  -  ■! 


^,.  I. 


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rr  ■■*; 


5 


V^\i<UL-JA     i    , 


,/■,.,,...-./ 


;,      V    /  '/ 1'/    v-.v, 


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,  ./    /.,  ■/"'  •:i.,li/f 


CENO    2    V 


/ti'if/'i'/'i  ■/ 


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fH  'Itf    :  if)-  '/ 


CHIONORAS  XIII. 


CHIONOBAS   VARUNA,   1 

Chiombai   Vaiuna,  Edwards.     Butt.  N.  A.,  Vol.  III.,  Part  IJ,  text  and  plate. 

Ego,  —  Conical,  narrowing  but  little  upwards,  tri.i  ■  ited  at  top,  the  sides 
moderately  curved;  marked  by  twenty  to  twenty  fov  vertical  rounded  ribs; 
tlie.se  are  a.s  in  Uh/eri,  nearly  or  quite  straight,  a'uotit  as  high  above  the  surface 
as  broad;  the  interspaces  nearly  Hat;  the  hoiizontal  stria?  in  the  interspaces 
excv  'iV  \  \y  slight;  the  micropylc  is  in  the  centre  of  a  fi;;t  ro.sette  of  five-.sided, 
shallow  cells,  the  walls  of  which  are  raised,  thread-l'ivc,  on  the  surface;  outside 
of  these  are  two  rows  of  similar  larger  cells,  and,  bevond,  a  network  of  ridges 
radiating  from  central  rounded  prominences ;  color  chiilk-white.  (Figs,  a,  a\) 
Duration  of  this  stage,  about  twelve  days. 

YouNO  Larva.  —  Length  at  twenty  hours  from  the  egg,  .1  inch;  thickest 
anteriorly,  tapering  from  2  on  dorsum  and  sides  the  last  segments  curving  to  18, 
which  ends  with  two  short,  sub-conical  tails  meeting  at  base ;  the  tubercles  and 
processes  as  in  Uhlerl ;  color  gray-green  ;  a  mid-dorsal  and  sub-dor.-al  pale  brown 
line  ;  the  lateral  stripe  gray-green  anteriorly,  a  little  darkened  after  5  or  (3  ; 
under  side,  feet  and  legs  greeni.sh  white  ;  head  broader  than  2,  sub-globose,  the 
front  well  rounded,  Ijrotidest  below,  narrowing  upwards,  depressed  at  the  suture  ; 
the  surface  covered  with  shallow  indentations,  and  showing  a  few  tubercles,  each 
of  which  bears  a  short,  slightly  clubbed  and  bent  white  process ;  of  these  there 
are  twenty,  ten  on  either  side,  disposed  as  in  the  genus.  (Figs.  b-¥.)  Duration 
of  this  stage  eleven  days. 

After  first  moult :  length  at  twenty-four  hours,  .2  inch  ;  nearly  the  same 
shape ;  the  tails  sub-conical  ;  color  whitish  buff ;  the  upper  stripes  slight,  green 
edged  with  brown :  the  lateral  vinous-black,  green  within  on  the  anterior  seg- 
ments ;  basal  ridge  white ;  under  side,  feet  and  legs  greenish  white ;  head  more 


CHIONOBAS   XIII. 

globular,  very  little  broader  at  the  base ;  the  surface  thickly  covered  with  rather 
deep  rounded  indentations,  between  some  of  which  are  minute  tubercles  with 
processes  similar  to  those  on  the  body ;  from  back  to  front  six  dusky  stripes, 


as  in  the  genus;  color  pale  green-yellow,  with  a  tint  of  brown.     (^Figs. 
Duration  o£  this  stage,  seven  days. 


c,  c, 


•) 


After  second  moult :  length,  at  one  day,  .84  inch ;  shape  as  before  ;  the  color 
variable  ;  some  larvae  are  whitish  buff,  the  upper  stripes  pale  green,  the  lateral 
band  green  overlaid  with  pale  black,  the  spiracular  band  greenish,  the  basal 
ridge  white  (Figs.  (1,(1);  others  have  the  dorsum  yellow-buff,  the  stripes  and 
lateral  band  all  black  ;  the  spiracular  band  and  the  ridgG  as  in  the  other  variety ; 
both  have  the  dorsum  and  sides  much  covered  with  fine  rust-red  longitudinal 
streaks  ;  head  as  before,  pale  greenish-yellow.  (Figs.  (/'",  cP.)  To  next  moult, 
about  fifteen  days. 

After  third  moult :  length,  at  thirty  hours,  .5  inch  ;  shape  as  before  ;  the  mark- 
ings more  variable,  as  shown  in  figures  e,  (?,  c^,  e  being  very  much  like  one  phase 
of  d,  only  that  the  lateral  band  is  deeper  black,  and  the  mid-dorsal  stripe  has  a 
black  spot  on  the  front  of  each  segment ;  in  e"  all  the  upper  stripes  have  black  at 
the  intersections  of  the  segments,  making  rectangular  spots  with  ragged  edges ;  e^ 
has  the  mid-dorsal  stripe  solid  black,  the  sub-dorsal  green,  a  little  crocked  at  the 
intersections  of  the  segments  ;  all  are  streaked  with  russet,  as  at  last  previous 
stage ;  head  as  before.     Duration  of  this  stage,  seven  to  eleven  days. 

After  fourth  moult:  length,  at  one  day,  .7  inch  ;  in  seven  or  eight  days  the 
larvie  were  fully  grown. 

Mature  L.vrva.  —  Length,  .00  to  .94  inch  ;  stout,  thickest  in  the  middle, 
tapering  rapidly  to  either  end  ;  18  has  two  sub-conical  tails  which  meet  at  base ; 
color  very  variable,  as  shown  by  the  five  figures,  j/  to  (f ;  (f  closely  follows  d 
of  second  moult ;  fj-  follows  (P ;  g^  follows  e"  of  third  moult ;  g*,  dorsum  and  side 
views,  was  of  pale  color,  the  black  spots  in  the  stripes  large  ;  the  full  length 
_/',/-,  are  of  this  variety  ;  f/,  of  which  but  ;i  single  example  was  obtained,  is  much 
like  adult  UhJeri ;  the  stripes  and  lateral  band  all  black,  the  intervening  bands 
solid  green  ;  all  the  varieties  much  covered  with  fine  ru.sset  streaks  ;  under  .^ides, 
feet  and  legs  of  all,  green  with  a  tint  of  brown  ;  head  small,  as  broad  as  2,  sub- 
globose,  broadest  below,  narrowing  a  little  upwards,  very  slightly  depressed  at 
the  suture  ;  the  surface  thickly  covered  with  shallow  indentations,  between 
some  of  which  are  small  tubercles  with  processes ;  color  greenish  yellow  with  a 


CHIONOBAS   XIII. 

tint  of  brown  ;  across  the  top  six  broad  dark  brown  stripes,  as  in  the  genus.  (Figs. 
f-P,  jr-^same  in  vars.)  From  fourth  moult  to  pupation,  eleven  to  twenty 
days. 


Cdrysalis.  —  Length  .48  inch  ;  breadth  at  raesonotum  .2,  at  abdomen  .24 
inch  ;  a  second  was  .40  inch,  bre.adth  at  mesonotum  .2,  at  abdomen  .22  inch  ; 
another,  probably  a  female,  was  .0  inch  long,  the  breadths  as  in  the  first  example  ; 
cylindrical,  very  stout,  the  vertical  side  much  arched,  nearly  as  much  so  as  the 
dorsal  side  ;  head  case  truncated,  rounded  both  ways ;  the  <  \e  cases  rather  promi- 
nent ;  mesonotum  without  carina,  rounded  both  ways,  curving  from  the  summit 
to  the  top  of  head  ;  the  thoracic  depression  shallow  ;  the  wing  cases  considerably 
elevated,  smooth,  waxy-looking  (as  also  is  all  the  ventral  side  of  the  anterior  seg- 
ments), sloping  down  to  abdomen  ;  abdomen  conical,  tumid  ;  the  surface  of  head 
case  at  top  and  on  dorsal  side,  and  of  all  the  abdomen,  granulated  but  immacu- 
late ;  the  cremaster  naked,  without  hooks  or  bristles  ;  it  consists  of  a  blunt,  trifid 
ridge,  the  two  outer  lobes  large,  knobbed,  nearly  or  quite  touching  each  other  ; 
the  anal  orifice  and  plate  well  defined.  (The  cremaster,  as  will  be  seen,  differs 
consideraljly  from  that  of  Uhhri  and  from  Chryxus,  with  which  Uhltri  is  com- 
pared.) Color  greenish-yellow,  with  a  tint  of  brown  over  the  wing  cases  and  the 
ventral  side  of  the  anterior  segments,  also  over  head  case  and  mesonotum,  the 
abdomen  a  shade  darker,  —  more  brown.  (Figs,  h-h^.)  Duration  of  tliis  stage, 
eleven  dfiys. 

The  mode  of  pupation  of  this  species  i.-*  peculiar,  and  I  cannot  describe  it  better 
than  in  Mrs.  Peart's  words  in  letters  to  me,  August  23,  1894,  and  later  in  same 
month :  '•  Did  I  tell  you  that  the  larva  had  disappeared,  and  as  I  had  made  the 
ground  (of  the  fiower-pot)  soft  —  it  being  sandy  —  I  felt  about  carefully  until 
I  found  the  sand  stuck  together  with  a  film  ?  Moving  this  slightly  caused  some- 
thing to  wiggle,  and  I  knew  it  must  be  the  caterpillar  or  its  pupa,  but  I  feared 
to  disturb  it  more,  and  so  left  it  to  another  day.  Then  I  gently  raised  a  corner  of 
this  little  lid,  which  was  formed  of  sand  caught  together  with  silk,  quite  smooth 
on  the  under  side,  and  there  lay  a  light-green  and  yellow-brown  chrysalis  in  a 
very  shallow  hollow  in  the  sand." 

Four  days  later  two  pupaa  were  sent  me,  and  Mrs.  Peart  wrote  :  "  These  two 
larvae  have  formed  pupae,  just  as  the  first  or  uid,  under  the  sandy  coverlet. 
The  wing  cases  were  very  waxy-looking,  and  of  a  greenish  tint,  when  first 
exposed  to  the  light.     I  think  they  grew  darker  being  exposed." 

Anothc"  pupa  was  received  September  15th  ;  "  It  formed  just  as  did  the  '^ther 
three  sent  you,  weaving  together  some  of  the  sand  with  silk  ;  but  there  was  a 
little  depression  in  the  sand  just  where  the  larva  chose  to  make  its  bed,  and,  in 


CHIONOBAS   XIII. 

twisting  about,  it  got  partly  from  under  the  cover,  so  that  I  saw  it  all  the  time. 
When  the  pupa  formed,  it  was  partly  uncovered.  While  the  larva  was  resting 
after  the  web  was  spun  —  and  it  rested  for  nearly  two  days  —  it  looked  as  if  it 
were  sitting  up,  or  just  like  Uhleri  in  the  grass,  on  the  plate  of  that  species. 
This  pupa  has  the  same  waxy  wing  cases." 

Mrs.  Peart  carried  three  of  the  larvie  over  the  winter,  and  in  May,  1895,  I 
myself  saw  the  three  pupae  from  them  in  Philadelphia.  Mrs.  Peart  called  my 
attention  to  the  fact  that  the  sand  in  the  three  cases  was  assorted ;  that  in  the 
middle  of  the  coverlet  being  very  fine,  that  about  the  edges  coarser.  The  whole 
thing,  as  it  was  turned  up  by  forceps,  seemed  to  be  a  substantial  coverlet.  On 
the  plate  the  chrysalis  h  is  shown  just  as  it  appeared  when  partly  exposed  under 
the  spun  cover,  as  before  mentioned.  Writing  later  of  the  last  three  pupa;, 
Mrs.  Peart  says  :  "  The  covering  was  slight,  but  in  each  case  the  pupa  was  com- 
pletely hidden.  The  surface  of  the  sand  was  quite  level,  and  there  was  no 
appearance  of  its  having  been  disturbed.  Feeling  about  carefully,  I  found  .some 
silk  threads,  and  lifted  tiie  cover  just  <as  I  would  a  little  blanket.  The  particles  of 
sand  were  held  together  by  the  finest  silk."  In  all,  we  obtained  seven  pupae, 
not  differing  from  each  other  in  coloration  ;  and,  as  all  had  formed  in  same 
manner,  it  may  be  assumed  that  the  habit  of  the  larva  in  concealing  its  pupa  is 
peculiar  to  the  species. 


As  .said  on  a  previous  page,  Vanina  was  originally  taken  in  Montana  and 
Dakota,  and  in  Canada,  near  the  boundary  line  north  of  those  States.  In 
recent  years  it  has  been  found  in  All)erta,  Canada,  about  Calgary,  by  Mr.  F.  H. 
Wolley  Dod.  In  a  letter  to  me  of  28th  May,  1875,  Mr.  Dod  says  :  *'  Varuna 
flies  in  much  the  same  localities  as  Chionobas  Alberta,  but  appears  from  a  fort- 
nigiit  to  three  weeks  later.  In  1894,  Alberta  appeared  on  May  6th,  and  was  quite 
over  by  the  first  week  in  June.  This  year  Alberta  appeared  on  4th  May,  and  is 
still  to  be  seen  (28th  May).  Varuna  appeared  on  15th  May,  and,  had  it  not  been 
for  rough  weather,  it  should  now  be  in  its  prime.  Its  flight  is  much  stronger  .and 
more  playful  than  that  of  the  other  species.  In  your  Part  12,  Volume  III.,  I  see 
that  Mr.  Wright  says  that  he  did  not  find  it  flying  on  the  level  plains  of  Mon- 
tana. Here  it  is  essentially  a  plain-loving  species  (elevation  3,300  feet).  Varuna, 
being  the  stronger  species  of  the  two,  makes  longer  flights  than  Alberta,  and, 
unlike  that,  may  frequently  be  seen  at  play  with  another  butterfly,  and,  al- 
though that  other  is  sometimes  Alberta,  I  suspect  Varuna  is  nearly  always  the 
aggressor." 


CHIONOBAS   XIII. 


Varuna  eggs  were  received  by  Mrs.  Peart  in  June,  1894,  both  from  Mr.  Dod 
at  Calgary  and  Mr.  Wiley,  the  last  obtained  about  one  hundred  miles  east  of 
Miles  City  ;  and  larvse  from  both  lots  were  raised  to  pupae.  The  Calgary  eggs 
hatched  28th  and  29th  June. 

The  first  larva  passed  its  first  moult  8th  July. 

Passed  its  second  moult  15th  July. 

Passed  its  third  moult  21st  July. 

Passed  its  fourth  moult  28th  July. 

Pupated  20th  August. 

Gave  imago  81st  August. 

Mrs.  Peart  discovered  no  difference  between  the  larvae  of  the  two  lots,  and  both 
pupated  in  the  same  manner.  I  was  in  Colorado  up  to  middle  of  August,  and 
only  .saw  a  few  of  these  larviB  in  their  latest  stages  and  the  pupae.  As  with 
all  Chionobas  larvce  observed,  part  of  the  larvae  went  into  hibernation  after  the 
fir.st  moult,  part  after  the  second.  Others  reached  the  adult  stage  and  then 
hibernated,  and  some  pupated  the  same  season  in  which  the  eggs  were  laid. 
There  was  remark.able  variation  in  the  color  and  markings  of  the  larvre,  as  is  shown 
by  the  plate,  and  one  type  of  the  adult  was  closely  like  the  larva  of  Uhleri. 
(Fig.  9.)  The  pupa  was  not  at  all  roughened;  on  the  contrary,  the  wing  cases 
and  the  anterior  portions  were  smooth,  with  a  wax-like  appearance.  In  the 
mode  of  pupation  the  species  differs  from  all  our  other  Chionobas. 


EXPLANATION   OF  THE   PLATE. 


Varuna,  19. 

a,  Ego  ;  o^,  micropyle. 
6,  b^,  Young  Larva  ;  b',  head. 

c.  Larva  at  1st  moult ;  c\  section  of  dorsum,  segments  7  and  8  ;  c',  head. 
(I,  d.  Larva  at  2d  moult  ;  (/'^  (/'-,  variety  of  same,  segments  7,  8. 
e,  e%  c".  Larva  at  3d  moult,  in  vars. 

f,  Adui.t  Lauva,  groatly  enlarged  ;  /',  dorsal  view  same,  magnified  ;  /',  head. 
•  -g^,  Adult  larva,  varieties,  segments  7  and  8. 

h,  Chbysams,  in  ground,  under  coverlet  of   woven  sand;  A",  magnified;   h\  outline,  natural 
size  ;  h*,  )fi,  cremaster. 


CHIONOBAS  XIII. 


CHIONOBAS  (ENO,  2. 

Chionohas  (Eno,  Boisduval.     Edwards,  Butt.  N.  A.,  Vol.  III.,  Part  14,  text  and  plate. 

Egg.  —  Shape  as  in  Crmnbis  and  Semidca,  sub-conic;  the  base  flattened  and 
rounded,  broadest  at  about  one  fourth  the  distance  from  base  to  top,  narrowing 
upward  sligiitly  till  the  upper  foiu'th  is  reached,  then  curving  roundly  to  the 
edge  of  the  summit  ;  marked  by  twenty-four  to  twenty-six  vertical  ribs,  a  few 
straight,  mo.st  sinuous,  two  or  three  short  ones  at  top  or  bottom  ;  the  ribs  nar- 
row, rounded  at  top,  spread  at  bottom  so  that  their  bases  meet  (in  this  point 
resembling  Crmnbis,  but  differing  from  Senddca) ;  the  top  flattened,  the  micro- 
pyle  in  the  centre  of  a  rosette  of  five-sided  cells,  outside  of  which  are  three  or 
four  rows  of  larger  similar  cells  of  irregular  sizes ;  beyond  these  the  space  is 
occupied  by  .shallow  rounded  excavations,  small,  the  outer  ones  large.«t,  arranged 
in  confluent  and  nearly  regular  strings,  which  are  separated  by  spaces  of  about 
.same  width  as  the  excavations ;  in  number  and  size  these  excavations  resemble 
Sernidea  more  than  any  other  of  the  group  observed  ;  color  gray-white.  (Figs. 
i,  i^.)     Duration  of  this  stage,  about  eleven  days. 

Young  L.\rva.  —  Length  at  one  day  from  the  egg,  .09  inch  ;  shape  of  Serni- 
dea ;  segments  2  to  4  nearly  equal,  arched  dorsally,  after  4  tapering  regularly 
on  dorsum  and  sides  to  11,  and  more  rapidly  to  13,  which  ends  in  two  short, 
rounded  projections  separated  at  base  bj' a  square,  narrow  sinus  as  in  Z?n/ce(  ; 
the  tubercles  dark  brown,  their  club-shaped  processes  white,  translucent,  and  the 
same  in  number,  position,  and  shape  as  in  Sernidea  and  IJrucei  ;  color  gray-white, 
tne  sub-dorsal  stripe  and  the  base  less  gray  ;  head  broader  than  2,  broadest 
below,  sub-globose,  depressed  at  the  suture  ;  the  surface  covered  with  shallow 
indentations,  as  in  the  genus ;  a  few  tubercles  and  processes  like  those  on  the 
body,  disposed  as  in  the  genus  ;  color  yellowish  with  a  brown  tint.  (Figs.  J-/.) 
Duration  of  this  stage,  nineteen  to  thirty-one  days. 


CHIONOBAS  XIII. 

After  first  moult :  length  at  fifteen  hours  after  the  moult,  .15  inch  ;  nearly 
same  shape  as  before  ;  the  projections  on  13  short  and  blunt,  the  space  between 
rounded  ;  surface  thickly  covered  with  fine  conical  tubercles,  each  bearing  a 
short  cylindrical  process ;  color  grayish  yellow,  the  sub-dorsal  stripe  white  ;  the 
spiraculiir  and  basal  stripes  white  ;  head  very  nearly  as  at  first  stage,  yellowish, 
brown-tinted  ;  the  vertical  stripes  very  faint.  (Figs,  k-k'^.)  To  next  moult, 
twelve  to  fifteen  days. 

After  second  moult :  length  at  one  day,  .28  inch  ;  nearly  the  same  shape,  with 
similar  tubercles  and  processes  ;  color  gray-green  ;  the  stripes  white  ;  head  as 
before,  yellowish,  brown-tinted.     (Fig.  /.)     To  next  moult,  about  thirteen  days. 

After  third  moult :  length  at  eighteen  hours,  .45  inch  ;  .shape  not  different ; 
color  yellow-buft" ;  the  mid-dorsal  stripe  black  at  the  junctions  of  the  segments, 
buff  in  the  middle  ;  the  dorsal  band  nearly  covered  by  a  series  of  elongated 
triangles,  each  reaching  acro.ss  its  segment,  the  apex  of  one  touching  the  broad 
base  of  the  preceding ;  composed  of  abbreviated,  elongated  streaks  of  black,  but 
more  of  russet ;  the  sub-dorsal  stripe  buff  ;  the  lateral  vinous-black,  the  interior, 
especially  on  the  anterior  segments,  buff  ;  the  spiracular  stripe  greenish  buff  ;  the 
basal  clear  buff ;  under  side,  feet  and  legs  whitish  ;  head  as  before.    (Fig.s.  m,  in'.) 

After  fourth  moult :  length  at  one  day,  .65  inch  ;  color  pale  yellow,  marked 
with  black ;  the  marking  of  dorsum  much  as  at  last  previous  stage  ;  the  triangles 


almost  wholly  black.     (Figs, 
moult  went  into  hibernation. 


Ji,  «l)     The  only  larva  which  passed  the  fourth 


Mature  Larv.4.  (after  hibernation).  —  Length,  .78  inch  ;  greatest  breadth,  .18 
inch  ;  stout,  obese,  thickest  in  the  middle,  tapering  rapidly  from  5  to  head,  and 
from  11  to  13,  ending  in  two  short,  blunt  projections;  surface  thickly  covered 
with  fine,  conical,  irregidar-sized  tubercles,  each  bearing  a  cylindrical,  .slender, 
bent  process;  upper  half  sordid  white  or  yellowish,  with  a  narrow  mid-dorsal 
band,  black  at  the  intersections  of  the  segments,  and  a  sub-dorsal  composed  of 
long  triangles  as  after  third  moult,  but  with  the  black  edges  pale  and  very  slight, 
and  with  few  of  the  interior  streaks  which  were  present  after  that  moult ;  the 
apex  of  each  triangle  black,  and  so  there  is  formed  a  macular  black  rov,  sugges- 
tive of  a  band ;  the  lateral  band  yellow-green  with  black  edges,  under  which  is  a 
whitish  line  ;  the  spiracular  band  whitish,  along  the  upper  edge  brown-tinted  ; 
the  basal  ridge  sordid  white,  underlaid  by  a  black  line  ;  under  side,  feet  and  legs 
whitish  green ;  head  small,  about  as  broad  as  2,  sub-globose,  broadest  below,  nar- 


CHIONOBAS   XIII. 

rowing  upwards,  depressed  at  the  suture  ;  the  surface  thickly  covered  with  shal- 
low indentations,  between  some  of  which  are  small  tubercles  with  processes ; 
across  the  top  six  broad  dark-brown  stripes.     (Figs,  n^,  ?t*.) 

Chrysalis.  —  Length,  .52  inch  ;  breadth  across  inesonotum,  .18,  across  abdo- 
men, .2  inch  ;  cylindrical,  stout,  the  ventral  side  arched,  the  dorsal  much  more 
so ;  head  case  truncated,  rounded  at  top,  the  slope  of  the  sides  nearly  flat,  or  very 
slightly  incurved  ;  niesonotum  rather  prominent,  rounded  at  top,  the  sides  con- 
vex, the  slope  from  top  to  the  top  of  head  case  nearly  a  regular  curve,  though 
there  is  a  little  depression  between  the  two  ;  the  depression  behind  mesonotum 
rather  deep ;  abdomen  conical,  tumid  ;  the  cremastcr  consists  of  a  projecting 
trifid  ridge,  not  corrugated  as  in  Semidea  and  entirely  unlike  Brvcei  (which  is 
bifid,  and  has  two  converging  vertical  prominent  ridges) ;  naked,  without  hooks 
or  bristles,  —  color  of  top  of  head  case  and  mesonotum  greenish  yellow,  with  a 
brown  tint ;  of  under  side  of  head  case  and  the  wings,  blackish  brown  ;  the  abdo- 
men is  yellow  and  brown-gray,  in  alternating  bands,  the  mid-dorsal  and  sub- 
dorsal bands  gray,  the  two  dorsal  yellow,  as  in  the  lateral,  and  so  on  to  ventral 
side  ;  each  of  the  gray  bands  is  very  finely  edged  with  carmine,  and  the  spiracu- 
lar  band  is  much  tinged  with  that  color ;  the  two  dorsal  bands  marked  on  each 
senfment  to  base  of  mesonotum  by  a  pair  of  short  transverse  black  dashes  ;  the 
other  yellow  bands  marked  by  two  black  points  on  each  segment,  instead  of 
dashes  ;  the  surface  of  the  wing  cases  is  finely  corrugated,  more  heavily  next 
base  ;  and  the  mesonotum  and  whole  abdomen  are  also  finely  corrugated.  (Figs, 
o,  o*.)  Duration  of  this  stage  imknown,  as  the  only  pupa  died  before  imago,  but 
it  is  probably  about  eleven  days. 

I  received  eggs  of  (Eno  from  Mr.  Bruce,  24th  July,  1894,  while  at  Glenwood 
Springs,  Colorado,  and  forwarded  them  at  once  to  Mrs.  Peart  at  Philadelphia. 
These  began  to  hatch  on  1st  August,  or  at  ten  days  from  the  laying ;  and  the 
first  larva  passed  the  first  moult,  August  20th,  or  at  nineteen  days  ;  the  second 
moult,  September  3d,  at  fourteen  days ;  the  third,  September  16th,  at  thirteen 
days  ;  the  fourth,  27th  Septembt.',  at  eleven  days.  Following  this  adult,  it  being 
the  only  one  obtained  that  season,  it  was  sent  to  Clifton  Springs,  New  York, 
with  several  younger  larvoe,  and  put  in  the  refrigerating  house  there  ;  was  re- 
ceived again  on  23d  March,  1895,  in  good  condition,  and  pupated  1st  April.  I 
sent  it  to  Mrs.  Peart  for  its  portrait,  and  it  died  without  giving  imago.  This  was 
the  only  pupa  obtained. 

After  my  return  home  four  of  the  larvfe  were  sent  me,  24th  August,  all  past 
first  moult ;  and  eight  others,  15th  September.    All  these  were  either  just  before 


CHIONOBAS   XIII. 


or  just  after  the  second  moult.  None  of  thet.i  advanced  much  beyond  the  second 
moult,  and  the  few  that  survived  were  sent  in  November  to  Clifton  Springs,  but 
they  died  during  the  winter.  It  seems  very  unlikely  that  in  nature  any  larvaa 
of  this  species  can  reach  maturity  the  first  season,  and  probably  all  the  larvae 
hibernated  in  their  early  stages. 


My  trip  to  Colorado,  in  company  with  Mr.  Bruce,  in  1804,  was  expressly  for 
the  purpo.se  of  getting  eggs  of  the  Papilios  JJairdii  and  Oreyonia,  and  of  Chio- 
nobas  (J^no.  We  were  successful  with  the  Papilios,  as  I  have  elsewhere  related  ; 
and  Mr.  Bruce  undertook  to  get  the  (Eno  eggs.  He  left  Glenwood  Springs 
for  Webster  and  Hall  Valley,  July  14th,  and  wrote  from  the  latter  place,  16th  : 
"Reached  Webster  at  2.15,  —  delightful  ride  from  Letidville.  Ou  making  in- 
quiries at  Webster,  found  that  all  the  former  inhabitants  of  Hall  Valley  had  left ; 
the  Klines,  who  kept  the  public  hou.se  at  which  1  u.sod  to  stay,  gone  to  Cripple 
Creek ;  all  the  mines  on  the  top  closed ;  one  family  alone  at  the  Valley.  1 
shouldered  my  wallet  and  went  off.  It  had  rained  every  morning  for  two  weeks, 
—  everything  very  backward  :  Mts.  Bullion  and  Hayden  with  more  .snow  than  I 
had  .seen  before  at  this  time.  1  hurried,  trying  to  make  the  Valley  before  the 
storm  came  on  ;  it  came,  however,  when  I  was  about  half  a  mile  from  my  goal,^ 
a  grand  display  of  electricity,  rather  too  close  to  be  pleasant,  but  awfully  sub- 
lime, a  constant  crackling  !  and  the  lightning  !  Then  came  a  big  hailstorm  end- 
ing in  rain.  I  reached  Tracy's  cabin  at  four,  having  made  the  five  miles  in  one 
and  a  half  hours,  without  a  dry  I'ag  on  me.  This  morning  I  am  rather  stiff  and 
rheumatism  is  around  a  little.  My  old  cabin  on  Bullion  is  there  still  ;  Mrs.  Tracy 
will  lend  me  two  or  three  blankets,  and  I  will  take  them  and  some  grub  this 
p.  M.,  and  go  to  the  top,  where  I  will  stay  till  I  get  what  I  want,  as  the  rain  and 
snow  has  made  it  bad  traveling.  The  flowers  are  more  beaiitiful  than  I  ever  saw 
there  ;  you  have  seen  no  penstemons  yet !  I  may  be  a  week  here  ;  don't  know 
till  I  have  been  on  the  top." 

From  Mr.  Bruce's  diary  I  copy  a  few  lines  re.specting  the  next  days :  "  July 
17th.  I  started  early  this  morning,  intending  to  get  to  the  top  of  the  range  be- 
fore the  daily  storm  set  in.  The  sun  was  shining  brightly,  and  I  took  many  spe- 
cies of  butterflies  as  1  walked  through  the  timber,  —  Anthocharis  Julia,  Pieris 
Olerucea,  Colias  Alexandra  and  C.  Scudderu,  Argynnis  Eurynome,  A.  Freya,  A. 
Triclarls,  and  A.  Helena.  Just  before  I  reached  timber  line,  I  found  that  the 
precipitation,  that  had  been  rain  in  the  Valley  for  the  last  week,  had  here  been 
snow.  By  nine  o'clock  the  sun  became  obscured,  and  I  hurried  over  the  immense 
snow-field  that  covered  the  north  sides  of  Bullion  and  Hayden  to  reach  the  cabin 
just  in  time.     The  mists  gradually  crept  up  from  the  Valley,  and  vast  clouds 


CHIONOBAS   XIII. 


came  rolling  over  the  inountaiii-tops,  wlion  sucUlenly  a  dense  storm  of  hail  with 
a  mighty  wind.  The  temperature  quickly  dropped  to  freezing  point,  but  1  lighted 
a  good  fire  and  was  pretty  comfortable.  The  cabin  was  substantially  built  over 
the  entrance  to  an  old  silver  mine,  and  was  about  13,000  feet  above  sea  level, — 
the  peaks  near  by  rising  about  a  thousand  feet  higher. 

"  July  20th.  No  change  for  the  better ;  clear  in  the  morning  for  about  two 
hours,  but  not  warm  enough  for  any  butterfly  to  be  on  the  wing.  I  have  been 
on  the  top  twice,  and  have  found  several  females  QJno  in  crevices  of  rocks,  but 
had  to  hurry  down  when  the  storm  commenced,  as  the  whole  top  was  enveloped 
in  clouds  too  dense  to  allow  me  to  see  more  than  six  feet  away. 

"  July  21st.  A  cold,  stormy  night  ushered  in  a  miserable  day,  the  sun  not  visi- 
ble at  all.  Indeed,  it  snowed  hard  all  the  day  up  to  six  o'clock.  The  mountain 
birds  took  shelter  in  the  outer  shed  of  my  cabin  ;  three  white-tailed  Ptarmigans 
were  as  tame  as  chickens.  Pipits  more  shy,  and  running  about  like  mice.  The 
beautiful  rosy  Finches  (Lewcosticte)  were  very  tame  and  hungry,  and  in  great 
variety  of  plumage.  A  large  number  of  Says  Chipmunk,  or  striped  squirrel,  in- 
vaded my  room,  eating  everything  they  could  find.  At  last  I  turned  the  tables 
on  these  fellows,  and,  by  a  dead-fall  baited  with  oatmeal,  I  caught  nineteen  of 
them.  I  skinned  and  stewed  the  bodies,  and  found  them  an  agreeable  change 
from  the  hard  .salt  ham  I  had  been  living  on  the  last  five  days. 

"  Hall  Valley,  July  22d  :  I  came  down  from  the  top  of  the  Range  last  night ; 
it  was  useless  staying  there  any  longer;  the  weather  was  siiiply  abominable.  I 
have  taken  a  bad  cold,  for  everything  was  wet  and  miserable.  A  long  tramp 
yesterday  till  2  p.  m.  gave  me  not  even  one  Smlnthens,  or  Colias  Meadil,  or  E. 
Callias,  where  in  ordinary  yeai's  the  three  species  abound.  At  2  it  began  to 
rain,  by  4  a  furious  snowstorm  set  in,  at  6  it  cleared  up,  and  I  started  down  to 
this  valley,  which  I  reached  at  dark.  A  cold,  frosty  night,  followed  by  a  bright 
morning  with  a  cold  wind.  I  shall  to-day  take  another  walk  above  timber.  I 
have  six  females  QtJno  in  bag.s,  and  I  see  a  lot  of  eggs  on  one  and  five  or  six  in 
another."  Mr.  Bruce  told  me,  when  we  next  met,  that  he  took  the  females  CEno 
with  his  fingers  off  the  rocks  on  the  leeward  side,  in  a  torpid  state  ;  and  when 
he  brought  them  to  Tracy's,  bagged  them  over  tin  cans  in  which  roots  of  grass 
had  been  placed.  In  his  absence  Mrs.  Tracy  kindly  looked  after  them,  keeping 
them  in  the  sun  and  having  one  eye  on  the  house  cat. 

"  Hall  Valley,  July  23d.   I  enclose  eggs  of  (Uno.     I  shall  go  down  to-morrow, 
for  I  can't  walk  very  far  this  A.  m.     Have  taken  cold,  I  suppose,  and  am  not  sur- 
prised;  everything —  clothes,  bedding,   etc.  —  damp  and  moiddy.      Everything' 
sadly  altered  here  ;  after  being  a  busy  camp,  to  see  no  one  about  makes  it  a  lone- 
some place  in  bad  weather.     I  walked  up  yesterday  above  timber  to  Gibson 


CHIONOUAS    XIII. 

Gulch  to  try  for  Callias  and  Magdaknu.  At  10  a.  m.  it  began  to  cloud  up,  and 
by  11,  it  .snowed  ho  fast  I  could  n't  see  a  yard  in  front  of  me.  I  squeezed  myself 
into  a  Ijole  and  stayed  there  an  hour,  when  the  storm  subsided  and  I  came  down, 
gathcriii;^  tlowcrs  by  the  way.  All  the  buttorllies  1  took  were  a  couple  of  Autho- 
(•liaris  Jii/ia,  a  few  Chri/riin  and  Jij'j)lj).so(h(t,  and  one  pair  of  Colias  MettdH,  in 
copulation.  This  morning  it  is  very  bright  after  a  bitter  cold  night."  I  have 
given  Mr.  Bruce's  words,  written  on  the  spot,  to  make  it  clear  what  the  dilHcul- 
ties  are  in  the  way  of  getting  eggs  from  these  alpine  butterflies,  and  what  sort 
of  a  climate  the  insects  are  subject  to.  It  is  evident  that  they  must  be  in  torpid 
state  during  three  fourths  their  short  lives,  all  the  nights  and  fully  half  the  days. 
The  larva;  of  CEiio  subject  to  the  same  conditions  certainly  cannot  reach  maturity 
the  same  season  in  which  the  eggs  are  laid. 

In  a  letter  respecting  these  females  CEno,  written  some  months  after,  Mr.  Bruce 
says  :  "  The  amount  of  cold  these  insects  will  stand  is  surprising ;  as  soon  as  the 
sun  is  shining  they  are  on  the  wing,  if  the  ground  is  not  covered  with  snow. 
Even  in  the  wor.st  weather,  the  mornings  are  generally  fine  for  an  hour  or  two, 
and  all  the  nu)untain-top  species  of  butterflies  are  ready  to  take  advantage  of 
this  brief  interval  to  copulate  and  lay  their  eggs.  At  the  best,  two  hours  of  sun- 
shine was  all  they  got  during  my  visit  in  1894.  Directly  the  clouds  came  over 
the  Range,  into  the  clefts  and  hollows  of  the  rocks  went  CEno  and  Maydulena  ; 
into  the  bottom  of  the  tufts  of  herbage  went  Chionobas  lirucei  and  Chri/xtis  and 
P.  Sminthctts ;  while,  sheltered  under  the  flower-heads  of  Compositas,  were  hidden 
A.  Eurjinoinc  and  Molitsea  Anicia ;  and  there  they  would  stick  as  long  as  the 
storm  lasted,  whether  it  was  for  hours  or  for  days.  The  fact  that  all  eggs  ob- 
tained by  me  from  these  torpid  or  semi-torpid  females  QiJiio  were  fertile  proves, 
I  think,  that  these  females  had  been  on  the  wing  a  few  hours  before." 


Many  lepidopterists  regard  the  NymphalidaB  as  the  highest  of  all  butterflies, 
and  the  Satyrinae,  one  of  its  sub-families,  as  in  the  advance,  with  the  genus  Chio- 
nobas leading.  Starting  with  the  proposition  that  a  butterfly  with  six  serviceable 
legs  is  a  vulgar,  low-down  creature,  it  follows  that  one  which  can  stand  on  four 
legs  must  be  something  superior.  It  has  six,  indeed,  but  the  front  pair  are  atro- 
phied and  useless  as  legs.  Atrophy  being  the  test,  naturally  Chionobas  and  the 
allied  genera,  which  exhibit  that  deformity  in  an  extreme  degree,  are  held  to  be 
most  advanced  of  all  ;  and  such  feeble  and  half-alive  species  as  Semidea  and 
O'Jno  are  perched  on  the  topmost  twig  of  the  butterfly-tree,  —  which  to  me  is 
absurd.  QiJno  has  lived  on  the  high  peaks  of  Colorado,  it  may  be,  ten  thousand 
years,  or  perhaps  fifty  thousand  ;  its  total  butterfly  existence  limited  to  three  or 
four  weeks,  and  out  of  that  all  the  nights  and  three  fourths  or  more  of  the  days 


CHIONOBAS   XIII. 

have  been  passed  in  a  state  of  torpidity  by  reason  of  the  cold,  for  water  would 
freeze  every  night  of  sununer  at  fourteen  tliousund  feet.  There  in  no  chance 
for  climbing  up  under  these  conditions,  and  W/(o  or  Scinklm  to-day  must  he  what 
they  were  when  their  life  on  the  peaks  was  beginning,  unless  tliey  have  retro- 
graded, which  is  probable.  Conunon  .sense  teaches  that,  when  a  path  leads  to  an 
insurmountable  obstruction,  there  is  nothing  for  it  but  to  retreat  and  .seek  .some 
other  outlet.  It  seems  to  me  that  no  system  of  classification  is  of  value  which 
does  not  take  into  consideration  many  organs  and  characters  of  the  imago,  and 
also  all  three  of  the  earlier  stages.  So  far  as  my  observation  goes,  the  eggs  of 
butterflies  discover,  at  the  least,  generic  characters,  often  specific,  —  the  larva), 
generic  and  very  generally  specific ;  and  pupnc,  generic  and  often  specific. 
Through  the  pupae,  Chionobas,  Neominois,  and  liipparchia  are  allied  to  certain  of 
the  HesperidiB,  as,  for  example,  Eudamus;  and  through  the  larvie,  with  certain 
families  of  the  Heterocera,  for  example,  the  Noctuidoe.  Tliere  is  a  marked  dif- 
ference at  all  four  stages  between  many  genera  of  the  Satyrinte  which  have 
suspended  pupoD,  and  the  genera  which  have  naked  pupao,  and  I  believe  these  last 
should  be  entirely  separated  from  the  others,  and  ranked  in  the  scale  next  above 
the  Hesperidae. 


EXPLANATION   OF  THE  PLATE. 

(Eno,  2,  9. 

i,   Koo  ;  1",  micTopylo. 

y,  YouNu  Lakva  ;  /',  /',  hist  segments  ;  j*,  head. 
/(■,  Liirva  at  1st  moult ;  t",  head. 
/,  Larva  at  2(1  inoiitt. 

m,  Lai'va  at  3il  motilt ;  m',  section  of  (iorsum,  sejsments  7  and  8. 
n,  Larva  at  4ili  moult  ;  n',  section  of. 
ri',  Ailiilt  Larva  ;  u*,  licad. 
0,  0',  CuBVSALis  ;  0^,  0*,  cremaater. 


.Kir. 


mify 


'•fWfW* 


^ivs: 


% 


?5S 


14 


r* 


■lll^BWlM      II 


^Jii«iil> 


M 


I "'"'). 


ALjBiilRTA       1    2     o       ^  c 

,,    .,']■:,,,  iii',„:i:fi.J  ■  •  /if/ii/'     lint    V  r.      /      n,,„ti.  1 1:"' 

h    t    l..,,\„      y     //(^  /■     :"'r'i',i:/t  I    ;/'       '/,.-,/ mi/".  , 


^aiWtr. 


CHIONOBAS  XIV. 


CHIONOBAS  ALBE^vTA,  1-4. 

Chionobas  Alberla,  Elwes,  $,  Transactions  Entomological  Society,  London,  1893,  p.  467. 

Male.  —  Expands  1.4  to  1.6  inch. 

Upper  side  gray-brown,  often  with  a  yellow,  and  sometimes  a  russet  tint ;  pri- 
maries have  the  co.st.J  margin  next  base  white  flecked  with  dark  brown  or  black  ; 
some  examples  have  a  pale  sub-marginal  band,  on  whicii,  in  the  upper  discoidal 
interspace,  is  a  small  black  ocellus  with  minute  white  pupil;  occasionally  a  smaller 
blind  ocellus  is  seen  in  the  lower  median  interspace  ;  on  secondaries  the  mesial 
band  of  under  side  reappears  more  or  less  distinctly ;  sometimes  the  whole  wing 
is  more  or  le.ss  covered  by  fine  abbreviated  transverse  brown  streaks,  but  often 
there  is  nothing  of  this  ;  a  sub-marginal  narrow  dusky  stripe,  often  macular ;  and 
sometimes  a  minute  blind  ocellus  in  the  second  median  interspace  ;  fringes  dusky 
at  the  tips  of  the  nervules,  elsewhere  yellowish. 

Under  side  of  primaries  gray-brown,  lighter  or  darker  according  to  the  hue 
of  the  upper  surface,  and  often  yellow-tinted  ;  the  costa  gray-white  marked 
with  black ;  the  apical  area  gray-white,  thickly  covered  with  dusky  scales,  as  is 
often  the  marginal  area,  this  last  showing  a  dark  macular  sub-marginal  line  on 
the  middle  interspaces ;  a  mesial  band  from  costa  to  sub-median  nervure  lightly 
edged  with  black,  the  outer  border  running  obliquely  back  from  costa  and  pro- 
longed acutely  nlong  the  upper  median  nervure,  after  which  the  course  is 
straight,  a  little  crenated  in  each  interspace  ;  the  inner  part  of  this  band  more  or 
less  streaked  brown,  and  the  whole  cell ;  often  the  inner  outline  of  the  band  is 
wanting  ;  in  many  cases  there  is  an  absence  of  the  brown  streaks  over  the  outer 
limb,  as  well  as  between  the  cell  and  inner  margin ;  between  the  extremes  there 
is  every  degree  of  variation. 

Secondaries  vary  in  color  from  dark,  much  streaked,  to  pale  yellow-white,  with 
very  few  light  streaks  ;  the  band  varies  in  width  and  considerably  in  outline  ;  in 
some  examples  the  margins  are  nearly  parallel,  the  outer  one  rather  evenly  ere- 


CHIONOBAS  XIV. 

nated  throughout ;  sometimes  the  inner  one  is  deeply  incised  in  the  cell,  next 
median,  wiiile  the  outer  is  nearly  circular,  tliere  being  a  small  incision  ;  t  second 
branch  of  sub-costal,  and  occasionally  this  outline  is  much  produced  opposite 
cell ;  in  the  paler  examples,  the  interior  of  the  band  is  but  little  streaked. 

Body  dusky  above,  in  the  lighter  examples  gray  or  yellow-brown,  beneath 
black  with  gray  hairs,  often  so  many  as  to  make  the  general  hue  gray  ;  femora 
black,  the  other  leg  joints  red-brown  ;  palpi  black,  in  the  light  examples  gray- 
white,  the  front  hairs  black  ;  antennas  reddish  ne.xt  base,  dusky  in  the  middle, 
the  club  reddish  on  upper  side,  and  together  with  the  antennae  cretaceous  be- 
neath.    (Figs.  1,  2.) 

Female.  —  Expands  from  1.4  to  1.8  inch. 

Upper  side  much  as  in  the  male,  but  generally  paler  ;  primaries  show  from 
one  to  three  ocelli,  and  occasionally  a  minute  foin-th  ;  on  secondaries  a  single 
ocellus,  but  often  there  is  none.  (Figs.  3,  4.)  The  variation  in  color  and  mark- 
ings, in  both  sexes,  is  so  considerable  that  a  dozen  figures  would  be  needed  to 
represent  them.  Unfoi'tunately  1  have  not  been  able  to  spare  the  space  for  more 
than  a  single  pair,  and  have  selected  the  insects  that  show  an  excess  of  markings, 
and  the  darkest  hue. 

Egg.  —  Sub-conic,  the  breadth  to  the  height  as  1  to  1.14  ;  the  oase  flattened, 
rounded  ;  the  sides  rounded,  broadest  at  about  one  third  from  base,  narrowing 
upwards  ;  marked  by  nineteen  and  twenty  vertical  ribs,  some  straight,  others 
sinuous,  occasionally  one  branching  cither  near  the  bottom  or  top  ;  these  ribs  are 
narrow  at  their  summits  and  rounded,  the  depressions  rather  deep,  the  slopes 
excavated  closely  as  in  Jiiftn  ;  the  micropyle  is  in  the  centre  of  a  rosette  of  five- 
sided  cells,  outside  of  which  are  three  or  four  rows  of  similar,  less  regular,  larger 
ones;  beyond  these  are  shallow  rounded  cells,  after  which  they  run  together 
forming  low  valleys,  which  are  separated  by  flat  irregular  ridges  ;  some  of  the 
last  being  broken  iip  make  knobs  ;  color  gray-white.  (Figs,  a,  a''.)  Duration  of 
this  stage  from  ten  to  twelve  days. 

Young  Larva.  — Length,  at  twenty-four  hours  from  the  egg,  .09  inch  ;  shape  of 
Bntcei  and  Semiden  ;  the  tubercles  and  processes  the  same  in  number  and  po- 
sition as  in  those  species ;  ending  in  two  slight  conical  projections  ;  color  of  body 
gravish  white,  the  lines  or  stripes  pale  brown  ;  the  basal  ridge  white  ;  under  side, 
feet  and  legs  white,  translucent ;  head  pale  yellow-green,  with  a  tint  of  brown, 
sub-globose,  broadest  below,  slightly  depressed  at  the  suture  ;  the  surface  covered 
with  shallow  indentations  among  which  are  a  few  tubercles  and  processes  like 
those  on  the  body.     (Figs.  6.  V^.)     Duration  of  this  stage  ten  to  thirteen  days. 


CHIONOBAS  XIV. 

After  first  moult :  length  at  twenty  hours,  .18  inch ;  shape  as  before  ;  surface 
thickly  covered  with  fine  conical  tubercles,  each  bearing  a  short,  cylindrical 
clubbed  process ;  color  pale  gray-green ;  the  dorsal  stripe  green  edged  on  either 
side  by  a  brown  line,  outside  of  which  is  a  narrow  whitish  stripe ;  the  dorsal  area 
finely  streaked  brown ;  the  sub-dorsal  line  brown ;  the  lateral  band  pale  green, 
edged  by  a  brown  line  on  either  side,  and  the  posterior  third  obscured  by  vinous- 
black  ;  below  this  a  whitish  line ;  the  basal  ridge  yellow-white,  and  under  it  a 
brown  line  ;  under  side,  feet  and  legs  translucent  white  ;  head  shaped  as  before, 
greenish,  with  a  brown  tint,  the  vertical  stripes  as  in  the  genus,  pale  brown. 
(Figs,  c,  &,  &.)     Duration  of  this  stage  seven  to  eight  days. 

After  second  moult :  length  at  eighteen  hours,  .3  inch  ;  shape   as  at  second 


stage  ;  same  tubercles  and  processes  ;  color  and  stripes  same  ;  head  same. 
d,  d\)     Duration  of  this  stage  six  to  eight  days. 


(Figs. 


After  third  moult :  length  at  twenty-four  hours,  .44  inch ;  same  shape ;  color 
darker ;  the  lateral  stripe  black  except  on  the  three  anterior  segments,  these 
green;  basal  ridge  yellowish;  head  as  at  last  previous  stage.  (Figs,  e,  e".)  To 
next  moult  six  to  seven  days. 

After  fourth  moult:  length  at  one  day,  .56  inch  (Fig./) ;  in  about  eight  days 
was  full-grown. 

Mature  La^va.  —  Length  one  inch  ;  stout,  obese,  thick  in  the  middle,  taper- 
ing rapidly  from  4  to  head  and  from  9  to  LS  ;  ending  in  two  short,  blunt  tails, 
the  intervening  space  rounded ;  surface  thickly  covered  with  fine  conical  tuber- 
cles of  irregular  sizes,  each  bearing  a  cylindrical,  slender,  bent  process ;  color  dark 
brown ;  the  dorsal  stripe  black,  narrowly  edged  by  yellow-white ;  the  lateral 
band  black  on  green  ground,  and  under  it  a  pale  brown  line  ;  the  spiracular 
band  green,  much  specked  with  black  ;  basal  ridge  brown ;  under  .side  and  pro- 
legs  blui.sh  green,  feet  white  ;  head  small,  sub-globose,  broadest  below,  narrowing 
upwards,  slightly  depressed  at  top ;  the  surface  thickly  covered  (as  in  the  genus) 
with  shallow  indentations,  between  some  of  which  are  tubercles  with  processes 
like  those  on  the  budy ;  color  brownish  green,  the  vertical  stripes  (as  in  the 
genus)  broad,  dark.  (Figs./S  natural  size;/-,  enlarged;/',  head.)  From  fourth 
moult  to  pupation  twenty-one  days. 

CiiUTSALis,  —  Length  .5  inch  ;  breadth  at  mesonotum  .2,  at  abdomen  .23  inch; 
cylindrical ;  head  case  truncated,  and  closely  as  in  Jiitta,  the  top  produced  and 


CHIONOBAS  XIV. 

dome-shaped,  the  sides  excavated ;  the  mesonotura  prominent,  rising  to  a  narrow, 
rounded  ridge,  the  sides  flat,  or  perhaps  a  little  convex ;  the  depression  rather 
deep,  angular ;  the  wing  cases  elevated,  beveled  down  to  abdomen  on  the  mar- 
gins ;  the  abdomen  sub-conical,  tumid ;  cremaster  much  as  in  Jutta,  naked,  with- 
out hooks  or  bristles ;  color  of  anterior  parts  greenish  gray,  the  mesonotum 
darker,  and  having,  across  the  summit,  four  blackish  dots  in  row,  two  on  either 
side ;  wing  cases  dark  olive-green,  the  neuration  distinct  in  lighter  color ;  abdo- 
men yellow-brown,  marked  by  blackish  dashes  and  dots  in  longitudinal  rows ;  the 
dorsal  and  sub-dorsal  rows  dashes,  two  to  each  segment ;  the  lateral  row  dots,  two 
to  the  segment,  placed  obliquely  ;  the  spiracular  and  ventral  rows  alternate  dash 
and  dot  on  each  segment  in  straight  rows.  (Figs,  (f,  natural  size;  g,  enlarged;  (f, 
g*,  cremaster.)  Duration  of  this  stage  eight  days.  From  laying  of  egg  to  imago 
from  sixty-eight  to  seventy-eight  days. 

Albeuta  was  described  from  three  males  which  Mr.  Elwes  found  in  the  collec- 
tion of  Mr.  F.  H.  Wolley  Dod  at  Calgary,  Alberta,  Canada,  in  1893.  Nothing 
was  said  of  localities  or  habits.  In  June,  1894,  Mr.  Dod  obtained  eggs  of  Alberta 
by  confining  the  female  over  grass,  and  sent  forty-five  to  Mrs.  Peart,  who  reared 
the  larva?  to  imagos.  I  was  absent  in  Colorado  during  July  and  part  of  August, 
but  returned  in  time  to  see  the  later  larval  stages.  The  first  pupa  was  obtained 
17th  August,  and  gave  a  male  butterfly  on  24th  ;  the  second  September  5th. 
The.se  formed  lying  in  the  sod,  head  down,  ventral  side  up.  Several  of  the  adult 
larvoB  lingered  through  the  fall,  apparently  ready  to  pupate,  motionless,  close 
to  the  earth,  in  a  small  sod,  but  during  November  these  died. 


As  to  the  habits  of  this  species,  Mr.  Dod  has  given  me  the  following  account : 
"  Albert.\  has  a  marked  preference  for  dry,  stony  hillsides,  where  the  grass  is 
stunted  in  growth  ;  just  such  places,  in  fact,  where  the  large  anemone,  which  is 
common  in  this  region,  grows.  Not  that  the  flower  has  any  attraction  for  the 
butterfly,  for  I  have  never  observed  Alberta  to  settle  on  flowers,  but  where  the 
anemone  abounds,  there  in  all  probability  the  butterfly  abounds  also.  At  the 
■same  time  it  is  often  abundant  where  there  are  no  anemones.  I  have  seen  num- 
bers on  the  wing  on  sunny  days  as  early  as  7  A.  m.,  and  a  few  may  be  started  up 
within  half  an  hour  of  sunset.  This  species  has  a  rather  quick  but  uncertain 
flight.  Unless  pursued  or  carried  by  the  wind  it  seldom  flies  for  more  than  ten 
or  fifteen  yards  at  a  time,  generally  .settling  on  bare  ground ;  and  when  at  rest  it 
is  very  difficult  to  detect.  It  is  very  shy  to  approach  on  a  bright,  sunny  day, 
and  when  it  rises  may  easily  be  mistsiken  for  one  of  the  Orthoptera  which  are 
common  here  at  the  same  season,  and  which,  when  on  the  wing,  Alberta  closely 
resembles  in  color." 


CHIONOBAS  XIV. 


CHIONOBAS  PEARTIiE,  5-8. 

Chiunobas  Pearticc,  new  species. 

Male. — Expands  1.8  inch. 

The  wings  semi-diaphanous. 

Upper  side  smoky-black  ;  immaculate;  fringes  concolored. 

Under  side  of  primaries  pale  brown-black ;  no  markings  ;  of  secondaries  pale 
brown,  crossed  by  fine  abbreviated  streaks  of  darker  color ;  beyond  the  band 
grayish;  both  edges  of  the  band  distinctly  defined,  black,  the  interior  black- 
brown  ;  the  outer  edge  has  a  sharp  elbow  on  the  upper  median  interspace,  the 
angle  being  about  seventy  degrees ;  from  this  to  the  inner  margin  straight,  with 
a  rounded  crenation  in  each  interspace  ;  to  costal  margin  straight,  with  a  double 
serrated  incision  ;  the  inner  edge  has  an  angular  inci.sion  corresponding  to  the 
angular  prominence  without,  and  po.steriorly  the  course  is  parallel  to  that  of  the 
outer  edge  without  decided  crenations ;  anteriorly  is  a  large  rectangvdar  projec- 
tion, the  apex  lying  on  the  sub-costal  nervure,  and  a  smaller  one,  the  apex  of 
which  touches  the  costal  margin  ;  immaculate. 

Body  blackish  ;  legs,  palpi,  antennre,  and  club,  all  black.     (Figs.  5,  6.) 

Another  male  is  like  the  above,  except  that  the  band  is  similar  to  that  of  the 
female,  Figure  8. 

Female.  —  Expands  2  inches. 

Somewhat  diaphanous,  less  so  than  the  male. 

Upper  side  smoky  golden  brown,  uniform  ;  immaculate,  except  that  the  sub- 
marginal  dots  of  the  under  side  are  repeated  in  yellow-white.  Under  side  of 
primaries  golden  bronze  ;  of  secondaries  yellow-white,  streaked  with  dark  brown  ; 
the  base  dark  brown,  though  next  the  band  anteriorly  the  ground  is  whitish ; 
the  band  bent  as  in  the  male,  and  crenated  and  serrated  in  same  manner  ;  half 
way  between  the  band  and  hind  margin  is  a  row  of  small  rounded,  or  partly 
angular  whitish  spots,  from  two  to  six  in  number,  one  to  an  interspace.    (Fig.  7.) 


CHIONOBAS   XIV. 

Another  female  is  colored  on  upper  side  like  the  male,  smoky  black ;  under 
side  of  primaries  dark  brown ;  of  secondaries  dark  brown  next  base  and  over 
the  marginal  area  ;  grayish  next  the  band  ;  the  band  darker  brown  within,  the 
edges  black  ;  the  outer  margin  in  this  example  is  bent  on  the  upper  discoidal 
interspace,  and  from  the  angle  to  inner  margin  the  crenations  are  greatly 
flattened.     (Fig.  8.) 


Many  years  ago,  more  than  thirty,  the  male  here  described  and  figured  was 
sent  me  from  the  British  Museum,  by  the  trustees,  as  Subhyalina,  Curtis,  and  it 
was  not  till  I  had  occasion  to  investigate  the  history  and  character  of  Subhi/alina, 
in  1894,  that  I  became  satisfied  that  the  present  species  was  still  undescribed.  I 
take  pleasure  in  naming  it  for  my  associate,  Mrs.  Mary  Peart,  without  whose 
cooperation  from  the  beginning  these  volumes  would  not  have  been  in  existence. 
Fully  twenty-five  hundred  drawings,  plain  and  colored,  have  been  made  by  Mrs. 
Peart  for  my  plates,  the  beauty  and  precision  of  which  it  has  not  been  possible 
to  copy  on  the  lithographic  stones.  Besides  this  labor,  my  friend  has  reared 
multitudes  of  larva;  in  order  to  get  the  drawings  of  the  several  stages,  and  has 
made  careful  observations  of  every  species. 

I  wrote  Mr.  A.  G.  Butler,  early  in  1895,  asking  him  to  examine  the  individuals 
of  this  .species  now  in  the  Museum  collection,  and  tell  me  how  they  compared 
with  my  male,  of  which  I  sent  him  a  colored  figure  done  by  Mrs.  Peart.  He 
replied,  14th  February  :  "  We  have  one  male  closely  resembling  your  figure  in 
coloring  and  pattern  ;  al.^o  three  females  from  same  habitat,  none  of  which  are 
quite  like  the  male,  the  elbow  of  the  band  being  less  prominent,  and  the  area 
beyond  the  band  more  or  less  varied  with  gray  streaks.  One  of  the.se  females 
has  the  upper  side  smoky  black,  one  is  smoky  yellow-brown,  the  third  is  inter- 
mediate in  color.  Beneath,  the  primaries  of  the  first "  (my  figure  8)  "  are  smoky 
black;  of  the  second  "  (my  figure  7)  "  is  golden  bronze ;  and  the  third  is  interme- 
diate. The  darkest  one,  which  most  nearly  resembles  the  male  in  color  of  both 
surfaces,  is  least  like  it  in  the  form  of  the  band,  whilst  the  yellow-brown  one  has 
the  band  almost  exactly  as  in  the  male." 

Mr.  Butler  further  said  that  all  these  specimens  were  obtained  by  Captain  Col- 
linson,  of  H.  M.  S.  Enterprise,  at  Winter  Cove,  Cambridge  Bay,  Victoria  Land, 
lat.  69°,  long.  106°.  Under  Mr.  Butler's  supervision,  Mr.  H.  Knight  made  colored 
drawings  of  the  two  females  which  have  been  copied  for  the  Plate.  The  upper 
side  1  was  unable  to  present  for  want  of  space. 


EXPLANATION  OF  THE  PLATE. 


Al.BERTA,  1,  2,   $,  3,  4,   9. 

a,  KoG  ;  a^,  micropyle. 

b,  Young  Larva  ;  h'-,  huail. 

c,  (■",  Larva  at  1st  moult  ;  c",  head. 
/I,  ip,  Larva  at  2(1  moult, 
e,  e",  Larva  at  3(1  moult  ;  segments  7  and  8. 
/,  Larva  at  4th  moult. 
/',  Adult  Larva,  natural  size  ;  /^,  same,  enlarged  ;  /'',  head. 

g-,  Chrysalis,  natural  .size  ;  g,  same,  enlarged;  g%  g*,  front  and  side  view  of  oremaster. 
Peartia:,  5,  6,  $  ;  7,  8,  9,  in  vars. 


PAPILIO  lY. 


PAPILIO  BRUCEI  (no  plate). 

Pnpilio  Brucei,  Edwards,  Canadian  Entomologist,  Vol.  XXVII.,  p.  239.     1895. 

This  species  is  the  result  of  the  union  of  P.  Oregonia  and  P.  Baird'd,  both 
figured  in  Vohime  II  of  this  work.  It  originated  therefore  as  a  liybrid,  but  to- 
day is  a  fixed  form,  and  is  certainly  entitled  to  a  specific  name.  In  Volume 
XXV.,  Can.  Ent.,  p.  253,  1892,  I  published  a  paper,  "  Notes  on  a  Polymorphic 
Papilio,"  in  which  it  was  stated  that  Mr.  David  Bruce,  for  two  or  three  years 
past,  in  southwest  Colorado,  had  been  taking  P.  Bulrdu  in  company  with  P. 
Oregonia,  and  also  with  a  form  which  I  had  described  as  P.  IloUandu,  Can.  Ent., 
Vol.  XXIV.,  p.  50,  1892,  which  in  general  is  like  Bairdii,  but  has  the  abdomen 
either  with  a  broad  lateral  band  of  yellow  or  almost  completely  yellow,  instead 
of  black,  with  rows  of  yellow  spots  as  in  Bairdii  and  all  the  Asterias  sub-group. 
In  other  words,  while  the  wings  are  those  of  Bairdii,  the  body  is  thtit  of  Ore- 
gonia and  the  Machaon  sub-group.  From  what  he  had  seen  on  the  ground, 
Mr.  Bruce  had  become  satisfied  that  all  these  forms,  in  the  locality  specified, 
were  members  of  one  species.  In  1892,  he  obtained  eggs  from  a  Bairdii  $  con- 
fined over  Artemisia  dracunculoides,  which  he  had  discovered  accidentally  was 
the  food  plant  of  the  larva.  The  larvse  from  these  eggs  were  brought  to  Mr. 
Bruce's  house,  at  Brockport,  N.  Y.,  and  from  them  were  obtained  five  healthy 
pupae,  three  of  which  gave  P.  Bairdii,  in  the  spring  of  1893,  and  two  Oregonia. 
In  1893,  Mr.  Bruce  was  again  upon  the  ground,  and  sent  me  eggs  which  he  had 
obtained  from  a  female  Oregonia,  and  the  outcome  of  them  was  six  Bairdii. 

In  1894,  I  accompanied  Mr.  Bruce  to  Colorado,  and  to  Glenwood  Springs,  on 
the  Grand  River,  which  is  one  of  the  headwaters  of  the  Colorado  River,  with 
the  purpose  of  investigating  this  case  of  hybridism  carefully,  and  on  a  consid- 
erable scale.  We  reached  the  Springs  June  29tli.  On  3d  of  Jul}',  Mr.  Bruce 
brought  in  a  female  of  the  so-called  Oregonia,  which  he  bagged  over  Artemisia, 
and  which,  within  the  next  two  days,  laid  eighty-one  eggs.     Another  female, 


I'Al'ILIO   IV. 

takoii  on  lOth,  laid  seventy  eggs.  On  6th,  two  Bmrdii  were  found  to  have  laid 
Hcvonty-wix  and  one  hundred  and  Hcventeen  cgga  respectively  ;  and  another, 
confined  on  the  9th,  laid  seventy.  In  all,  by  the  11th,  we  had  two  lots  of  the 
so-called  Orerjotda  eggs,  and  four  of  lidlrd'd.  When  the  females  were  bagged, 
Mr.  Bruce  and  I  were  in  all  cases  together,  and  both  examined  the  plants  to  see 
if  perchance  a  stray  egg  had  been  previously  laid  on  them.  When  the  bags 
were  opened,  1  attended  to  the  eggs  myself,  clipped  them  olf  the  stems,  and  put 
each  lot  in  a  box  by  itself.  Thenceforward  all  the  eggs  nnd  larvae  were  in  my 
room  at  the  hotel,  and  were  attended  to  solely  by  myself.  So  that  there  was 
nowhere  a  chance  for  error,  or  of  mixing  eggs  or  larvo3.  The  bits  of  stem  which 
bore  the  eggs  were  placed  in  glass  tumblers,  labelled,  arid,  when  the  larvaa 
hatched,  fresh  stems  were  given,  .ind  these  were  changed  daily.  As  the  larvaa 
grew,  they  were  shifted  to  tin  cans  covered  with  cloth  and  overlaid  by  squares  of 
heavy  glass,  to  prevent  escape,  as  well  as  to  afford  light.  Treated  in  this  way 
there  was  but  a  very  small  percentage  of  loss. 

On  15th  July,  Mr.  Bruce  left  me  for  Denver  and  the  high  peaks  of  the  front 
range,  and,  some  days  after,  1  divided  the  larvie  and  sent  him,  at  Denver,  one 
brood  of  the  so-called  Oregonia  and  two  of  limrdii.  He  returned  to  Glenwood 
Springs  on  28th  July,  but  I  had  no  more  to  do  with  his  share  of  the  larvre.  On 
10th  August,  we  left  the  Springs  for  Denver  and  home.  My  larvie  were  now 
nearly  full  grown,  and  a  few  had  suspended  for  pupation.  I  put  the  three  lots 
into  three  boxes  with  fresh  Artemisia  for  such  larvae  as  were  still  feeding ;  and  I 
had  a  large  tin  box  made  and  filled  it  with  the  plant.  I  kept  tho  boxes  by  me 
throughout  the  journey  to  Coalburgh,  W.  Va.  When  there,  after  the  Artemisia 
failed,  carrot  and  fennel  were  substituted,  but  many  of  the  larvae  died  from 
this  unaccustomed  food. 

The  imagos  began  to  come  forth  at  eleven  and  more  days  from  pupation,  but 
many  pupae  hibernated,  some  to  give  imagos  in  April,  1895,  and  an  occasional 
one  in  May  ivA  June,  while  several  went  over  to  1896. 

The  resuli     n  fall  of  1894  were  :  — 

1.  From  Oregonia  eggs,  3  Oregnnia  .■  1  ^  ,  2  9  . 

8  Bairdii:  7   J    1   9. 

2.  From  Bairdii  eggs,  1st  lot,  20  Bairdii :  16  S  ,2  9  . 

No  Orego'.i'.a. 
From  Bairdii  eggs,  2d  lot,  2  Bairdii  :  1  ^  ,  1  9  • 
No  Oregonia. 


The  results  in  spring  of  1895  were  :  — 
1 


From  Oregonia  eggs,  5  Oregonia  :  S  i  ,  2  9  • 
4  Bairdii  .-2^,29. 


PAFILIO    IV. 

2.   From  JiiiirUii  <tng»,  lut  lot,  11  Hairdii :  H  (J,  3?. 

1  Oreijonia  :  \  S  . 
From  Hairdii  eggs,  2(1  lot,  .'t  Unirdd:  2  <f  ,  1  9  • 
1  Ofeijunia  .   1    <?  . 

Result  in  fall  and  spring  :  — 

1.  Frotii  Oreijonia  I'ggs,  8  Oreijmiia :  4  S  ,  \  9  ■ 

12  Hairdii  :  '^  i  ,-\  9- 

2.  From  Hairdii  oggti,  both  lots,  36  Hairdii :  21)  J  ,  7  9  . 

2  Oreijuiiia  .•2  (f  . 
In  all,  10  Oregonia  /  f.  <f  ,  4    9  .  ) 
48  Hairdii :  SH  ^,  10  9.) 

The  proportion  of  Orefjonin  to  Jialrdil  nearly  as  I  to  5. 

On  the  8th  of  July,  18U5,  there  were  nineteen  living  piipro  left,  5  Oregonia,  14 
Ba'irdil  These  mostly  died  before  the  sjjring  of  181)0,  hut  in  Marcli  ami  April 
of  that  year  there  emerged  I  c? ,  .5  ?  Baird'd,  ail  from  eggs  of  BairdU..  Of  the 
entire  number  of  pupte  (77),  forty  per  cent,  gave  buttertlies  in  the  fall  of  1894, 
thirty-two  per  cent,  in  the  spring  of  1895,  and  twenty-eight  per  cent,  went  to- 
wards 1896,  though  very  few  survived  the  winter.  In  natural  state  no  doubt 
many  of  these  pup.-o  live  throiigh  two  winters,  and  the  same  is  true  in  the  case 
of  other  Pacific  Papilios,  Jiutnlun,  Ddimm,  and  Zolkaon,  as  I  know  from  having 
bred  all  of  them. 

Mr.  Bruce  sent  me  a  statement  of  the  results  obtained  in  1894  and  1895  from 
the  pupa?  he  brought  home  from  Colorado.     Thus  :  — 

1.  Oregonia  pupii;  guvo  — 

1.  In  full  of  1894,  5  Hairdii  .4^,19. 

2  Ori'gania  :   \S  ,\   9  • 

2.  In  s|iriiig  of   18115,  It  Hairdii :  (,$  ,  .'i  9  • 

7  Oregonia  ;  4  ^  ,  .3  9  • 

2.  Hairdii,  first  brood  — 

1.  In  fall  of  1894,  7  Hairdii :  '>  S  ,  2  <i  . 

2  Oregonia  :  2   9  • 

2.  In  spring  of  189.'),  8  Hairdii  .0  ^  ,  29. 

4  Oregonia  .•4  9. 
8.  Hairdii,  second  brood  — 

1.  In  fall  of  1894,  S  Hairdii  .•39. 

1  Oregon  In  :  \  S  . 
1.  In  spring  of   1895,  5  Hairdii .  3 ,?  ,  2  9  . 
4  Oregonia:  2  J,  29. 

From  Oregonia,  fall  and  spring :  9  Oregonia,  14  Bairdii. 
From  Bairdii,  fall  and  spring:  11  Oregonia,  23  Bairdii. 

Total  :  Oregonia,  20  ;  Bairdii,  37.  Oregonia  being  to  Bairdii  as  1  to  1.85. 
More  Oregonia  in  proportion  than  came  from  the  three  broods  I  had. 


PAPILIO  IV. 


It  appears  that  each  of  the  six  broods  described,  2  of  Oregonia,  4  of  Bairdii, 
gave  examples  of  imago  of  its  own  form,  and  also  of  the  other  form. 

Some  of  the  examples  taken  at  Glenwood  Springs  were  typical  Bairdii  ;  that 
is,  they  cannot  be  distinguished  from  examples  taken  in  Arizona,  wliere  there 
are  no  Oreyunia  and  can  be  no  intermixture.  I3ut  most  differ  in  varying  degree 
from  the  type,  no  two  being  quite  alike;  they  are  gayer,  and  especially  so  be- 
neath, running  of?  to  IloUandii,  which  seems  to  be  the  extreme  of  variation. 

Scarcely  any  of  the  so-called  Oregonia  taken  or  bred  agree  fully  with  the  type, 
which  flies  wliere  there  are  no  Bairdii,  in  Washington  and  British  Columbia. 
They  are  modified  in  the  direction  of  Bairdii  in  several  particulars.  The  typical 
male  Oregonia,  on  the  upper  side,  has  (he  basal  area  of  the  fore  icings  thickly 
dusted  with  yellow  scales.  The  suhtnarginal  black  band  on  both  wings  also 
much  dusted  yellou).  Beneath,  the  base  of  cell  on  fire  icings  is  always  gray-yel- 
low ;  the  7U'n'es  and  hramhes  cf  both  icings  are  lightly  edged  with  black;  the 
submarginal  band  is  largely  covered  with  yellow  sccdes,  and  the  blue  on  hind 
wings  is  azure.  'The  abdomen  on  ventral  side  is  yellow,  with  a  thin  ventral  line  ; 
another  such  line,  subventral,  on  the  last  three  or  four  segments  ;  the  ventral  line 
forks  as  it  nears  the  thorax,  leaving  a  yellow  space  between  the  forks. 

The  female  has  the  base  of  fore  wing  as  thickly  dusted,  perhaps  more  so  ;  the 
submarginal  tiand  more  dusted.  Beneath,  like  the  male  ;  the  cell  nearly  solid 
yellow,  there  being  two  black  bars,  one  about  middle,  the  other  half  way  be- 
tween this  aid  the  arc.  The  ventral  side  of  abdomen  is  either  marked  by  two 
fine  black  lines,  or  these  are  wholly  wanting ;  on  the  side  a  narrow  stripe. 

1.  A  male,  so-called  Oregonia,  bred  from  eggs  laid  by  a  female  Bairdii,  is  very 
black  above,  a  *hin  dustinj,  of  yellow  scales  at  base  of  fore  wing  scarcely  de- 
tracting from  the  general  blackness  ;  and  the  submarginal  band  is  free  from  yel- 
low scales.  On  the  under  side  the  cell  from  arc  to  base  is  black,  excejitfor  a 
narrows  transverse  bar  just  inside  (he  arc,  and  another  at  two  fifths  the  distance 
from  arc  to  base.  The  nrrvures  on  both  wings  heavily  edged  with  black  ;  the 
blue  not  azure,  but  dark  (as  in  Bairdii).  The  lines  of  black  on  abdomen  are 
stripes  rather,  and  nex(  the  thorax  are  diffused,  making  a  broad  black  area. 

2.  A  male,  .so-called  Oregonia,  bred  from  egg  laid  by  a  female  of  same  type. 
This  is  blacker  than  No.  1,  the  yellow  dusting  more  scanty.  On  under  side  the 
cell  solid  black,  excepting  the  two  yellow  crossbars  at  and  near  the  arc ;  the 
penes  and  branches  heavily  edged  with  black ;  the  blue  dark  ;  the  black  stripes 
of  abdomen  confluent  next  thorax. 

In  a  female  corresponding  to  No.  2,  the  ventral  side  of  the  abdomen  is  nearly 
solid  black  ;  in  one  corresponding  to  No.  1,  the  four  stripes  are  heavy,  but  not 
quite  confluent. 


PAPILIO   IV. 


The  above  description  answers  for  all  the  examples  of  "o-called  Orctjoiiia 
which  I  have  breJ  from  either  same  type  of  female  or  from  L  drdii.  IJiit  1 
have  a  female  nearer  the  true  type  Orajonia  that  Mr.  Bruce  bred  from  egg 
laid  by  Baird'd,  1892,  and  which  came  out  of  pupa  in  March,  1893  ;  spoken  of 
in  Can.  P]nt.,  XXV.,  254.  This  has  the  ba.se  of  fore  wing  and  the  submarginal 
band  much  dusted  yellow ;  the  base  of  cell  beneath,  gray-yellow,  ending  near 
middle  of  the  cell  in  rays,  and  altogether  as  in  typical  Oreyonia;  the  nerves 
and  branches  lightly  edged  black  ;  the  submarg'nal  band  on  fore  wings  densely 
dusted,  making  it  a  yellow  band  rather ;  and  the  blue  is  azure.  Th>s  is  the 
nearest  example  to  true  Oregonia  of  all  the  bred  hybrids  which  1  have  seen. 

From  what  has  been  said,  it  must  be  evident  Uiat  the  so-called  Oreyonla  of 
Glenwood  Springs  is  not  the  true  Oregonia.  It  is  more  black,  le.ss  dusted  yel- 
low (on  both  sides)  ;  the  cell  of  under  fore  wings  black  (an  important  character); 
the  veins  beneath  all  more  heavily  edged  with  black;  the  blue,  dark  instead  of 
azure ;  i,ae  abdomen  rather  black  than  yellow  on  the  ventral  side.  That  is  not 
Oregonia,  but  a  distinct  type  of  ))utterfly,  which,  if  it  had  been  brought  in  from 
Arizona  by  the  Wheeler  Expedition,  would  have  been  pronounced  a  species.  It 
may  be  supposed  that  it  originated  in  the  mating  of  true  Oregonia  with  true 
Bairdii,  at  some  period  in  the  past.  Whether  the.se  two  specie.s,  pure  type,  now 
mingle  in  that  region,  I  cannot  say,  because  I  have  not  seen  a  pure  Oregonia 
which  was  taken  there.  As  to  Bairdii,  it  varies  so  much,  even  where  no  Ore- 
gonias  fly,  and  where  there  is  no  suggestion  of  intermixture,  tiiat  we  cannot  say 
what  the  pure  for..;  is.  These  butterflies,  as  they  now  appear  at  Glenwood 
Springs,  may  have  begun  their  career  as  hybrids  fifty,  or  one  hundred  and  fifty, 
or  five  hundred  years  ago.  —  no  one  can  guess  when  ;  there  has  been  evolved 
a  distinct  form,  allied  to  Oregonia.  This  form,  so  far  as  appears  a  permanent 
one,  I  called  Bkucei.  The  so-cjilled  Bob'dii  are  not  true  Bairdii,  but  at  pres- 
ent it  is  impossible  to  fix  upon  their  type,  because,  as  before  said,  no  two  of  them 
have  been  found  alike. 

The  larvae  from  eggs  of  the  Bairdii,  as  well  sis  tho.se  from  eggs  of  the  Brucei, 
were  of  the  Asterias  pattern  ;  in  the  first  three  stages  black,  or  brown-black, 
with  white  saddle-patch  on  7,  8,  0,  aid  dots  and  sn  all  spots  of  white  irregularly 
placed  on  dorsum  or  upper  part  of  .side,  no  two  individuals  being  quite  alike  in 
this  respect.  After  tiiird  moult,  green,  with  a  black  band  across  the  middle  of 
each  segment,  in  which  are  set  rounded  yellow  or  orange  spots ;  the  junctions  of 
the  segments  also  black.  The  green  of  Brucei  after  fourth  moult  was  bright 
yellow-green,  the  black  bands  narrow,  the  spots  a  rich  chrome.  Of  Bairdii,  a 
much  darker  green,  the  black  bands  wider,  the  spots  pale  yullov/.  Yet,  on  look- 
ing over  a  la.ge  number  of  the  larva?  of  each  form,  some  of  the  Bairdii  were 


PAPlLlvJ   IV. 


as  brilliant  as  the  others,  and  in  all  points  were  like  them.  This  might  be  ex- 
pected of  hybrid  larvae.  As  to  the  piipiB  I  could  see  no  difference  in  shape,  and 
all  were  in  general  as  in  the  Atiterias  group. 

Eggs  of  Brucei  laid   5th  July,  hatched   10th.      The  first  moult  was  passed 


14th  and  15th ; 
to  pass  fourth, 
August 


the  second 
30th  July; 


19th  and  20th;  the  first  to  pass  third  was  on  23d; 
the  first  pupa,  9th    August;   the  first  imago,  22d 


Length  of  the  egg  stage,  5  days. 
Length  of  first  larval  stage,  4  days. 
Length  of  second  larval  stage,  5  days. 
Length  of  third  larval  stage,  4  days. 
Length  of  fourth  larvai  Ktage,  7  days. 
Length  of  pupa  stage,  13  days. 
From  laying  of  egg  to  imago,  38  diiys. 


Eggs  of  Bairdii  laid  8th  July,  hatched  12th.  The  first  moult  was  passed 
17th  ;  the  second,  23d  ;  the  third,  27th  ;  the  fourth,  August  2d;  pupation,  12th 
August.     The  first  imago,  31st  August. 

Length  of  egg  stage,  4  days. 
Length  of  first  larval  stage,  5  days. 
Length  of  second  larval  stage,  6  days. 
Length  of  third  larval  stage,  4  days. 
Length  of  fourth  larval  stage,  6  days. 
Length  of  pupa  stage,  19  days. 
From  laying  of  egg  to  imago,  44  days. 

It  becomes  of  importance  to  know  the  distribution  of  P.  Bairdii  and 
OregonUi,  as  well  as  F.  Brucei  I  iiave  never  seen  an  Oregonia  from  Arizona, 
but  have  received  many  Bairdii  from  that  Territory ;  some  from  the  Wheeler 
expeditions,  some  from  Mr.  Morrison's  catcii.  On  the  other  hand,  Oregonia 
flies  in  British  Columbia,  east  of  the  Cascade  Range,  and  perhaps  in  other  dis- 
tricts. 

The  only  locality  that  I  have  been  able  by  correspondence  to  discover,  wht.i; 
Bairdii  and  Oregonia  have  both  been  found,  is  in  Squaw  Caiion,  Sioux  County, 
Nebraska.  Professor  H.  G.  Barber,  of  the  University  of  Nebraska,  at  Lincoln, 
wr(>te  me  that  an  Oregonia  was  taken  in  Squaw  Canon  in  1893,  and  an  example 
of  Bairdii  in  July,  1892  ;  in  different  years  it  will  be  noticed.  Another  specimen 
of  Oregonia,  Mr.  Barber  says,  was  taken  en  Lodge  Pole  Creek,  in  S.  E.  Wyo- 
ming, in  1893,  but  no  Bairdii.     Professor  C.  V.  Piper,  of  the  Washington  Agri- 


PAPILIO  IV. 


culturftl  College,  at  Pullman,  Wash.,  sent  ine  several  typical  Oregonia  taken 
there  and  in  the  near-by  district  in  Idaho;  but  he  had  seen  no  Bcdrdii 

We  were  exceedingly  desirous  of  obtaining  eggs  from  the  female  of  IloUandii, 
that  the  position  of  this  form  might  be  established.  Mr.  Bruce  brought  in  one 
female  on  3d  July,  but  it  laid  no  eggs,  and  died  in  confinement.  No  other  ex- 
ample was  taken,  and  only  two  males.  Therefore  we  learned  nothing  respecting 
tloUaiidi'i,  and  it  may  be  a  hybrid,  or  it  may  be  a  species.  Many  years  ago, 
I  received  a  female  of  it  from  southern  Arizona  by  one  of  the  Wheeler  expe- 
ditions, but  no  duplicate  of  it  or  male  of  it  was  thereafter  seen  until  Mr.  Bruce's 
explorations  in  Colorado.  Although  Oregonia  does  not  fly  in  southern  A.rizona, 
Zolicaon  does,  and  Hollandii  may  be  the  result  of  hybridism  between  that 
species  and  Bairdii.     I  hope  that  Mr.  Bruce  may  yet  determine  as  to  this. 


PAPILIO  V. 


PAPILIO  AJAX  (NO  plate). 

Papilin  Ajax,  Linnseus.    Forms  :   Walshii,  Edwards  ;  Telamonides,  Felder  ;  Marcellus,  Boisduval. 

In  Volume  I,  I  gave  all  the  history  of  Ajax  and  its  forms,  at  that  time,  1872, 
known  to  me.  During  the  years  that  have  followed,  I  have  repeatedly  bred  the 
larvae  from  eggs  laid  by  the  females  in  confinement  over  the  food  plant,  and 
now  give  some  of  the  observations  thus  made  ;  also  a  statement  of  the  effect 
which  has  been  produced  on  the  emerging  butterflies  by  subjecting  the  chrysalids 
to  a  low  temperature. 

The  summing  up  of  the  observations  of  1871  was,  that  Walshii  produced  all 
three  forms  the  same  year ;  that  Telamonides  produced  Marcelluti  the  same  sea- 
son ;  that  Maucellus  produced  successive  broods  of  3Iarcel/ns  the  same  season, 
and  occasionally  Telamonides,  and  that  its  latest  eggs  produced  Walshii  and 
Telamonides  in  the  following  spring  ;  and  that,  whenever  any  chrysalids  of  either 
of  the  broods  of  Marcellus  pass  the  winter,  they  produce  the  other  two  forms, 
and  probably  sometimes  Marcellus. 

I  would  now  modify  this  statement  as  follows :  Wai.siiii  produces  Marcellus 
the  same  season,  and  Walshii  and  Telamonides  the  next ;  Telamonides  produces 
Marcellus  the  same  season,  and  Walshii  and  Telamonides  the  next ;  and  the 
over-wintering  chrysalids  of  Marcellus  produce  both  the  other  forms,  and  some- 
times its  own  form. 

MarcelluH  appears  in  the  early  days  of  June,  but  in  some  years  fresh  individ- 
uals are  to  be  seen  in  numbers  the  entire  month.  I  consider  the  first  brood, 
therefore,  to  embrace  all  the  June  butterflies  of  this  form.  Those  of  the  first 
part  of  the  month  are  the  direct  descendants  of  the  early  Walshii  butterflies, 
those  of  the  later  part  of  the  month  have  come  from  the  late  Walshii  and  the 
early  Telamonides,  and  are  of  mixed  parentage.  The  second  brood  of  Marcellus 
butterflies  begin  to  appear  about  the  middle  of  July,  and  fresh  examples  are 
coming  from  chrysalis  up  to  the  end  of  the  first  week  in  August.     It  is  in  direct 


PAPILIO   V. 


descent  from  the  Liter  Tdamonides  and  the  first  individuals  of  the  first  brood 
of  MarceUiis,  and  is  of  mixed  descent.  The  third  brood  of  Murcellus  appears 
in  September,  and  the  first  one  directly  descended  from  MarceUus.  It  is  greatly 
restricted  in  number,  because,  as  the  season  progresses,  a  larger  part  of  the 
chrysalids  hibernate.  So  it  is  that  a  typical  MarceUus  is  comparatively  rare, 
and  is  reached  by  successive  gradations  from  Telamonides. 

Marcellus,  of  all  broods,  produces  il/rtr«'?/«s  the  same  season,  but  occasionally 
a  typical  I'ehimonkles  has  been  taken  (never  bred)  in  the  fall,  and  must  have  come 
'  'om  Marcellus.  One  instance  only  is  recorded  of  Wuhhii  having  produced  its 
own  form  the  same  year,  and  one  only  of  Walsh'd  having  so  produced  a  Tela- 
monides. But  eight  Marcellus  are  recorded  as  having  in  the  spring  emerged 
from  hibernated  chrysalids.  One  typical  Marcellus  was  taken  on  the  wing  in 
April.  Walshii,  whether  sprung  from  its  own  form,  or  from  either  of  the  other 
forms,  i.s  (1)  true  to  its  type,  —  the  tips  of  the  tails  squarely  white,  with  other 
points;  (2)  the  tips  and  a  little  way  up  the  sides  white,  after  the  manner  of  Tela- 
monides, other  points  between  Walshii  and  T'elamonides,  but  nearest  the  former. 
The  typical  Walshii,  tlierefore,  passes  by  one  grade  into  Telamonides.  Tela- 
MOXiDES,  from  whatever  parents,  is  rather  more  true  to  its  type  than  is  Walshii. 
The  early  Makcellus,  from  Walshii  and  Telamonides,  are  smaller  than  the 
later,  less  melanic,  ai.d  are  nearer  to  Telamonides.  The  typical  Marcellus  comes 
from  its  own  form.  There  is  a  regular  gradation  therefore  from  typical  Walshii 
to  typical  Marcellus. 

As  to  periods  of  flight,  the  earliest  and  latest  dates,  in  a  course  of  years,  at 
which  the  several  forms  have  been  observed  at  Coalburgh,  W.  Va.,  are  :  — 

1.  Walshii.  From  1872  to  1893.  with  the  exception  of  three  years,  the  first 
appearance  was  recorded ;  in  many  years,  the  last  individual  seen  was  made 
record  of. 


EARLIEST. 

1871 

1872,  April  11th. 

1873,  April    8tli. 

1874,  April  27tl). 

1875,  April    7th. 

1877,  March  23d. 

1878,  February  28th. 

1880,  early  in  March. 

1881,  April  19th. 

1882,  April    2d. 

1883,  April  20th. 

1885,  April  28th. 

1886.  April    9th. 


LATEST. 

May  I4lh. 
May  19tb. 


May  16  th. 
May  15  th. 
May  30th. 
May  2lHt. 


PAPILIO    V 

1887,  April    Uth. 

1888,  April     4tli. 

1889 

1890,  early  in  April. 

1801,  April  13th. 

1892 

1893,  April    7th. 

2.  Telamonides. 

E>.  KLIEBT. 

1871,  May  24th. 

1872,  April  29th. 

1874,  JL-iy  14  th. 

187.0,  May  27lh. 

1877,  May  18th. 

1878,  May    3d. 

1880,  May  19th. 

1886,  April  29th. 

1887,  April  23d. 

1889 

1893,  April  26th. 

3.  Marcellus. 

EARLIEST. 

1871,  .luiie    Ist. 

1872,  June    5th. 

1874,  June    fith. 

1880,  May  .'iOlh. 

1881,  June    7th. 

1893,  June    2d. 

May    3d. 
May  16th. 


May    6th. 


LATEST. 

June  9th. 
May  30th. 
June    6th. 


June  14th. 


Therefore  Walshii,  during  about  twenty  years,  has  been  seen  on  the  wing  as 
early  as  28th  February,  and  as  late  as  30th  May  ;  Telamonides,  as  early  as  23d 
April,  and  as  late  as  14th  June.  In  one  case  there  has  been  a  range  of  ninety- 
one  days,  in  the  other  of  fifty-two.  The  first  appearance  of  Wuhh'd  depends 
altogether  on  the  state  of  the  weather.  If  a  few  fine  days  come  in  March,  .some 
individuals  will  surely  appear ;  but  these  early  comers  are  almost  invariably  cut 
off  by  the  severe  weather,  cold,  with  snow  or  rain,  which  follows.  The  food 
plant,  Anona  triloba,  Pawpaw,  does  not  put  forth  the  first  flower  or  leaf-bud 
before  the  last  of  April.  The  flower  precedes  the  leaf,  and,  though  I  have 
never  observed  that  the  larvfo  eat  the  flower,  eggs  are  sometimes  to  be  found 
on  it,  and  even  on  the  woody  stems  of  the  plant,  before  the  opening  of  the 

leaf-buds. 

Telamonides  emerges  from  chrysalis  after  the  weather  is  comparatively  setr 


PAPILIO   V. 

tied,  and,  though  its  extreme  period  has  been  fifty-two  days,  in  any  one  year  it 
has  not  been  more  than  a  month.  The  Wulshii  brood  hips  over  on  the  Tela- 
monides,  and  the  latter  on  the  Murcelhis.  But  the  abundance  or  otherwise  of 
Marcellus  butterflies  in  June  depends  on  what  proportion  of  the  chrysalids  of 
the  other  forms  hibernate.  In  1893,  out  of  forty-five  chrysalids  from  eggs  laid 
by  Wulshii  in  April,  forty  went  over  to  the  next  year.  Out-of-doors  the  pro- 
portion must  have  been  much  tlie  same,  because  there  were  almost  no  Marcellus 
in  June.  But,  as  will  presently  appear,  often  nearly  all  the  chrysalids  of  the 
early  forms  give  butterflies. 

While  naturally  Walsh'd  precedes  Telamonidea,  it  has  been,  and  continues 
to  be,  a  puzzling  fact  that,  from  hibernated  chry.salids  of  the  three  forms,  Tela- 
monkles  butterfly  emerges  nearly,  and  often  quite,  as  early  as  Wulshii.  For 
several  years  I  was  in  the  habit  of  keeping  all  chrysalids  during  winter  in  a  cool 
room  in  the  house  ;  but  as  it  seemed  possible  that  the  air  of  the  house  might 
exercise  a  forcing  influence  on  them,  I  tried  keeping  the  chrysalids  out-of-doors. 
But  the  result  was  the  same,  and  the  fact  remains  unexplained.  I  give  the  out- 
come of  a  lot  of  chrysalids  in  1884,  bred  from  eggs  laid  by  Walshii  in  April, 
1883:  — 

Emerged  M.irch  1  Ith,  3  Wahhii  $  . 

Emerged  March  13tli,  1  Walshii  S, 

Emerged  March  17th,  1  Telamonides  $• 

Emerged  March  2(nli,  1  Telamonides  $  . 

Emerged  Marcli  21, St,  \  Telamovides  $  . 

Emerged  March  iUh,  1  Telamonidea  ^,19. 

Emeiged  March  2.5th,  1  9  . 

Result :  10  butterflies,  4  Wulshii  S ;  4  Telamonides  <? ,  2  ?  . 
From  a  lot  of  chrysalids  in  1892,  bred  from  eggs  of   Walshii  laid  in  April, 
1891,  emerged,  — 

March  25(h,  1  Walshii  $  . 

March  26th,  1  Wahhii  $  . 

March  27tli,  2  Walshii  S  . 

March  2Sth,  1  Walsh!!  S  . 

March  2!)th,  1  Walshii       9  ■ 

April    3d,  1  Telamonides      9  • 

April  11th,  1  Telamonidea      9- 

Result :  6  W(dshll,  5  c? ,  1  ?  ;  2  Telamonides  ?  . 

From  a  lot  of  chrysalids  in  1882,  bred  from  eggs  of  Telamonides  laid  22d 
May,  1881,  emerged, — 

April  6th,  1   Walshii  S  ■ 

April  7th,  1  Walshii        9  •  1  Telamonides       9  • 


PAPILIU    V. 

April    8tli,  1 

Walshii        9 . 

April    tttli,  2 

IVala/iii        9 . 

April  lOth, 

1  Telamonides  S . 

April  13ili, 

1  Telamonides  $  . 

April  14th,  1 

Walshii  S . 

April  loth, 

2  Telamonides          9  . 

April  17  th, 

1  Telamonides  S  . 

April  18th, 

1  Telnnwnides  ^  ,  4  9  . 

April  lllth, 

1  Telamonides  ^,19- 

April  22(1, 

1  Telamonides  $  . 

April  24th, 

2  Telamonides          9  • 

Result :  22  butterflies,      Walshii 

26, 

4?; 

16  Tehimonichs,  C)  S ,  10? 

From  a  lot'of  clirysalids  in  1881),  bred  from  eggs  laid  by  Telamonides,  28th 
May,  1886,  emerged,  — 

April    9th,  1  Walshii  $  . 

April  10th,                                                               3  Telamonides  9  • 

April  11th,  1  Walshii          9.                                   \  Telamonides  9- 
April  Iflth,                                                                   1  Telamonides  S. 

April  19th,                                                                   1  Telamonides  9  • 

April  22(1,                                                                    1  Telamonides  9 . 

Result,  9  butterflies:  2  Walshii,  1  (? ,  1  ?  ;  7  Telamonides,  IJ,  6(J. 

Many  observations  have  established  the  fact  that  as  a  rule,  with  bred  chrysalids, 
the  Walshii  butterflies  emerge  first,  and  the  Tektmonides  last;  but  there  are 
exceptions,  and  an  occasional  Telamonides  will  appear  between  two  Walshii. 

As  to  the  forms  of  the  butterfly  produced  by  hibernated  chrysalids :  — 

1.  Walshii  chrysalids, — 

Of  1871,  produced  in  1872,  ijo  Walshii,  13  Telamonides,  2  Marcellus. 
Of  1886,  produced  iu  1887,  11  Walshii,    6  Telamonides. 
Of  1887,  produced  in  1888,  12  Walshii,    3  Telamonides. 
Of  1891,  produced  in  1892,    6  Walshii,    2  Telamonides. 
Of  1893,  produced  in  1894,  15  Walshii,  20  Telamonides. 

2.  Telamonides  chrysalids,  — 

Of  1870,  produced  in  1871,  no  Walshii,  16  Telamonides. 
Of  1880,  produced  in  1881,  1  Walshii,  G  Telamonides. 
Of  1881,  produced  in  1882,  6  Walshii,  16  Telamonides. 
Of  1888,  produced  in  1889,  2  Walshii,  11  Telamonides. 
Of  1889,  produced  in  1890,   1  Walshii,  36  Telamonides. 

3.  Marcellus  chrysalids, — 

Of  1871,  produced  in  1872,  no  Walshii,  36  Telamonides,  3  Marcellus. 
Of  188"),  produced  in  1886,    1  Walshii,    2  Telamonides. 
Of  1887,  produced  in  1888,  16  Walshii,  32  Telamonides. 


PAPILIO    V. 

Therefore  five  lots  of  Walshii  chrysalids  have  produced  44  Walshii,  44  Tela- 
mon'ulc»,  2  Marcellus. 

Five  lots  of  Telamonides  clirysalids  have  prodviced  29  Walshii,  24  Telamon- 

ides,  2  MarveUas. 

Three  lots  of  Marcellus  have  produced  17  Walshii,  70  Telamonides,  3  Mar- 
cellus. 

The  two  united  forms  tend  to  produce  their  own  forms,  an<l  this  is  more 
decided  in  Telamonides  than  in  Walshii.  And  Marcellus  tends  to  produce 
Telamonides. 

As  to  the  proportions  of  the  several  broods  that  hibernate  :  — 
1.  Walshii  :  — 

Of  70  clirysalids  from  eggs  laid  April,  1871,  62  gave  butterflies  the  same  year,  1  died,  7  hiber- 
nated. 
Of  .'{1  chrysalids  from  eggs  laid  May  23,  1871,  17  gave  butterflies  the  same  year,  14  hibernated. 
Of  20  chrysalid.s  from  eggs  laid  April  22,  1883,  6  gave  butterflies  the  same  year,  14  liibernated. 
Of  27  clirysalids  from  eggs  laid  April  20,  IS'.tl,  12  gave  butterflies  the  same  year,  15  hibernated. 
Of  45  chrysalids  from  eggs  laid  April  20,  1893,    5  gave  butterflies  the  same  year,  40  hibernated. 


2.  Telamonides  :  — 


Of  C  clirysalids 
Of  23  chrysalids 
Of  17  chrysalids 
Of  10  chrysalids 
Of  2(5  chrysalids 
Of  1.')  chrysalids 
Of  12  chrysalids 
Of  38  chrysalids 
Of  24  chrysalids 


from 
from 
from 
from 
from 
from 
from 
from 
from 


eggs 


egga 
eggs 
eggs 
eggs 


laid  May  16, 
laid  .lune  2, 
laid  May  27, 
laid  May  28. 
laid  May  — , 
laid  May  29. 
laid  May  22, 
laid  June  7, 
laid  .Tune  14, 


1870, 
1870, 
1871, 
1871, 
1881, 
1887, 
1888, 
1889, 
1891, 


6  gave 
22  gave 

7  gave 
4  gave 
4  gave 

14  gave 
2  gave 
1  gave 
9  gave 


butterflies  the 
butterflies  the 
butterflies  the 
butterflies  the 
butterflies  the 
butterflies  the 
butterflies  the 
butterfly  the 
butterflies  the 


same 
same 
same 
same 
same 
same 
same 
same 
same 


year, 
year, 
year, 
year, 
year, 
year, 
year, 
year, 
year. 


1  hibernated. 
10  hibernated. 

6  hibernated. 
22  hibernated. 

1  hibernated. 
10  hibernated. 
37  hibernated. 
1.5  hibernated. 


3.  Marcellus.     1.  First  brood. 

Of  76  chrysalids  from  eggs  laid  June  1  to  June  4,  1871,  36  gave  butterflies  the  same  year,  40  hi- 
bernated. 


Of  f)  chrysalids  from  eggs  laid  June  7,  1870, 
Of  14  chrysalids  from  eggs  laid  July  1,  1870, 
Of  32  chrysalids  from  eggs  laid  June  — ,  1886, 
Of  50  chrysalids  from  eggs  laid  June  — ,  1887, 


4  gave  butterflies  the  same  year,  1  hibernated. 
8  gave  butterflies  the  same  year,  6  hibernated. 
1  gave  butterfly  the  same  year,  31  hibernated. 
4  gave  butterflies  the  same  year,  46  hibernaled. 


2.  Second  brood. 

Of  19  chrysalids  from  eggs  laid  early  in  July,  1887,  6  gave  butterflies  the  same  year,  13  hiber- 
nated. 

Of  42  chrysalids  from  eggs  laid  July  29,  1871,  13  gave  butterflies  the  same  year.  29  hibernated. 

Of  2  chrysalids  from  eggs  laid  early  in  August,  1870,  1  gave  butterfly  the  same  year,  1  hiber- 
nated. 


PAPILR)    V. 

3.  Third  brood. 
Of  57  clirysalids  from  eggs  laid  in  September,  1885,  57  hlbenmted. 

Therefore,  of  clirysulids  of  Walxh'u  in  several  yenra,  102  gnve  biittcrfiips  the 
same  year,  !)0  hibernated.  Of  chryMaHd.s  of  7\l(aiioiii(Us,  OU  gave  biitterlhes  the 
same  year,  102  hibernated. 

Of  chryMalida  of  3I(trcelhts  of  first  brood,  17  gave  butterflies  the  same  year, 
84  hibernated  ;  of  second  brood  20  gave  butterflies  the  same  year,  4.3  hiber- 
nated ;  of  third  brood,  all  (57)  hibernated. 

The  foregoing  statement  explains  why,  in  some  years,  Murcellns  abounds  in 
June,  and  why,  in  others,  few  examples  are  to  be  seen.  In  1893,  Wahh'd  was 
unusually  abundant  during  the  last  three  weeks  of  Ajiril,  and  resorted  to  the 
lilacs  and  wild-plum  trees,  all  which  were  in  full  bloom.  On  2Gth,  1  took 
eight  females,  and  28th,  nine  nu)re,  and  confined  them  all  for  eggs.  Most  of  them 
were  killed,  however,  by  a  two  oay.s'  cold  rainstorm ;  but  about  threescore  eggs 
in  all  were  laid,  from  which  in  time  came  4")  clirysalids.  From  these  chrysalids 
only  five  butterflies  came  that  yeai-.  Out-of-doors  there  were  scarcely  any  ^l/«/-- 
ciilhis  to  be  seen  during  Juno,  and  the  wild  pupnc  of  the  early  fortns  must  nearly 
all  have  hibernated.  Of  course  this  state  of  things  restricted  the  number  of 
Marcellus  flying  later  in  the  year. 

As  to  color  of  chrysalids  of  the  different  forms :  — 

1.  Walsiiii. 

Of  36  chrysalids  3  were  green,  33  brown. 
Of  15  clirysalids  5  were  green,  10  brown. 
Of  .31  clirysalid.s  4  were  green,  27  brown. 
Of  20  chrysalids  7  were  green,  13  brown. 
Of  14  chrysalid.9  0  were  green,  8  brown. 
Of  4C  chrysalids  12  were  green,  31  brown. 

Therefore,  of  162  chrysalids  37  were  green,  125  brown ;  or  23  per  cent,  were 
green,  77  per  cent,  brown. 

2.  Telamonides. 

Of  18  chrysijlids  7  were  green,  6  brown. 
Of  10  chrysalids  2  were  green,  17  brown. 
Of  38  chrysalids  2  were  green,  36  brown. 
Of  14  chrysalids  6  were  green,    8  brown. 

Therefore,  of  84  chrysalids  17,  or  20  per  cent.,  were  green  ;  67  or  80  per  cent., 
brown. 


PAPILIO    V. 


,**5!'' 


3.  Mahcei.lus, — 

Of  50  cInTHulids  3  were  green,  6  per  cent.  ;  and  47,  or  94  per  cent.,  brown. 

WIkmi  tlu'  winter  forms  einergo  from  cliryHiili.s,  tlio  eggs  are  unformed  in  the 
ovaries.  On  the  other  liand,  when  Marccllux  emerges  in  June  and  hiter  months, 
tlio  eggs  are  fully  formed,  though  not  hard,  and  in  a  very  few  days  are  ripe  for 
laying.  The  females  are  paired  almost  at  once  on  escaping  from  chry.siilis,  and 
while  the  wings  are  yet  limp.  In  every  instance  where  1  have  taken  a  pair  in 
copulation,  the  male  has  been  old  and  worn.  During  the  period  of  emergence, 
the  males  may  be  .seen  in  numbers  coursing  up  and  down  in  the  thickets  close  to 
ground,  in  search  of  the  females,  and  .several  nuiles  may  be  seen  fluttering  about 
one  female.  The  young  males  stand  no  chance  at  all  in  competition  with  the 
older  ones.  The  former  are  for  some  hours  limp  of  wing  and  weak,  and  before 
their  wings  are  dry  the  eager  crowd  of  elderly  suitors  have  carried  off  the  prize. 
It  must  result  that  many  males  never  have  the  opportunity  of  pairing,  and  these 
live  after  the  rest  of  their  generation  have  disappeared. 

I  have  in  .several  years  made  experiments  on  the  effect  of  cold  applied  to  the 
chrysalids  of  A.iax,  originally  led  thereto  by  Dr.  August  Weismann's  observa- 
tions on  seasonal  dimorphism  in  his  Studien  zur  Dcscendenz-Theorie,  1875.  My 
observations  were  publi.shed  in  the  Canadian  Entomologi.st,  Vols.  VII.,  1875,  and 
IX.,  1877  ;  also  in  Psyche,  Vol.  III.,  1880.  Mr.  Ra])hael  Meldola,  in  his  tran.sla- 
tion  of  Ur.  Weismann's  work,  London,  18H0,  Part  I.,  Appendix  2,  has  recited  so 
much  of  these  as  were  found  in  the  Can.  Ent.  As  many  readers  of  the  Butter- 
flies of  North  America  have  seen  neither  the  papers  spoken  of  nor  Mr.  Meldola's 
book,  I  will  give  here  the  substance  of  the  observations  made. 

In  June,  1875,  122  chrysalids  were  obtained  from  eggs  laid  by  Tdamonidea 
females  late  in  May.  These,  as  fast  as  formed,  were  placed  on  ice  in  the  refrig- 
erator in  a  wooden  box,  and  were  so  kept  till  20th  July.  I  then  had  to  leave 
home  for  a  few  weeks,  and  sent  the  box  to  tho  ice-house  with  directions  to  place 
it  on  the  surface  of  the  ice.  This  it  seems  was  not  done,  but  it  was  .set  on  straw 
near  the  ice,  with  the  result  that  the  chrysalids  were  subjected  to  a  less  degree 
of  cold  than  was  desirable.  I  returned  20th  August,  and  learned  that  the  ice 
in  the  house  had  just  failed.  The  chry.salids  had  been  subjected  to  a  low  degree 
of  cold  in  the  refrigerator  for  three  or  four  weeks,  and  in  the  ice-house  to  a 
lesser  degree,  and  which  must  have  been  daily  diminishing  as  the  volume  of  ice 
decreased.  That  the  .severity  of  the  cold  had  not  been  sufficient  to  prevent  the 
emerging  of  the  butterflies  was  apparent  when  I  opened  the  box,  for  there  were 
discovered  a  number  of  dea(^  ones,  which  had  died  as  soon  as  they  had  come  out, 
the  wings  being  unexpanded.    But  one  butterfly  was  alive,  just  out  of  its  chrysa- 


PAPILK)    V 


lis,  and  this  proved  to  bo  a  typical  'I'vhimnnidix.  Tho  nMiiainiiii,'  clirysulid.s  wore 
brougiit  ill-doors,  mid  tliu  next  day  three  7'i /itnioiiidcs  eiuerjfed.  Hy  itli  Seplein- 
ber,  fourteen  of  the  saino  form  had  appeared.  After  that  date  a  few  I'ehDiioii!- 
den  came  at  interval.s  up  to  liOth  September  ;  but,  out  of  twenty-Mix  butlerllie.H 
between  4tli  and  I5tii,  twelve  were  intermediate  bctwi^en  I'lhoiionUlin  and  Mar- 
celliiti  (that  is,  they  were  incoiiipletcly  ciiaiiged  by  the  cold),  some  approaciiiiig 
one,  some  the  other,  more  nearly.  On  4th  September,  the  first  example  wholly 
MdrcellKx  a])peared,  and  one  such  followed  on  each  day,  the  (Jtli.  Sih,  |;!th,  and 
loth  ;  a  single  example  between  'I'vlntnoiildcx  and  Wids/tii  appeared  .'id  Septem- 
ber, the  tails  srpiarely  white-tipped,  but  in  size  and  other  points  a  7'i/niHoiiidfn. 
From  l")th  Septeml)er  to  3d  October,  ten  Mdrcellux  appeared,  and  two  which 
were  between  that  form  and  TvhiininiidiK.  The  last  emergence  was  on  the  Kith 
October.  So  that  the  whole  jjcriod  of  emerging  after  the  box  was  brought  from 
the  ico-houae  was  fifty-.seven  days,  and  it  had  commenced  some  time  before  that 
occurred,  as  was  evident  by  the  dead  butterflies.  The  natural  period  of  the 
chrysalids  of  such  examples  of  Ajdx  as  emerge  the  first  season  is  about  eleven 
days,  .save  that  occasionally,  but  very  rarely,  a  butterfly  has  been  known  to  come 
out  after  a  period  of  from  four  to  .six  weeks.  h\  the  present  case  the  cold  had 
produced  great  irregularity  in  the  duration  of  the  stage.  In  all,  fifty  butterflies 
emerged  between  the  20th  of  August  and  IGth  October,  as  follows  :  — 


Trl<imoii!ih:i,  typit'iil. 
Between   Tehi  mini  ides  nud  U'als/iii, 
Bt^twnon    Telnmnniih'.i  iiikI  Mitrrclliia, 
Between   Telaiiiiiiiiilea  and  Miircellits, 

Mnrrelliis, 


nearest  the  former, 
neurost  tlie  luttor, 


22 
1 
7 
9 

11 


Great  uniformity  was  ob.servablG  in  the  size  of  all  these  butterflies,  their  aver- 
age being  that  of  the  usual  TclmnonidcH.  The  Mnrcelhis,  in  addition  to  the 
somewhat  reduced  size,  had  almost  invariably  shorter  and  narrower  tails  than  in 
the  type  ;  and,  instead  of  the  single  crimson  anal  spot,  nearly  all  had  two  spots, 
often  large.  Most  of  the  chrysalids  which  survived  the  season  died  during  the 
winter  (and  that  was  due  to  the  cold  they  had  been  subjected  to,  for  chrysalids 
of  this  species  do  not  die  in  the  winter),  and  there  was  but  one  emergence  in  the 
next  spring,  a  male  Wahhii,  on  '2d  March. 

It  seemed  a  proper  conclusion  from  this  experiment  that  the  butterflies  which 
emerged  from  the  chrysalids  subjected  to  cold  would  have  done  so  in  their  natu- 
ral state,  and  that  the  effect  of  cold  was  not  to  precipitate  tbe  emerging  of  any 
which  would  have  slept  till  the  next  spring.  And,  as  all  which  would  naturally 
have  emerged  the  first  season  would  have  taken  the  form  Marcellus,  the  cold  had 
changed  a  large  part  of  them  to  Telamonides,  that  is.  to  a  spring  form.     The 


PAPILIO   V. 

intermediate  examples  were  probably  from  chrysalids  which  had  experienced  a 
lesser  degree  ot  cold  ;  and  several  chrysalids  experienced  cold  enough  to  retard 
their  emergence  of  the  butterfly,  though  not  enough  to  change  the  form. 

In  May,  1S78,  I  placod  many  chrysalids  from  eggs  laid  by  Wtdsh'd  in  the  ice- 
box, temperature  about  33'^  Far.  The  youngest  were  but  ten  to  fifteen  minutes 
from  pupation  and  were  still  .soft ;  others  were  addec'  at  intervals  up  to  twtnty- 
four  hours  from  pupation  ;  and  others  at  two  and  r'^ree  days,  and  so  on  to  eight 
days.  (The  chrysalis  in  this  species  becomeh  hard  at  about  twelve  hours.)  All 
were  removed  from  the  box  at  the  same  time.  The  exposuve  had  been  from 
five  days  to  nineteen  days.  I  wished  to  deteririne  if  possible  whether,  in  order 
to  effect  any  change,  it  was  npces.sary  that  cold  should  be  applied  immediately 
after  pupation,  or  if  one  or  several  days  might  intervene  between  pupation  and 
icing.  Inasmuch  as  no  color  bej^ins  to  show  itself  in  the  imago  till  a  few  hours, 
or  at  most  but  a  day  or  two,  before  emergence,  I  thought  it  possible  that  cold 
applied  shortly  before  that  time  might  be  quite  as  effective  as  if  applied  earlier, 
and  particularly  very  soon  after  pupation.  The  result  was  tiiat  more  than  half 
the  yoiuiger  chrysalids  died  ;  one  which  had  been  exposed  at  ten  minutes,  tv.o 
at  one  hour,  one  at  two,  t-,vo  at  three  hours.  On  the  other  hand,  one  expo.sed 
at  fifteen  minutes,  oni  at  two  hours,  and  one  at  twelve  hours,  gave  butterflies. 
On  the  fourteenth  day  after  removing  the  chrysalids,  a  Telarionides  emerged 
from  a  chry.salis  placed  in  the  ir^c-box  three  days  after  pupation  and  exposed 
sixteen  days.  On  the  lUth  day,  emerged  one  TelcDiwitldex  near  lu  Wnhh'd  from 
a  chrysalis  placed  in  the  box  twelve  liours  from  pupation  ar^l  kept  there  eleven 
days.  Oh  the  19th  day,  also  emerged  i.  Walsh'd  out  of  a  chry.salis  two  hours 
old,  O'  the  \cf.  eleven  days.  All  the  rest  emerged  unchanged  Marcellus,  but  at 
periods  prolonged  in  a  surprising  way  :  — 


One  on  43d  day,  exposed  at  15  minutes. 

One  on  4Gth  day,  exposed  at  2  hours. 

One  on  53d  day,  exposed  at  24  hours. 

One  on  G2d  day,  exposed  at  6  days. 

One  on  G3d  day,  exposed  at  4  day.s. 

One  on  66th  day,  exposed  at  7  days. 

One  on  77th  day,  exposed  at  4  days. 

One  on  Slst  day.  exposed  at  12  hours. 

Cne  on  91st  day,  exposed  "t  5  days. 

One  on  96th  day,  exposed  at  19  hours. 

Fiv,  chrysalids  hibernated,  and  all  produced  Telamonidea  the  next  spring. 


PAPILIO   V. 


In  June,  1879,  I  obtained  eggs  of  Marcellus,  and  in  due  time  had  one  hundred 
and  four  clirjsahds.  Of  these,  thirty-five  were  placed  in  the  ice-box  at  from 
twelve  to  twenty -four  hours  after  pupation,  dividing  tliem  into  throe  lots,  —  first, 
nine  chrysalids,  which  ware  kept  on  the  ice  fourteen  days  ;  second,  twelve  kept 
on  ice  tvi'enty  days ;  third,  eleven  on  ice  twenty-five  days.  Of  the  sixty-nine 
iiot  exposed  to  cold,  thirty-four  gave  butterflies  at  from  eleven  to  fourteen  days 
from  pupation ;  and  one  only  had  the  stage  protracted,  and  that  to  about  twenty- 
two  days  beyond  the  usual  period.  I  reserved  these  chrysalids  in  order  to  com- 
pare the  butterflies  that  might  come  from  them  with  the  butterflies  from  the  iced 
ones.  From  the  first  lot  emerged  four  females  at  eight  and  one  half  to  nine  and 
one  half  days  after  removal  from  the  ice,  and  five  chrysalids  hibernated.  Two 
of  the.se  females  were  clearly  Marcellus  ;  one  was  intermediate  between  that  form 
and  Telamonkles  ;  the  fourth  was  a  cripple,  unexpanded,  and  was  rejected.  From 
the  second  lot  came  one  male  and  five  females  at  eight  to  nine  days,  another 
female  at  forty  days,  and  five  chrysalids  hibernated.  Three  of  these  butterflies 
were  Telamonides,  one  Marcelhis,  two  intermediate.  From  the  third  lot,  ex- 
posed twenty-five  days,  came  four  females  at  from  nine  to  twelve  days,  another 
male  at  fiftv-four  days,  and  six  chrysalids  were  killed.  Two  of  these  butterflies 
were  typical  Telamonides  in  everything  but  shape,  and  that  was  Marcellus ;  two 
were  cripples. 

In  shape  all  the  butterflies  of  the  three  lots  were  Marcellus,  the  wings  pro- 
(  iced,  the  tails  long.  It  appeared  that  the  clirysalids  exposed  twenty-five  days 
gave  butterflies  that  were  fully  changed  ;  of  those  exposed  twenty  days,  three 
were  fully  changed,  two  partly,  one  not  at  all.  At  fourteen  days,  one  was  partly 
changed,  two  not  at  all.  Comparing  the  butterflies  from  the  iced  chrysalids  with 
those  which  came  the  same  season  from  chrysalids  not  iced,  the  former  had  the 
colors  more  intense,  the  black  deeper,  the  light  more  decidedly  green,  the  black 
bands  narrower,  the  green  bands  wider ;  the  marginal  green  lunules  on  the  hind 
wings  larger  ;  the  crimson  spot  generally  large,  double,  and  confluent,  and  some- 
times edged  on  the  basal  side  by  w'.ite.  All  these  changes  were  in  the  direction 
of  the  winter  forms,  and  especially  of  Telamonides. 

That  the  effect  of  cold  was  not  simply  to  precipitate  the  emergence  of  the 
winter  forms,  making  the  butterflies  which  in  natural  state  would  have  left  their 
chrysalids  in  the  succeeding  spring  to  emerge  in  the  first  season,  is  evident  from 
the  fact  that  the  shape  was  always  that  of  the  su\amer  form,  or  Marcellus,  while 
the  markings  and  coloration  were  of  the  wint<  .  forms.  On  the  other  hand,  those 
iced  chrysalids  which  hibernated  gave  butterflies  of  the  winter  form,  as  if  they 
had  not  been  subjected  to  cold,  one  Walshii,  six  Telamonides.  The  longer  the 
exposure  under  a  low  temperature  the  more  decided  was  the  change,  but  twenty- 


PAPILIO   V. 

five  or  thirty  days  proved  sufficient  in  many  cases.  Changes  were  produced  at 
twenty,  sixteen,  and  eleven  days,  but  none  where  the  exposure  was  less  than 
eleven.  But  exposure  at  eight  days  and  less  tended  to  prolong  the  chrysalis 
period  in  some  cases.  The  longest  interval  between  pupation  and  exposure  to 
the  cold  when  any  change  resulted  was  three  days  ;  in  all  instances  beyond  that 
time  there  was  no  change.  The  shortest  interval  when  any  change  resulted  was 
two  hour.s,  and  in  this  one  case  the  butterfly  came  out  Wahhli,  which  is  a 
change  more  extreme  than  to  Telamonides.  Most  chrysalids  exposed  so  early, 
however,  were  killed  ;  but  after  about  twelve  hours,  at  which  time  the  chrysalis 
has  become  hardened,  and  up  to  twenty-four  hours,  seems  to  be  the  best  time  for 
application  of  cold. 


NEOPIIASIA  I. 


NEOPHASIA   MENAPIA,   Felder  (no  plate). 

Edwftrds,  Butt.  N.  A.,  J,  Vol.  I.,  p.  27,  j)l.  8.  1S71 ;  9,  id.,  Suppl.  Notes.  1872;  Ilonry  Edwards,  Proc.  Cal. 
Acad.  Nat.  Sui.,  Vol.  V.,  p.  IG.'i.  lH7a;  Mead,  Report  Wheeler  Kxpcdn.,  Vol.  V.,  p.  74.S.  187,5;  Stretch, 
Papilio,  Vol.  II.,  p.  103.  1882;  Hi>gen,  Proc.  Boston  Soc.  Nat.  Hist.,  Vol.  XXII.,  p.  134.  1882 ;  Fletcher, 
Kep.  Agrie.,  Canada,  1895,  p.  126. 

Tni.s  butterfly,  through  ita  larvoe,  infe.sts  the  pine  woods  of  the  Pacific  Slope, 
and  is  found  in  small  numbers  as  far  east  as  the  eastern  or  front  range  of  the 
Rocky  Mountains.  Mr.  Stretch  observed  the  species  in  July,  1882,  in  Wash- 
ington Territory,  nccar  Spokane  Falls,  finding  the  larvas  and  the  pupa3  "on  the 
trunks  of  pine-trees  in  immense  numbers,  say  not  less  than  from  two  to  three 
hundred  within  six  feet  of  the  ground."  A  few  days  hiter  he  discovered  in 
another  locality  that  the  butterflies  were  emerging  from  chrysalis.  "  I  took 
probably  seventy  specimens  in  a  few  minutes,  and  over  one  hundred  and  fifty  in 
course  of  the  day,  and  it  would  have  bee  <asy  to  make  the  number  fifteen 
hundred."     At  Brown's  "  the  air  was  alive  'mtterflies."    The  area  visited  by 

the  party  of  which  Mr.  Stretch  was  a  member  extitids  alumt  twenty-five  miles 
north  and  south,  and  in  tliis  region  all  the  yellow  pit  -i  have  been  nearly  or 
totally  stripped  of  their  foliage,  as  well  as  many  of  tlio  smaller  specie.-  cf  coni- 
ferae."  It  looked  as  if  "  fire  had  scorched  fhe  tops  of  the  trees,  so  bruwn  and 
withered  did  they  look,"  etc.  "  The  butterfly,  when  just  out  of  chrysalis,  is  one 
of  the  most  beautiful  of  its  race,  and  fragile  in  the  extreme,  .soon  losing  its  frc  h- 
ne8.s.  Copulation  takes  place  almost  directly  after  emergence,  oftfti  before  the 
wings  are  dry.  A  female  found  in  copula  in  the  morning  was  imprisoned  about 
two  o'clock  on  a  pine  fascicle,  and  by  six  o'clock  had  laid  sixteen  eggs  in  a  con- 
tinuous row.  These  were  pale  green,  ovate,  with  a  small  white  cor'  'ot  or 
raised  circular  ridge  at  the  top."  Mi.  Stretch  was  a.ssured  that  flu  lerflies 
seen  by  him  were  the  earliest  of  the  year,  but  whether  there  was  a  8«icoud  brood 
or  not  he  could  not  tell. 


NEOPHASIA    I. 

Mr.  W.  G.  Wright,  in  1891,  observed  Menapiu  in  northeastern  California,  and 
sent  me  eggs  which  were  hiid  on  2',>th  August.  In  the  regions  described  by  both 
these  gentlemen  there  must  ho  two  annual  broods.  The  eggs  are  laid  on  the 
])ine  leaves  from  a  few  to  as  high  a  number  as  thirty-two  (according  to  Mr. 
Stretch). 

Mr.  James  Fletcher,  in  his  Report,  says  that  he  encountered  Menapla  on  or 
about  the  21st  July,  189o,  in  southern  British  Columbia,  the  caterpillar  feeding 
on  the  foliage  of  Pinus  ponderosa.  He  remarks  that  on  Vancouver's  Island  the 
species  is  equally  abundant,  and  more  injurious  apparently  on  the  Douglass  Fir, 
Pseudotsuga  Douglasii.  In  the  Okanagan  Valley  these  butterflies  were  seen  in 
countless  numbers  Hying  around  the  Douglass  firs.  The  caterpillars  let  them- 
selves down  from  the  tops  of  tall  trees  by  means  of  silken  threads,  some  of  which 
must  have  been  of  the  length  of  one  hundred  feet  or  more.  The  chrysalids  were 
found  on  the  tnidorgrowth,  ferns,  shrubs,  etc.,  in  large  numbers.  Fortunately, 
a  parasitic  ichneumon  fly,  Theronia  fulvescens,  was  seen  depredating  on  the 
larvae. 

Mr.  Wright  sent  me  many  eggs  of  Menxpia  which  were  laid  29th  August.  I 
supposed  that,  as  in  the  case  of  iill  the  Pierid  eggs  I  had  made  the  acquaintance 
of,  they  would  hatch  presently;  but  as  they  did  not,  aft?v  some  weeks  had  passed, 
I  put  them  out-of-doors  for  the  winter.  They  were  brought  into  the  house  24th 
of  March  next,  and  certainly  were  then  alive.  The  larvje  in  a  few  days  could 
be  seen  through  the  now  transparent  .shells,  Ijiit  every  one  died  without  chipping 
the  egg.  I  had  better  success  with  the  eggs  which  Mr.  Fletcher  sent  me,  and 
which  he  wrote  were  laid  29th  July.  Th"y  were  exposed  to  the  weather,  under 
an  open  shed,  and  hatched  April  5th  to  7th,  1896.  1  gave  the  larvje  Scotch  pine. 
They  fed  in  ckusters,  as  many  as  could  lie  close  together  encircling  the  leaf,  their 
heads  making  a  ring  of  black  beads ;  and  others  were  clustering  close  below. 
They  eat  the  fle.'^hy  part  of  the  leaf,  leaving  the  fibre  or  core.  After  the  first 
moult  the  entire  leaf  was  eaten.     This  gregarious  habit  holds  to  the  last  stage. 


Egg.  —  Flask-shaped,  with  rounded  bottom  ;  the  height 
to  the  breadth  nearly  as  1  to  2  ;  thickest  a  little  below 
the  middle,  the  bottom  very  slitrlitly  flattened  ;  sloping 
evenly  to  the  top,  which  is  narrow,  (lepres.scd  ;  marked  by 
from  twenty  to  twenty-two  .slight,  thin,  vertical  ribs,  run- 
ning from  the  top  to  about  one  sixth  the  distance  from  the 
bottom,  and  there  disappearing ;  around  the  top  is  a  circle 
of  porcelain-white  bead-like  knobs,  varying  in  number  from 
eight  to  eleven  ;  color  emerald  green.  (Cut  a,  eggs  as  laid 
on  leaf ;  h,  egg  enlarged  ;  r.  knobs  at  top.) 


^^^^i 


NEOPHASIA   I. 


Young  Larva.  —  Length,  at  one  day  from  the  egg,  .12  inch  ;  cylindrical,  the 
anterior  segments  thickoued,  and  tapering  much  from  2  to  5,  after  which  slightly 
to  12,  then  rapidly  to  13,  which  is  somewhat  llattened  and  ends  roundly  ;  on  2  an 
olive,  chitinous,  slightly  corrugated  patch,  cut  in  two  on  the  mid-dorsal  line  ; 
each  half  irregularly  trapezoidal ;  the  anterior  side  longest ;  on  each  of  the  halves 
three  tubercles  and  hairs  in  triangle,  two  to  the  front,  the  other  at  the  extreme 
rear  ;  on  3  and  4,  on  middle  of  each,  a  cross  row  of  four  tubercles  and  hairs, 
dorsal  and  sub-dorsal  ;  lower  down,  two  lateral  tubercles  on  3  (as  there  were  also 
on  2),  but  only  one  on  4  ;  after  4  the  tubercles  are  placed  in  triangles,  the  dorsal 
one  near  the  front  of  the  segment,  the  sub-dorsal  near  the  rear,  the  lateral  mid- 
way between  the  other  two ;  below  the  spiracles,  a  row  of  smaller  tubercles,  and 
finer,  shorter  hairs,  one  on  2  in  Hue  with  the  two  laterals,  one  on  3  and  4  each, 
lower  down,  and  in  middle  of  the  segment;  this  line  is  continued  to  13,  but  after 
4  there  is  a  second  tubercle  back  of  the  other  and  higher  \ip ;  over  each  foot  one 
minute  hair,  and  on  13  three  such  at  base  of  the  anal  leg  ;  all  the  body  tubercles 
black,  conical,  the  hairs  from  them  tapering,  black  ;  around  each  tubercle  an 
outer  circle  of  olive  color,  slightly  raised  above  the  surface;  color  of  body  yellow- 
green,  with  a  tint  of  brown  ;  head  considerably  broader  than  2,  rather  high  in 
proportion  to  its  width,  obovoid,  with  tubercles  and  hairs  similar  to  those  on 
body,  seven  on  each  lobe ;  color  black,  shining. 

Mrs.  Peart  writes  of  the  young  larva  :  "  It  has  a  larger  head  in  proportion  to 
the  body  than  any  Pierid  I  have  seen  ;  the  hairs  in  number  and  arrangement 
same  as  in  Anthocharis  Gemitia.  The  tubercles,  however,  are  smaller  at  base 
than  in  that  species  ;  the  hairs  taper  to  the  tip,  where  there  is  a  slight  broad- 
ening, making  a  blunt  ending."     Duration  of  this  stage,  about  eight  days. 

After  first  moult:  length  at  one  day,  .15  inch;  nearly  .same  shape;  all  the 
body  thickly  covered  with  fine  tubercles  and  hairs  ;  13  ending  in  two  short,  blunt 
projections,  the  space  between  deeply  incurved  (this  form  of  13  holds  to  the  last 
stage) ;  color  yellowish  with  a  tint  of  brown  ;  feet  black  ;  head  honey-yellow, 
clouded  black  on  the  upper  half.     Duration  of  this  stage,  about  six  days. 

After  second  rioult :  length  at  eighteen  hours,  .26  inch  ;  same  shape  ;  same 
tubercles  and  hairs  ;  color  yellow-green  ;  traces  ajipear  of  a  white  sub-dorsal 
stripe  and  basal  band  ;  under  side  paler  green  ;  feet  black  ;  at  base  of  each  pro- 
leg  a  black  patch  ;  head  shaped  as  before,  brown-green  or  yellow-green.  Dura- 
tion of  this  stage,  about  six  days. 

After  third  moult :  length  at  one  day,  .4  inch  ;  same  shape  ;  13  now  ends  in 


NEOPHASIA    I. 

two  short,  blunt  tails,  the  space  between  a  little  incurved  ;  color  yellow-green ; 
the  basiil  band  broad,  white  ;  the  sub-dorsiil  half  as  broad,  also  white ;  head 
yellow-green.     Duration  of  this  stage  five  and  six  days. 


After  fourth  moult :  length,  .75  inch  ;  shape  as  before.  In  about  seven  days 
was  fully  grown. 

Mature  Larva.  —  Length,  one  inch  ;  head  breadth  of  2  ;  body  cylindrical,  the 
last  segments  curving  to  1.3,  which  ends  in  two  short,  blunt  tails,  the  space 
between  incurved  ;  color  dark  green,  with  a  narrow  sub-dorsal  sind  a  broad 
lateral  white  band  ;  under  side  nearly  as  dark  green  ;  feet  black ;  pro-legs 
yellow-green,  a  small  black,  cliitinou.^,  rounded  spot  outside  each  ;  head  obovoid, 
somewhat  elongated,  and  is  pushed  forward  below  when  the  larva  is  at  rest ;  color 
yellow  green,  sometimes  a  blackish  patch  on  either  lobe  near  vertex.  From 
fourth  moult  to  pupation,  about  eleven  days. 

Chrysalis.  —  Length,  .7  inch  ;  greatest  breadth,  .07  ;  depth,  .07  inch;  cylin- 
drical, slender,  the  head  case  prolonged  into  a  straight,  slender,  conical  spur; 
the  eyes  prominent ;  mosonotum  low,  rounded,  and  carinated,  followed  by  a  slight 
depression  ;  abdomen  slender,  conical  ;  wing  cases  prominent,  and  rounded  down 
to  tlie  abdomen  ;  color  dark  green,  striped  white  ;  a  dorsal  narrow  stripe  from 
posterior  base  of  mesonotum  tiie  length  of  the  abdomen  ;  near  it  a  sub-dorsal 
stripe,  a  little  broader,  from  end  to  end  ;  a  lateral  twice  as  broad  as  the  sub- 
dorsal from  wing  to  end,  sending  a  narrow  .spur  up  and  along  the  dorsal  edge  <  f 
the  wing  case.  To  imago  eleven  days.  This  chrysalis  more  resembles  that  of  a 
Colias  than  any  other  Pierid  known  to  me,  but  is  much  more  slender  than 
Col  i  as. 

All  the  pupte  obtained  were  green  ;  but  several  which  Mr.  Stretch  sent  me  in 
alcohol  were  brown,  striped  like  the  green  one.s.  In  his  paper  he  sa^'s  that  the 
normal  color  of  the  pupa  was  pale  green.  ''  All  those  pupating  on  the  needles  of 
the  young  pines  or  .shrubby  plants  in  the  underbru.sh  were  of  this  color,  a  close 
search  failing  to  reveal  an  exception,  while  the  larger  proportion  on  the  bark  of 
the  large  trees  were  blackish  brown.  An  examination  of  a  number  of  these 
makes  it  probable  that  they  are  all  diseased."  Mr.  Stretch  notices  that  pupoB 
were  found  suspended  on  their  threads,  —  that  is,  that  pupation  htid  taken  place 
in  midair,  —  the  larval  skin  shrivelled  up  around  the  last  segment  of  the  pupa. 


COLIAS  III. 


COLIAS  EURYTHEME,  FORM  ERIPIIYLE  (no  plate). 

Coliaii  Eunjlheme,  form  Eriphyle  (E-riph'-y-le). 
Eripln/le,  Edwards,  Can.  Ent.,  Vol.  XIX.,  p.  218.    1887  ;  id.,  Trans.  Am.  Ent.  Soc,  Vol.  V.,  p.  202.    1876  ; 
llaycion  BuU.tin,  Vol.  IV.,  p.  514.    1878.    Hagenii,  Edw.,  Papilio,  Vol.  III.,  p.  160.    1883;  id.,  Can.  Ent., 
Vol.  XIX.,  p.  170.     1887.     Var.  Aulumnalis,  Coekcrell,  West  Am.  Scientist,  Vol.  IV.,  p.  42.     1888. 

Summer  Form.  —  Male.  —  Expands  from  1.5  to  2  inches. 

Upper  side  either  canary-yellow  or  sulphur  yellow,  not  unfrequently  with  an 
orange  tint ;  the  marginal  borders  and  discal  ?pots  as  in  Eurytheme.  Under  side 
either  pale  yellow  or  deep  yellow,  marked  as  in  Eurytheme. 

Female.  —  Expands  from  1.6  to  2  inches. 

Upper  side  greeni.sh  yellow,  often  more  or  less  orange-tinted ;  the  marginal 
borders  as  in  female  Eurytheme,  that  is,  broad  on  primaries  and  enclosing  a  series 
of  well-defined  yellow  spots ;  on  secondaries  the  border  extends  from  the  outer 
angle  two  thirds  the  way  to  inner  angle,  and  is  usually  broad  enough  to  partially 
enclose  a  series  of  yellow  spots. 

Var.  Autumnalis.  — "Smaller,  with  narrower  borders  and  the  hind  wings 
more  grayish  green."  Cockerell.  This  form  flies  in  the  fall  and  also  in  the 
spring,  in  Colorado,  and  corresponds  to  the  Ariadne  form  of  the  orange 
Eurytheme. 

In  the  Trans.  Am.  Ent.  Soc.  cited,  Eriphyle  was  described  from  thirty  indi- 
viduals of  both  sexes,  taken  at  Lake  Lahache,  B.  C,  by  Mr.  G.  R.  Crotch.  I  con- 
sidered them  near  to  Philodice,  but  differing  in  some  important  particulars,  and 
except  in  color,  as  being  close  to  Eurytheme.  It  was  stated  that  Mr.  T.  L.  Mead, 
in  1871,  had  brought  a  Colias  from  Colorado,  like  this  Erqihyle  except  in  color, 
the  latter  being  canary-yellow,  the  others  sulphur,  and  that  examples  like  the 
Coloradan  had  come  from  Montana. 


COLIAS   III. 

Later  Ilagenii  was  described  to  include  the  Rocky  Mountain  form.  Except  in 
being  yellow  it  was  said  to  be  like  EunjOieme. 

Through  Mr.  H.  W.  Nash,  of  Pueblo,  Colorado,  I  was  able  to  obtain  eggs  of 
this  yellow  butterfly,  laid  by  females  in  confinement,  with  results  as  follows 
(published  in  Can.  Ent.,  Vol.  XIX.,  p.  171)  :  — 

1.  On  May  11,  1884,  received  eggs  of  the  first  brood  of  butterflies  of  the  year. 
From  these  came,  between  June  8th  and  loth,  14  butterflies,  10  cJ ,  4  $  ;  all  yellow. 

2.  June  7,  1884,  received  eggs  of  the  second  brood  of  the  year.  From  these, 
between  6th  and  9th  July,  15  butterflies,  all  Eunjthe^hc  (orange),  11  cJ,  4  «?; 
three  of  the  females  being  albinos. 

3.  June  7,  1884,  received  eggs.   Result  12  butterflies,  8  of  them  Eriphyle,  3  cj, 

5  9  ;  4  Euryihitme  ?  . 

4.  August  20  and  September  3,  1884,  received  eggs.    Result,  1st  to  3d  October, 

b  Eriphyle,  2  6,^^. 

5.  June  27th,  received  eggs  of  the  orange  Eurytheme.     Result,  9  butterflies, 

6  being  Eurytheme,  3  J ,  3  ?  ;  3  Erijihyle,  2  (^ ,  19- 

6.  May  18,  188'),  received  eggs  of  the  first  brood  of  butterflies  of  the  year. 
Result,  13th  to  18th  June,  35  butterflies,  all  Eriphyle,  20  cj,  15?.  These 
females  v/ere  very  large  and  most  of  them  deep  yellow,  approaching  orange. 

7.  July  31,  1886,  received  eggs  of  Eriphyle.  Result,  28th  to  30th  August, 
3  cJ ,  2  ?  ,  all  Eriphyle,  of  the  form  autumnal  is. 

8.  May  11,  1887,  received  eggs  of  the  first  brood  of  Eriphyle  or  autumnalis. 
Result,  9th  to  14th  June,  22  Eriphyle,  15(5  ,  7  ?  . 

9.  June  24,  1887,  received  eggs  of  Eriphyle,  of  the  second  brood  of  the  year. 
Result,  July  IGth  to  22d,  IG  butterflies,  3c?,  13  $  ,  all  Eriphyle. 

10.  July  5,  1887,  received  eggs  of  Eriphyle,  of  the  second  brood  of  the  year. 
Result,  July  27th  to  29th,  18  butterflies,  17  being  Erijihyle,  US;  3  $  ;  1  Eury- 
theme ? . 

I  therefore  bred  nine  broods  of  butterflies  from  eggs  of  Eriphyle,  and  one 
brood  from  eggs  of  Eurytheme,  and  the  result  was  sometimes  unmixed,  all  the 
progeny  being  of  the  same  form  as  the  mother,  at  other  times  mixed,  partly 
yellow,  partly  orange.  The  species  Eurytheme  theretofore  known  as  tri-morphic 
(see  Plate  IV.  of  Colias,  Volume  II.),  became  tetra-morphic,  Eriphyle  being  the 
fourth  form. 

The  synonymy  is  as  follows  :  — 

ConAs  Eurytheme, 

1.  Winter  form  Ariadne        "| 

2.  Winter  form  Keewaydin  \  orange. 

3.  Summer  form  Eurytheme  ) 


COLIAS   III. 


Winter  form  Autumxalis 


I 


5.  Summer  form  EiuriiYLE    )  ^^  "^^ 


I  spent  the  month  of  July  and  part  of  June  and  August,  ISO  I,  in  Colorado, 
and  during  most  of  the  time  was  at  Cilenwood  Springs,  on  the  Grand  River,  in 
the  west.  Kr'rplujk  was  not  unconnnon  there,  especially  about  the  alfalfa  fields, 
hut  I  never  saw  an  orange  Eiiri/llinite.  Nor  have  I  seen  any  of  the  orange  forms 
alive.  Mr.  IJruce  says  that  the  orange  is  certainly  much  scarcer  than  it  was  six 
or  seven  years  ago,  when  he  first  went  to  Colorado.  "  It  is  seldom  seen  now, 
where  formerly  the  yellow  form  was  the  exception."  He  accounts  for  the  change 
hy  the  spread  of  alfalfa,  this  having  taken  the  place  of  the  indigenous  food  plants. 

The  form  Kciwaydin  was  ligured  on  Plate  IV.  of  Colias,  Volume  I.,  186'J,  and 
Figure  7  on  that  Plate  represents  a  male  J'Jrqihyk.  In  the  text  it  is  stated  that 
Mr.  Henry  Edwards,  then  living  at  San  Francisco,  had  observed  that  the  males 
of  Keewaydin  varied  in  color  from  "  deep  orange  to  lemon-yellow,"  and  that 
"  the  male  is  constantly  subject  to  run  into  this  lemon-yellow  variety."  This  is 
the  first  notice  of  the  yellow  form  by  any  observer.  Mr.  Edwards  afterwards 
came  to  be  of  the  opinion  that  these  yellow  examples  of  Keewaydin  were  not 
connected  with  the  Eurytheme  species,  but  were  what  he  had  described  as  C. 
Harfordu.  In  that  he  was  wrong.  C.  Ilarfordu  is  figured  in  the  present 
volume,  and  belongs  to  a  different  sub-group  of  the  genus  from  Eurytheme. 

In  the  text  of  Crhllodice,  in  Volume  H.,  Plate  HI.  of  Colias,  there  is  described 
and  fiiTured  an  oran<>-e  male  which  was  taken  in  copulation  with  a  yellow  female, 
supposed  to  be  a  PMlodke,  in  Illinois.  Other  instances  of  orange  examples  of 
one  or  both  sexes,  supposed  to  be  Philodke,  were  mentioned  in  the  same  paper, 
or  have  been  reported  in  the  entomological  journals. 

Nearly  all  cases  of  albinism  in  the  genus  Colias  are  confined  to  the  female 
sex,  and  exceedingly  few  albino  males  have  been  reported.  But  a  fine  albino 
male  of  Philodke  was  sent  me  by  Mr.  H.  E.  Wilford,  of  Batavia,  New  York, 
in  18!)1,  and  was  mentioned  in  the  Canadian  Entomologist  for  March,  18'J2, 
Vol.  XXIV.,  p.  49. 


SrPrLEMENTAHV  NCTIES. 


Papilio  Daunus.  —  This  is  a  very  widespread  species,  Hying  from  Mexico  to 
British  Columbia,  and  from  the  Pacific  tlirough  the  Rockies  of  Colorado.  1 
found  it  common  at  Glenvvood  Springs,  Colorado.  Twice  have  I  hred  it  from 
egg,  in  one  case  the  egg  having  been  sent  me  by  Profcs.^or  Artlnu-  J.  Snyder  at 
Park  City,  Utah,  1893,  lOtii  July  ;  in  the  other  by  Mr.  Charles  l)e  Hlois  (Jreen, 
at  Osoyoos,  B.  C.  In  general  the  larval  stages  are  like  tho.s(!  of  Ihdiihix,  but 
the  two  eye-spots  on  segment  4  are  Tnore  like  those  of  I'lmius. 

Adult  Lauva.  —  Length,  l.G  inch  ;  shape  of  I'ltriiitts  and  Jtutulux ;  color  uni- 
form yellow-green  ;  the  eye-«pot  on  4  has  the  shape  of  a  truncated  pyiauiid 
(divided  crossways  into  twj),  surmounting  a  circular  spot,  within  which  is  a  small 
circle;  all  the  parts  edged  finely  with  black;  and  the  whole  spot  is  yellowi.sh- 
green  ;  segment  o  is  edged  posteriorly  and  narrowly  with  yellow,  and  the  front 
of  6  as  narrowly  by  black.  The  chrysalis  Is  of  same  general  form  as  in  the  two 
.species  named.  The  single  imago  obtained  emerged  the  second  year.  1  formerly 
received  a  pupa  of  Daunus  from  Mr.  Doll,  l)red  in  south  Arizona,  and  this  also 
lived  through  two  years. 

Papilio  Indra.  —  I  received  seven  of.gs  of  Indra  from  Mr.  Bruce,  1803,  at 
Denver  ;  deposited  on  Artemisia  dracunculoidcs.  The  species  was  abundant  on 
Clear  Creek  and  in  the  Pl.atte  Canon.  The  egg  is  similar  to  that  of  Afilcrias, 
and  the  larvae  in  their  several  stages  follow  that  species  closely.  One  pupa  was 
obtained.  26th  July,  from  which  came  a  butterlly  ten  days  later.  Mr.  Bruce 
wrote  that  in  Platte  Canon  eveiy  bit  of  wild  parsley  had  larva?  of  all  sizes  of 
Asterias  on  it ;  but  that  Indra  could  not  be  coaxed  to  lay  on  cax'rot  or  other 
umbelliferous  plant,  and  thai  its  sole  plant  was  the  Artemisia.  On  this  last 
both  Bnirdii  and  Oregoma  lay  their  eggs. 

PiERis  ViRGiyiENSis.  —  In  the  North,  New  York  to  Canada,  this  is  the  early 
form  of  Oleracef ,  but  in  West  Virginia  I  believe*  it  to  be  the  sole  representative 


SL'l'l'LEMKNTAKY   NOTES. 

of  the  specicH.  It  has  been  luken  repeatedly  at  Coalburgh,  in  April  and  May, 
pure  type  ;  but  no  later  examples,  and  no  Oleracea,  have  been  taken.  Unfortu- 
nately, I  have  never  been  al)le  to  get  a  female  since  I  learned  how  to  make 
butterlly  females  lay  their  eggs.  If  there  Avere  a  second  brood,  surely  either 
myself,  or  other  lepidopterists  who  have  collected  here,  must  have  seen  and  taken 
examples  of  it.  For  all  that  appears,  llryiiiieuHid,  in  the  South,  is  a  species.  At 
any  rate,  I  have  so  catalogued  it  to  call  attention  to  it. 

ANTriociiAius  Reakirtii  and  Saka.  —  On  March  VA.  18cS8,  1  received  eggs 
and  larva?  (hatched  on  the  way)  of  liedkirtu,  from  California,  laid  L:2d.  One 
larva  passed  the  lirst  moult,  2d  April,  second  moult,  4th,  fourth  moult,  Sth  April, 
and  pupated,  13th.  This  gave  a  true  liidkirt'd  the  next  year,  IHHU,  I'Jth  April. 
Mr.  Koebele  wrote  that  »SVov(,  of  May  and  June,  proceeds  from  eggs  laid  l)y  livu- 
kirtii  in  March,  but  that  some  pupiu  went  over  the  winter  to  produce  Jimkirt'd 
in  the  early  spring  ;  also  that  the  product  of  Sdvd  was  ludkirt'd  of  the  next 
spring.  The  pupie  of  Anthoclmris  have  the  habit  of  passing  two  winters  in  some 
cases.  Mr.  Koebele  wrote  me,  in  1888,  that  he  then  had  pupio  of  Sara  and 
Cethura  {Cooperi),  which  formed  in  1880,  and  he  sent  one  of  the  former.  This, 
soon  after  I  received  it,  gave  an  imago,  limkirld.  A  pupa  of  A.  Ocnutla,  bred  at 
Coalburgh,  1890,  gave  imago  in  1892. 

ANxnocnARis  Ausonoides.  —  I  received  a  larva  from  Mr.  Cockerell,  in  Colo- 
rado, loth  June,  1888,  and  reared  it  to  pupa  and  imago.  This  last  appeared,  3d 
March,  1890,  and  was  true  to  type.  Another  pupa  from  Mr.  Koebele,  sent  in 
1888,  as  Amonokles,  gave  a  female  of  that  form,  30th  March,  1889.  There  is  no 
evidence  that  this  species  is  dimorphic. 

Anttiochaius  Olyjipia.  —  I  took  a  female  of  this  species  at  Coalburgh, 
W.  Va.,  21st  April,  1890,  on  Sisymbrium,  engaged  in  ovipositing.  This  egg  was 
.shape  of  Genutia,  red.  The  larva  hatched,  27th  April  ;  passed  the  first  moult, 
30th  ;  the  .second,  Gth  May ;  the  third,  9th  ;  the  fourth,  on  12th.  I  then  sent  it 
to  Professor  Riley  for  a  drawing,  and  on  its  return  it  died  while  changing  to 
pupa.  The  adult  larva  is  .shaped  and  tuberculated  as  in  Gemitla,  and  is  striped 
longitudinally  with  pale  slate-color  and  bright  yellow  ;  a  broad  mid-dorsal  band 
of  the  former,  a  sub-dorsal  yellow  stripe  and  a  paler  one  along  base  ;  the  side 
between  these  stripes  still  paler  slate,  running  into  white  along  the  spiracles ;  the 
under  side,  feet  and  legs  gray-green  ;  head  gray-green,  with  many  fine  tubercles 
and  hairs.  A  figure  of  the  adult  larva  of  Anso»oUJes  made  about  the  same  date 
by  the  same  artist,  Miss  Sullivan,  and  greatly  enlarged  (as  was  Ohjmpia),  shows 


SL'IMM.EMKNTAUY   NoTKS. 


a  close  reHtMnbliincu  in  colomtioii  ;  tlio  Mliity  Htri[)e.s  are  mucli  (It'ei)er  in  liue,  and 
the  whole  lower  side  in  much  dar!ier  thiiii  in  O/i/mjtia.  Judging,'  by  the  larva', 
these  two  Hpecies  belong  to  ii  different  Mub-groui)  from  Genutia  and  licaklrtii. 

• 

CoLiAS  Ar,EXANi)UA.  —  I  liavo  Hevoi-.il  times  received  eggs  of  this  species  from 
different  localities  in  Colorado.  'IMie  larvm  liibornato  after  the  third  moult.  The 
eggs  were  laid  on  Astragalus  and  TlHTinopsis.  I  will  give  the  particulars  of  one 
lot  of  larva)  received  18th  August,  1SS(),  the  eggs  sent  by  Professor  G.  II.  Frencii, 
from  Central  City,  and  hatched  in  route.  They  began  to  pass  the  first  moidt, 
25th  August ;  the  second  moult  was  overlooked  ;  but  boiorc  the  tiiird  moult,  all 
had  gone  into  hibernation,  and  were  sent  to  Now  York,  to  a  refrigerating  house, 

—  six  larvie.  They  came  back  alive,  4th  March,  1884,  and  were  iilaced  ou  white 
clover.  On  7th  April,  one  passed  the  third  moult,  and  it  passed  the  fourtli  on 
l/itli,  and  pupated  2Gth  April.  The  inuigo  came  out,  6th  May,  a  female  of  tyi)e 
Eilwanfuii.     The  second  larva  pupated  Gth  May,  and  gave  a  female  Ahxitndrd 

—  with  no  borders  whatever  —  on  14th  May. 

Apparently  there  are  two  broods  of  Ahxandrn  in  the  year,  but  Mr.  Bruce  is 
of  the  opinion  that  there  is  really  but  one.  In  June,  the  l)utter(lies  from  the 
lower  elevations  first  come  from  pupaa  ;  in  July,  those  from  liigher  elevations,  and 
in  August,  the  highest  of  all ;  a  constant  stream  of  fre.sh  butterflies  being  kept 
up  from  liigher  to  lower  elevations.  Mr.  Bruce  .says:  "  The  species  is  a  powerful 
flyer  and  takes  very  long  flights;  in  the  narrow  canons,  will  fly  along  the  side  of 
the  trail  or  stream  downhill  for  miles.  It  is  found  at  various  elevations  from 
6,000  to  10,000  feet." 

The  adult  larva  is  shape  of  Ph'itodice,  1.1  inch  long  ;  color  uniform  yellow- 
green  ;  along  base  a  white  band  with  broken  red-orange  dashes  running  through 
it;  head  yellow-green.  The  chrysalis  measures  .8  inch;  shape  of  I'hi/odivc  ; 
color  yellow-green,  the  dorsal  side  darkest  ;  on  ventral  side  of  the  abdomen,  next 
wings,  three  small  reddish  spots  in  line. 

CoLiAS  CiiKisTiXA.  —  This  species  was  described  and  figured  in  Volume  I.,  from 
a  few  examples  collected  at  the  far  north  by  Mrs.  Ross.  Colias  Astnm  was 
described  from  a  single  male  brought  in  by  the  Hayden  Expedition  from  the 
Yellowstone.  The  validity  of  Asfrwa  was  denied  on  general  principles  by  Dr. 
Hazen,  in  a  paper  on  "The  Genus  Colias"  in  the  Trans.  Ikwt.  Nat.  Hi,st.  Soc, 
1882;  and  he  guessed  it  to  belong  to  the  same  species  as  Alexandra  and 
EdwardnU.  As  to  Christina,  he  decided  it  to  be  neither  more  nor  less  than 
Edwardnii.  Christina,  since  the  opening  of  the  Canadian  Pacific  Railway,  has 
been  taken  by  thousands  on  the  plains  of  Manitoba  and  Alberta,  and  varies  more 


SUPPLEMENTARY    NOTES 

tiiiin  any  other  American  Colias  in  both  sexew.  I  could  fill  three  of  my  plates 
with  distinct  variations.  One  of  its  forms  is  certainly  Astrcea,  and  the  orange 
form  has  Ijoen  taken  in  Montana.  But  no  connection  appears  between  Christina 
and  A/c.iiindrd,  h'dwardxil,  or  Kiniliu. 

I  received  from  Mr.  Thomas  E.  Bean,  at  Laggan,  Alberta,  1891,  2()th  May,  a 
do7X'n  larva}  past  their  lirst  moult ;  on  (Itli  June,  twelve  were  feeding  on  white 
clover,  all  hut  one  or  two  ])ast  tliird  moult.  One  passed  the  fourth,  7th  June ; 
three  more  on  8th.  In  all  I  obtained  live  pupa;.  On  19th,  a  male,  Astrwu  type, 
came  from  pujja  ;  on  21st,  a  female  sam    ;  on  24ti).,  a  male,  Chrintina  type. 

The  adult  larva  is  shape  of  Philoilicc  ;  length,  1.4  inch;  color  dark  yellow- 
gn.'on,  a  white  l)asal  stripe,  a  short  red  dash  through  it,  behind  each  spiracle. 
The  pupa  is  like  that  of  Phihnlicc ;  length,  .78  inch;  color  yellow-green,  a 
broad  yellow  stripe  from  wing  cases  to  end  on  the  ventral  side  ;  on  the  abdomen, 
below  tiiis  stripe,  a  dash  of  red-brown  crosses  the  three  segments  next  wings. 
JSome  of  the  larva'  hibernated  after  the  first  moult,  but  they  died  during  the 
winter. 


Comas  Elis.  —  This  species  was  described  by  Mr.  Strecker,  1885,  from  a 
single  female  taken  in  Canada.  Mr.  Bean,  in  the  Canadian  Entomologist,  Vol. 
XXII.,  189(1,  gives  a  very  interesting  account  of  the  region  about  Laggan,  Al- 
berta, where  Elis  is  taken  on  the  peaks,  as  well  as  of  this  form  itself.  He 
gives  reasons  why  KHh  should  be  held  a  good  species,  and  disconnected  with 
C  MiUilii,  which  it  very  closely  resembles. 

I  received  from  Mr.  Bean  several  just-hatched  larvaj,  28d  July,  1880 ;  several 
passe<l  their  lirst  moult  28th.  Of  the  larva  at  this  .stage  Mr.s.  Peart  wrote  me: 
"I  se-:  no  ditVoreuce  in  form,  color,  or  number  and  arrangement  of  processes, 
between  it  a.\\i\  Mnidii."  The  larvte  began  to  pass  the  second  moult,  1st  August ; 
the  tiiird  moult,  12th  ;  length  at  third,  .24  inch  ;  color  yellow-green ;  covered 
with  fine,  short  black  hairs  from  black  tubercles,  giving  a  darker  appearance 
than  characterizes  any  of  our  species  reared  by  me  except  Miadii,  and  it  was 
just  as  in  that  ;  a  narrow  whitish  sub-dorsal  stripe,  under  whii'ii,  on  segments  ;5 
to  12,  a  small  black  spot  to  each  ;  but  some  examples  were  without  the  black, 
and  some  without  the  white,  or  either;  the  basal  ridge  narrow,  yellowish;  head 
bright  yellow-green,  with  many  black  hairs.  Shortly  after  the  third  moult  the 
larvo)  ,sl(>pt.  and  were  sent  to  New  York.  I  received  tli'  i  again,  2d  April,  1890, 
but  only  two  were  alive.  One  of  them  passed  its  fourth  moult  on  1.3th,  the 
other  (m  17th  April,  and  this  last  pupated  4th  May.  The  pupa  wus  figured  by 
.Mrs.  Peart,  but  was  lost  in  the  mail  in  its  return  to  me. 


SUPl'LEMENTA  KY   NOTES. 

Adult  Larva.  —  Length,  .7  inch  ;  color  dark  yellow-green,  the  dorsum  a  shade 
lighter  than  the  sides  ;  densely  covered  with  short  black  hairs  from  black  tuber- 
cles, each  of  whici :  is  encircled  by  a  narrow  whitLsh  ring ;  a  sub-dorsal  white 
stripe,  as  broad  as  the  basal,  from  2  to  13  ;  under  this,  on  each  segment,  a  small 
black  spot,  often,  however,  more  or  less  wanting  ;  the  basal  stripe  white ;  head 
light  yellow-green.  The  larva  was  in  all  respects,  at  all  stages,  like  Middli. 
The  pupa  was  also  like  Miudil,  and  I  refer  to  the  description  of  this  last.  From 
some  hibernated  larvte  sent  by  Mr.  Bean,  and  received  1891,  May  24th,  were 
obtained  three  pupse  and  three  imago.-',  namely,  a  male,  30th  June,  from  pupa  of 
23d  ;  a  female,  2iStii  June,  from  pupa  of  20th  ;  and  a  female,  29th  June,  from 
pupa  of  2(lth. 

I  cannot  see  any  noticeable  difference  between  Elis  and  MemUi.  If  any 
example  of  either  sex  of  the  former  .shows  any  peculiarity,  the  same  may  be 
found  in  Meadii.  I  believe  what  Mr.  Bean  calls  J^Jlis  typo  flies  with  Mcad'il  in 
Colorado,  and  I  have  one  such  male,  taken  by  Mr.  Gillette.  Many  of  the  Mcdd'd 
at  Hall  Valley  have  the  dingy  orange  hue  characteristic  of  the  arctic  species, 
C.  Herla  ;  and  the  females  have  the  faded  orange,  passing  into  sordid-yellowish, 
seen  in  females  Ilechi.  I  .lent  a  pair  of  this  type  to  Mr.  A.  G.  Butler,  London, 
and  asked  him  to  submit  il  to  Mr.  McLachlan,  giving  no  information  except 
that  these  specimens  were  taken  in  America.  With  the  butterllies  went  a  sealed 
envelope,  not  to  be  opened  till  the.se  gentlemen  had  expressed  their  opinion  as  to 
the  name  ot  the  species,  and  in  it  T  told  whence  the  insects  came.  Both  pro- 
nounced the  species  to  be  Ifcda,  but  they  noticed  the  mealy  spot  on  the  shoulder 
of  the  male,  a  feature  which  appears  to  be  unobserved  in  Ilccla.  These  pale 
examples  of  Medd'u  were  fresh,  not  worn  at  all,  and  were  taken  on  the  tops 
of  the  highest  peaks  in  September. 


CoLiAs  Meadii.  —  Mr.  Bruce  says  that  the  proper  habitat  of  Meadii  is  from 
11,000  to  12,000  feet  elevation  in  Colorado,  but  they  will  follow  the  narrow 
valleys  down  to  9,000  feet.  Mr.  Mead  first  took  it  on  the  divide  between  the 
Arkansas  and  Platte  valleys,  at  about  12,000  feet,  and  saw  none  lower  than 
10,000.  The  larva  is  at  all  points  like  that  of  A7/.s',  as  above  described.  The 
pupa  is  about  .GO  inch  in  length,  and  shaped  as  in  Fhilodice  ;  color  green-yellow, 
all  the  ventral  side  being  brighter  than  the  dorsal,  and  the  projection  or  beak 
at  head  quite  yellow  ;  a  mid-dorsal  darker  line,  and  a  faint  sub-dorsal  one  ; 
all  the  dorsal  side,  and  the  ventral  side  of  the  abdomen,  dotted  and  mottled 
with  whitish  ;  the  wing  cases  and  ventral  side  to  head  finely  granulated.  This 
description  answers,  word  for  word,  for  Elin. 


SUPPLEMENTARY   NOTES. 

CoLiAS  ScuDDERi.  —  I  received  several  eggs,  August  1,  1890,  from  Mr.  Bruce, 
at  Iliill  Valley,  Colorado,  laid  on  a  species  of  Vaccinium.  He  saw  two  females  each 
lay  ail  egg  on  this  plant,  and  caught  and  confined  them  on  it.  lie  had  seen 
females  laying  on  willow  also.  1  put  the  larvie  on  weeping-willow  leaves.  Some 
of  these  reached  the  third  moult  and  then  hibernated,  but  they  died  during 
the  winter.     The  larva  up  to  third  moult  is  closely  like  Elis  and  Mead'd. 

CoLiAS  Beiirii.  —  The  habitat  of  this  species  was  unknown  until  recent  years, 
when  Mr.  11.  G.  Dyar  was  guided  to  it  by  the  late  John  B.  Lembert,  on  the  high 
meadows,  at  7,000  feet  elevation,  among  the  mountains  of  Yosemite. 


LiMENiTis  Weidemeyehii.  —  Mr.  Bruce  sent  me  fifteen  eggs  from  Hall  Valley, 
which  were  received,  24th  August,  1S',)1.  He  wrote:  "I  saw  the  female  evi- 
dently trying  to  lay  her  eggs  ;  caught  her  and  tied  on  a  small  Cottonwood  close 
to  my  window.  It  rained  for  three  days,  and  during  this  time  she  remained 
motionless  on  the  under  side  of  a  leaf.  By  noon  on  the  fourth  day  the  weather 
had  become  line  and  warm.  On  the  fifth  day  she  laid  the  eggs.  I  have  before 
confined  several  females  of  this  species  without  effect,  and  was  not  a  little  pleased 
at  seeing  the  beautiful  eggs.'  The  eggs  were  of  same  form  and  character  as  those 
of  the  eastern  species  of  the  genus ;  and  the  young  larva  at  birth  looked  just  like 
a  young  Dis'ippux  or  A'rof>,  —  the  color  light  l)rown.  It  made  a  perch  in  exactly 
the  .'^anie  way.  The  successive  moults  showed  the  larva  as  being  close  to  DIslpjms. 
The  mature  larva  measured  1.2  incli,  and  four  days  after  maturity  it  pupated. 
The  pupa  was  .1)  inch  long,  shape  of  Dinippun ;  color  of  the  he'id  case,  and  of 
ventral  side,  and  of  tiie  wing  cases,  blackish-brown,  as  was  also  the  thoracic  pro- 
cess ;  abdomen  light  buff  with  a  pink  tint  mottled  with  olive-green  ;  dorsal  side 
of  head  case  and  the  mesonotum  pale  brown,  the  head  case  obscurely  silvered. 
I  got  Init  one  pupa  that  sea.son,  as  but  one  larva  passed  all  its  stages ;  the  rest, 
after  second  moult,  making  cases  of  the  leaves,  as  the  allied  .species  do.  On  27th 
March,  l.S!)2,  two  of  tlie  iarvie  came  out  of  their  hibernacula  ;  on  2d  April,  one 
passed  its  third  moidt,  on  (ith,  its  fourtli.  The  most  advanced  of  the  two  I  sent 
to  Mrs.  Peart ;  the  other  was  discovered,  on  7th  April,  to  be  making  a  new  case, 
into  which  it  retired  on  8tli.  The  next  day  a  great  change  in  the  weather  took 
place,  tiic  mercury  falling  to  37',  with  fiurrios  of  snow.  On  tiie  14th,  I  dis- 
covered that  this  larva  was  dead.  1  have  had  no  other  instance  of  a  Limenitis 
larva  making  a  second  case  after  it  had  come  out  of  the  first  one  in  the  spring. 

Limenitis  Lokquim.  —  I  received  four  eggs  from  Mr.  W.  G.  Wright  at  San 
Bernardino,  California,  24th  April,   1892.     These  were  of  same  form  and  pecul- 


"Supplementary  notes. 

iarities  as  in  Weidemeyerii  and  Eros.  The  first  larva  hatched,  25th  ;  passed  the 
first  moult,  29tli ;  the  second  moult,  2d  May  ;  the  third  moult,  4th  ;  the  fourth 
moult,  on  7th  ;  and  pupated,  12th  May.  The  first  imago  came  out,  22d  May. 
These  eggs  were  laid  on  the  tips  of  willow  leaves  and  the  larvae  fed  on  willow. 
They  constructed  perches,  just  as  do  the  other  species  of  the  genus.  At  all 
stages  the  larvie  resembled  Artheinis  more  than  either  of  the  other  species  ;  and 
the  chrysalis  was  most  like  Ari/u')iiis.     None  of  the  larvie  made  hibernacula. 

CnioxoBAS  IvALLDA.  —  I  roccived  eggs  from  Mr.  Wright  at  Truckee,  California, 
laid  8th  July.  These  began  to  hatch  on  2()th  ;  Uie  young  larva  not  ditl'erent 
from  C/iri/.fii.s.  The  first  moult  was  pas.sed,  P)d  August ;  the  second,  on  18th  ;  the 
third,  August  2()th  ;  but  the  only  larva  which  got  past  third  moult  died  2Sth. 
At  all  stages  the  form  and  coloration  wtis  as  in  ('/ir>/.nis.  IralhUi  had  been 
known  only  from  the  vicinity  of  Truckee,  but  the  late  John  B.  Lembert  sent  me 
several  examples  whi<  h  he  said  he  took  along  the  Tuolumne  River. 


LvaF-XA  LvGDAMAs.  —  On  2oth  May,  IS'.U,  I  received  four  larvje  of  this 
species  from  Professcn*  A.  1).  Hopkins,  of  the  W.  Va.  Agr.  Station.  He  had  found 
them  on  Vicia  Carolina.  '■  The  larvcc  when  young  feed  on  the  tender  leaves, 
flower-heads,  and  flowers  ;  as  they  grow  older,  on  the  leaves  and  stems."  The 
adult  larva  was  very  like  PxeiKhirfjiohix  in  form.  Length,  .84  inch  ;  breadth  and 
height,  e.ach  .0.")  inch  ;  shape  loug  oval,  the  sides  along  base  nearly  parallel,  the 
two  ends  equally  rounded  ;  the  dorsum  high,  and  sloping  fore  and  aft  froui  the 
middle  ;  the  last  .'segments  flattened  ;  seguieut  2  entirely  conceals  the  head  when 
the  larva  is  at  re.'^t ;  the  tuberculous  processes  that  surmount  the  ridge  as  in 
Psfudarfjiohis  :  color  very  pale  green  ;  the  sides  of  the  ridge  and  body  marked  by 
two  whitish  oblique  bars,  the  front  pointing  toward  the  dorsum,  each  bar  cross- 
ing two  segments.  On  11  was  a  dorsal  slit,  and  on  12  two  cylindrical  tubes,  as 
in  PsexuhirijlohtA.  The.se  tubes  1  saw  thrust  out  frecpjcntly,  the  tentacles  fully 
ope...     None  of  the  larvie  reached  pupx>,  they  not  liking  the  food  I  gave  them. 

Lvc.KN'A  VioLACEA.  —  In  Volume  II.,  I  suggested  that  part  of  the  Vlnlacea 
butterflies  of  tiie  spring  came  from  Violm-ea  eggs  of  the  previous  year.  Of  late 
years,  I  have  found  this  to  be  the  case.  The  chrysalids  from  Vlolncea  eggs,  in 
part,  disclose  Neijli'vta  in  the  succeeding  June,  but  most  of  them  hibernate,  and, 
so  far  as  appears,  produce  Violacca  the  next  spring. 

Erebia  EriPSODEA.  —  There  was  error  in  my  description  of  the  egg  of  this 
species,    I   having  given   it  thirty  odd  ribs,  whereas  it   has  about   twenty-two. 


SUPPLEMENTARY   NOTES.'' 


The  error  was  overlooked  in  proof-reading, 
the  number  was  about  twenty-fwo. 


The  figure  showed,  however,  that 


Erebia  Discoidalis.  —  This  species  has  of  late  years  been  taken  as  far  south 
iis  Calgary  and  Olds,  which  is  about  forty  miles  from  Calgary.  I  received  four 
eggs  o1  it  from  Mr.  Fletcher,  part  of  seventeen  sent  him  from  Olds.  The  egg  is 
of  the  shape  of  Kpipsodea  and  Magdalena,  and  the  ribs  are  as  numerous  as  in 
the  latter  species,  or  rather  more  so,  forty  to  forty-two  against  thirty-six  in 
Miujdahna.  Mr.  F.  II.  Wolley  Dod  sent  eggs  to  Mrs.  Peart,  28th  May,  1805. 
He  says  :  "  This  is  the  most  sluggish  tlyer  of  any  butterfly  that  1  know,  particu- 
larly the  females.  It  flies  principally  in  places  where  the  grass  is  of  a  rich 
growth,  and  where  the  ground  is  covered  with  stunted  sallows  bushes.  It 
may  generally  be  found  in  considerable  numbers  in  the  shallow  grass-covered 
ravines  which  are  a  notable  feature  of  this  country.  It  prefers  low-lying  ground. 
I  do  not  mean  that  Discoidalis  flies  at  a  low  altitude,  for  that  of  Calgary  is  3,200 
feet  above  sea  level.  In  the  very  slightest  breeze  the  species  is  helpless,  and  it 
never  flies  except  during  .sun.shine,  and  then  not  far.  I  first  obtained  it,  4th 
May  ;  on  1.3th,  it  was  locally  abundant  and  in  good  condition.  After  three  days 
of  rain,  loth  to  17th,  the  males  were  almost  passee.  Before  the  end  of  May,  it 
disappeared  almost  entirely."  The  larvaj  received  by  me  were  reared  to  third 
moult,  when  they  seemed  full-grown  and  hibernated  ;  but  none  survived  the 
winter. 

Papilio  Pilcmnus.  —  After  the  paper  on  this  species  was  published  in  the 
present  Volume,  I  had  correspondence  with  Mr.  William  Schaus,  the  well-known 
lepidopterist,  who  gave  the  papers  spoken  of  on  page  7  to  Mr.  Henry  Edwards. 
Mr.  Schaus  assures  me  that  he  was  familiar  with  the  species  in  Mexico,  and  has 
the  larva  to  pupa,  so  discovering  that  Pilumnus  belongs  to  the  Troilus  and  Cal- 
chas  group  instead  of  that  of  Ttirnus. 


DATE   OF   ISSUE   OF   PARTS    1-17. 


Part  1.  —  Januar}'  9,  1887.  —  Containing  Colia.s  Eurydicc,  Argynnis  Nitocris, 

A.  Lais. 
Part  2.  —  April   20,    1887.  —  Containing   Colias   Harfordii,   Argynnis   Coronis, 

Neonympha  Gemma. 
Part  3.  —  September  12,  1S87.  —  Containing  Melittea  Baroni,  Argynnis  Liliana, 

A.  Egleis. 
Part  4.  —  January  22,  1888.  —  Containing  Colias  Chrysomelas,  Argynnis  Nati- 

sicaa,  C(jenonyinplia  Galactinus. 
Part  5.  —  May  28,  1888.  —  Containing  Melitsea  Rnbicunda,  Erebia  Magdalena, 

Debis  Portlandia. 
Part  6.  —  De  "ember  14,  1888.  —  Containing  Papilio  Nitra,  Anthocharis  Genutia, 

Neonympha  Areolatus. 
Pixrt  7.  —  March   11,   188!).  —  Containing  Anthocharis  Pima,  Erebia   Fasciata, 

Geirocheilns  Tritonia. 
Part  8.  — June  2,  1889.  —  Containing  Papilio  Pilumnus.  Grapta  Interrogationis, 

Argynnis  Cybele,  and  var.  Carpenterii. 
Part  9.  —  February  -"),  1890.  —  Containing  Argynnis  Nevadensis,  Satyrus  Pe- 

gala,  Erebia  Epipsodea. 
Part  10.  —  October  1,  1890.  —  Containing  Argynnis  Alcestis.  A.  Adiante,  Saty- 

rodes  Canthus. 
P.Tt  11.  —  April  17,  1891.  —  Containing  Apatura  Flora,  Satyrus  Meadii.  Chio- 

nobas  Chryxus. 
Part  12.  —  January  4,  18'.t2.  —  Containing  Papilio  Americus,  Chionobas  Uhleri, 

C.  Varuna. 
Part  13.  —  December  10,  1892.  —  Containing  Chionobas  Chryxu.x,  var.  Calais,  C. 

Jutta,  C.  Brucoi.  C.  Crambis. 
Part  14.  —  November  17,  1893.  —  Containing   Neominois   Ridingsii,  Chionobas 

fEno,  C.  Macounii. 


DATE   OF  ISSUE   OF  PARTS   1-17. 


Part  15.  —  July  17,  1894. —  Containing  Argynnis  Astarte,  A.  Alberta,  Chiono- 

bas  Subhyalina,  C.  Noma,  C.  Seniidea. 
Part  16.  —  October  5,  1895.  —  Containing  Parnassiu8Smintheus,Satyru8  Charon, 

Chionobas  Giga.s. 
Part  17.  —  March    1,    1897.  —  Containing    Chionobas    Idiuia,    C.  Californica,  C 

Alberta,  C.  Peartise,  C.  Q^no,  C.  Varuna. 


GENERAL  INDEX. 


Aaron,  Eugene  M.,  notes  on  Neonympha  Gemma, 

3.  209. 
Abbotii,  var.  Papilio  Walshii,  1.  2. 
Acadica,  Tliecla,  1.  142. 
Actinonieris  squarrosa,  food  plant  of  Lycaena  Ncg- 

Iccta,  2.  321. 
Adiante,  Argynnis,  3.  127. 
jEstiva,  Pliyciodes  (form  of  P.  Phaoii),  2.  179. 
illstiva,  Phyciodes  (form  of  P.  Vesta),  2.  182. 
Ajax,  Papilio,  I.  1  ;  3.  23. 
Ajax,  Papilio,  a.s  to  the  color  of  ehrysalids  of  the 

different  forms,  3.  29. 
'  Ajax,  Papilio,  as  to  the  forms  of  the  butterfly  pro- 
duced by  hibernated  chrysalids,  3.  27. 
Ajax.  Papilio,  effects  of  cold  applied  to  the  chrys- 

alid.,  of,  3.  30. 
Ajax,  Papilio,  —  form  Marcellus,  1.  7. 
Ajax,  Papilio,  —  form  Telanionidts,  1.  5. 
Ajax,  Papilio,  —  form  'Walshii,  1.  1. 
Ajax,  Papilio,  periods  of    flight  of  the  forms  of, 

3.24. 
Ajax,  Papilio  (Supplementary  Notes),  1.  157. 
Ajax  Walshii,  var.  Abbotii,  1.  2. 
Alberta,  Argynnis,  3.  119. 
Alberta,  Chionobus.  3.  403. 
Albino  male  of  Colias  Philodice,  3.  85. 
Alcestis,  Argynnis,  3.  109. 
Alexandra,  Colisis,  1.  41. 
Alicia,  Apatura,  1.  13.'). 
Alopo,  Satyrus,  2.  201 ;  3.  229. 
Americus,  Papilio,  3.  7. 
Amorpha  Californica,  food  plant  of  Eurydice.  3. 

75. 
Amorphte,  Colias,  form  of  Eurydice.  3.  71. 
Ant  guards  larva  of  Lycaena  Pseudargiolus  from 

an  Ichneumon-Hy.  2.  328. 
Anthocharis  Ausonides,  2.  79. 


Anthocharis  Ausonides,  notes  on,  3.  412. 

Anthocharis  Cooperii  (Cethura),  1.  38. 

Anthocli.iris  Genutia,  2.  83  ;  3.  57. 

Antliocharis  Julia,  2.  85. 

Antliocharis  Lanceolata,  3.  03. 

Anthocharis  Olympia,  2.  77. 

Anlhocharis  Olympia,  compared  with  A.  Rosa,  3. 

00. 
Anthocharis  Olympia,  notes  on,  3.  412. 
Anthocharis  Pima,  3.  09. 
Anthocharis  Reakirtii.  notes  on,  3.  412. 
Anthocharis   Reakirtii   (spring  form  of  A.  Sara), 

1.  .37. 
Anthocharis  Rosa.  3.  OS. 
Anthocharis  Sara,  1.  .39. 
Antliocharis  Sara,  notes  on,  3.  412. 
Ants  attending  larvje  of  Lycsena  Pseudargiolus.  2. 

324. 
Apatura  Alicia,  1.  135. 

Apatura  Alicia  (Suppl'y  Notes),  1.  161 ;  2.  334. 
Apatura  Celtis,  2.  231. 
Apatura  Clyton.  2.  245. 

Ap.itura  Flora,  3.  175. 

Ap,itura  Flora  (Sujijiry  Notes),  2.  334. 

Ajjatura  Ilcrse.  2.  254. 

Apatura  Idyja,  2.  256. 

Apatura  Loilia.  2.  241. 

AiKitura  Leilia  (Supply  Notes).  2.  .3.34. 

Apatura  Lycaon.  2.  238. 

Apatura  Ocellata  (form  of  A.  Clyton).  2.  245. 

Apatura  Proserpina  (fiuiu  of  A.  Clyton).  2.  246. 

Ai)lirodite.  Argynnis,  3.  105. 

Archangelica.  food  plant  of  Papilio  Brevicauda,  2. 
35:  2.41. 

Areolatiia.  Neonympha.  3.  213. 

Argiolus  (Pseudargiolus),  Lycasna,  2.  315. 

Argynnis  Adiante,  3.  127. 


GENERAL  INDEX. 


Argyiinis  Alberta.  3.  119. 

Ai'gjiinis  Alceslis,  3.  lOi). 

Ai)fyniii.s  Apluodite,  1.  71  ;  3.  105. 

Ai'ijyiiiii.s  Aiduodito   (Ciinis)   (Suppl'y  Notes),   1. 

i()l. 
Arj^yimis  Astaite,  3.  115. 
Ai'gyiiiiiH  Atliiiitis,  1.  75. 

Aij,'ymiis  Atlantis  (Electa)  (Suppl'y  Notes).  1. 161. 
Argyiinis  Atossa.  3.  125. 
Argyniiis  IJflireiiHii,  1.  89. 
Argynnis  IJiaclioilii.  2.  IIW. 
Argynnis  Urcmiierii.  2.  137. 
Aigynnis  Callipi)e.  1.  77  ;  3.  100. 
Argynnis  Coronis,  3.  97. 
Argynnis  Cybele,  1.  67  ;  3.  137. 
Argynnis  Cybele.  early  stages  of.  3.  138. 
Argynnis  Cyl)eli'  (Suppl'y  Notes),  1.  160. 
Argynnis  Cyliele,  var.  Carpenterii.  3.  I'M. 
Argynnis  Diana.  1.  63. 
Argynnis  Diana,  early  stages.  2.  145. 
Argynnis  Diana  (Supjjl'y  Notes),  1.  I,')8. 
Argynnis  JIdwardsii,  1.  87. 
Argynnis  Edwardsii  (Supiil'y  Notes).  1.  160. 
Argynnis  Eglcis,  3.  129. 
Argynnis  pjurynome.  2.  129. 
Argynnis  Halcyone.  1.  83 ;  3.  103. 
ArgjMinis  Halcyone  (Suiijd'y  Notes).  1.  160. 
Argynnis  Hes])eris.  1.  79. 
Argynnis  Hesperis  (Suppl'y  NoteB),  1.  160. 
Argynnis  Inornata.  2.  139. 
Argynnis  Lais,  3.  93. 
Argynnis  Leto.  1.  85. 
Argynnis  Liliana.  3.  95. 
Argynnis  Moadii.  2.  131. 
Argynnis  Jleadii  (Sup))l'y  Notes),  2.  334. 
Argynnis  Monticola,  1.  81. 
Argynnis  Nausicaa.  3.  l.'{5. 
Argynnis  Ncv.adensis.  1.  93 ;  3.  101. 
Argynnis  Nitocris,  3.  91. 
Argynnis  Nokoniis.  1.  73. 
Argynnis  Opis,  2.  135. 
Argynnis  Rliodope.  2.  141. 
Argynnis  Rupestris.  2.  143. 
Argynnis  Zerene.  1.  91. 

Ariadno  (form  of  C.  Eiiry theme),  Colias,  2.  103. 
Arizonensis,  var.  of  P.  Kutulus,  2.  54. 
Artliemis,  Linienitis.  2.  201. 
Ashme.ad,   Wm.  H.,  notes  on  Satyrus  Pegala.   3. 

227.  228. 


Asimina  triloba,  food  plant  of  Pajiilio  Ajax.  1.  10. 
Aspen,  willow,   linden,   food    plants    of   Linienitis 

Artliemis,  2.  212. 
Assimilis,  Ciiionobas,  var.  of  C.  CEno,  3.  334. 
Astarte,  Argynnis,  3.  115. 

Aster,  the  food  ])lant  of  Pliyciodes  Tliaros,  2. 167. 
Aslerias,  var.  Calverleyi,  Papilio,  2.  51. 
Astragalus  Crotularin.  food  plant  of  C.  Harfordii. 

3.  8(1. 
Atossa,  Argynnis,  3.  126. 
Ausonides.  Antliocharis.  2.  79. 
Autuinnalis.  Colias,  form  of  C.  Eiirytlienie,  3.  83. 
Azalia  occidentalis,  food  plant  of  Grapta  Kusticus, 

2.  195. 
A/.alia  occidentalis,  food  plant  of  Grapta  Zephyrns, 

1.  r.'t. 

Hachniani.  T-ibytliea.  2.  289. 

Hailcy.  Dr.  •James  .S.,  notes  on  Colias  Keewaydin, 

2.116. 
Bairdii,  Papilio.  2.  47. 

Barbara,  Colias,  form  of  C.  Harfordii,  3.  78. 
Barber.  Professor  H.  G..  notes  on  P.  Bairdii  and 

P.  Oregonia.  3.  20. 
Baroni,  Melitoea,  3.  145. 
Baron.  Oscar  '1'.,  notes  on  Melitaea  Rubicunda.  3. 

151. 
Baron.  O.  T..  observations  on  A.  Lnnccolata.  3.  64. 
Bates,  H.  W..  notes  on  tlie  Heliconida;.  2.  123. 
Bates,  H.   W.,  observations  on  the  Erycinida>,  2. 

302. 
Beadle.    D.  W..  notes  on  food  plant  of  Argynnis 

Aphrodite,  1.  72. 
Bean,  T.  E.,  notes  on  Argynnis  Alberta,  3.  121. 
Bean,  T.  E..  notes  on  Argynnis  Astarte,  3.  1 16. 
Bean,  T.  E.,  notes  on  Argynnis  Lais,  3.  94. 
Bean,  T.  E..  notes  on  Ciiionobas  Bru<'ci,  3.  328. 
Bean,  T.  K..  notes  on  Ciiionobas  Calais.  3.  291. 
Bean,  T.  E.,  notes  on  Ciiionobas  Chryxus.  3.  285. 
Bean.  T.  E.,  notes  on    Chionobos    (Subliyalina.    3. 

343. 
Bean,  T.  E.,  notes  on  Colias  Eurytliemc,   2.    105. 

107. 
Bean.  T.  E.,  notes  on  Erebia  Epipsodca,  3.  262. 
Beckerii.  Pieris.  1.  .30  ;  2.  73. 
Belir.  Dr.  II.,  notes  on  Argynnis  Adiante,  3.  128. 
Behr.  Dr.  H..  notes  on  Argynnis  Monticola,  1.  82; 

1.  91. 
Behr,  Dr.  H.,  notes  on  Colias  Eurytheme,  1.  50. 


GENERAL   INDEX. 


Belli',  Dr.  H..  notes  on  Liinciiitis  Loniuiiii,  1.  \'M. 
liuliruns,  Janie8,  notes  on  Cliionoban  Idunn,  2.  277. 
Helirejis,  .lunics,   notes  on  food    plant  of    i'upilio 

Kiituhis,  2.  04. 
nehruns,  James,  notes  on  Melitiea  llubicuiida,  3. 

loO. 
UclircMsii,  Arfjynnis,  1.  89. 
lioln'ii,  ('c)lias.  1.  44. 

Helii'ii  (var.  ot  I*.  Smintlieiis),  Pavnossuis,  1.  23. 
liult,  Tlionms,  notes  on  the  llclieoiiida-.  2.  123. 
lieniardino,  Colias,  vur.  of  Kiirydice,  3.  71. 
Hetliiuip,  Kov.  C.  il.  .S.,  notes  on   I^iinenitis  Artlie- 

nii»,  2.  20H. 
Killings.  C.  K.,  notes  (ui  Melitosr.  Phaeton,  2.  154. 
Hi.schoUii,  Arf;yn'i'^.  2.  l'!-'. 
Boll,  Jacob,  notes  on  Colias  Kurytheme,  2.  lOi). 
Braini,   Carl,  notes  on  Chionobos   ■Tiitta,   3.   317, 

319. 
Bntuii,  Carl,  notes  on  O.  Iiiturrogationis,  3.  101. 
Hreninerii,  Argynnis,  2.  137. 
Brevicaiidn,  Papilio.  2.  3.3,  ,39. 
Broilie,  AVni.,  notes  on  Limenitis  Arthcmis,  2.  209. 
Brunei,  ChionobaH,  3.  32.">. 

Brune,  David,  notes  on  Cliioiiobas  Brueei,  3.  329. 
Bruce,    David,    notes    on    Cliionobas    Chryxus,    3. 

283. 
Brnce,   David,   notes  on  Cliionobas  (Kno.  3.  3,35, 

398,  ef  seij. 
Bruce,  David,  notes  on  Cliionobas  .Seinidea,  in  Col- 
orado, 3.  '>MW. 
Bruce.  David,  notes  on  Cliionobas  Uhleri,  3.  299. 
Bruce,  David,  notes  on  Colios  Alexandra.  3.  411. 
Bruce,  David,  notes  on  Colias  Kripbyle,  3.  85. 
Bruce,  David,  notes  on  Colias  Meadii,  3.  413. 
Bruce,  David,  notes  on  Krebia  Kpipsodea.  3.  2()1. 
Bruce,  David,  notes  on  Krebia  Magdaluna.   3.  248 

ft  set/. 
Bruce,  David,  notes  on  foi«l  plant  of  Pa])ilio  Indra, 

3.411. 
Bruce,    David,    notes   on   Xcoininois  Ridinjfsii.  3. 

272. 
Bruce,    David,   notes    on  oviposition  of    Limenitis 

Weidemeyerii,  3.  410. 
Bvuce,  l.)avid,  notes  on  Satyrodes  Canthus,  3.   19", 

198. 
Bruce,  David,  notes  on  .Satyrus  Charon,  3.  240. 
Bruce,  David,  notes  on  .Satyrus  Meadii,  3.  2iV). 
Bruce,  David,  observations  on  Papilios  Bairdii  and 

Oregonia,  3.  15.  17. 


Briu^e,  David,  observations  on  Parnauius  Smin- 
theus,  3.  40,  41,  et  sei/. 

Bruce,  David,  observes  the  action  of  the  peraplast 
in  male  of  Parnassius,  3.  47. 

Bruce,  David,  observations  on  the  pouch  of  Parnas- 
sius Smintlieus,  3.  47. 

Brueei,  Krebia.  var.  of  Krebia  Kpipsodea,  3.  201. 

BriK^ei,  Papilio,  3.  15. 

Bunker,  Robert,  notes  on  Limenitis  Artliemis,  2. 
208. 

Burrison,  II.  K..  notes  on  Argynnis  Atossa,  3. 
120. 

Burrison,  II.  K.,  notes  on  Cliionobas  .luttii,  3.  319. 

Butler,  Artliur  G.,  notes  on  Chionobas  Peartiw,  3. 
408. 

Calais.  Chionobas,  var.  of  C.  Chryxus,  3.  291. 
Californica  (Bredowii)  Limenitis  (Heterochroai,  1. 

1.33. 
Californica,  Chionobas,  3.  38.'>. 
Californica.  or  Californiciis.  '^^'xnonympha,  3.  222. 
Calliiipe.  Argynnis,  1.  77  ;  3.  100. 
Calverleyi,  Papilio,  var.  of  P.  Asterias,  2.  51. 
Cantbns,  Satyrodes,  3.  193. 

Carpenterii,  Argynnis.  var.  of  A.  Cybcle.  3.  137. 
Caulfield,  M.,  observations  on  .Satyrus  Nephele  in 

Canada,  2.  200. 
Celtis.  Apiitura,  2.  231. 
Celtis  integerifolia,  food  plant   of  Apatiira  Flora. 

3.  180. 
Celtis  occidentalis.  food  plant  of  Apatura  Celtis.  2. 

235. 
Celtis  occidentalis,  food  plant  of  Apatura  Clyton, 

2.  250. 
Celtis  occidentalis,    food   plant  of  Libytliea  Bacli- 

iiiani,  2.  292. 
Chalcedon,  Melitnea.  1.  97. 
Chapman,  Dr.  A.  W.,  notes  on    Heliconia  Cliarito- 

nia,  2.  121. 
Cliapman.  Dr.  A.  W..  notes  on  Satyrus  Pegala.  3. 

227. 
Cbaritoniii,  Heliconia,  2.  117. 
('baron,  Satyrus,  3.  237. 
Cbelone  glabra,  food  jilant  of  Melitiea  Ph.ieton,  2. 

154. 
Chionobas  Alberta,  3.  403. 
Chionobas  Assimili.s,  var.  of  C.  CEno,  3.  334. 
Chi(mobas  Brncei,  3.  325. 
Chionobas  Calais,  var.  of  C.  Chryxus,  3.  291. 


r ^ 

GENERAL  INDEX. 

Cliionubas  Califurniva,  2.  281  ;  3.  ii85. 

Coliait  ChriHtina,  1.  43. 

Chionobiis  C'uliforiiica  (Siippry  Notes),  2.  336. 

Colias  Cbristina,  noteH  on,  3,  413. 

Cliionobiis  Clii'jxus,  3.  277,  2itl. 

CoiiaH  Cbrysomolas,  3.  87. 

Cliionobus  Cliryxiis,  var.  Cahiis,  3.  291. 

Colias  Edwardsii  (var.  of  C  Alexandra),  1.  55. 

Cbionobaa  Ciaiuliis.  3.  il21,  329. 

Colias  Elig,  notes  on,  3.  414. 

Cbionobas  Gigas.  2.  279 ;  3.  3G9,  384. 

Colias  Eiipliyle,  foiiii  of  C.  Euiytheme,  3.  83. 

Cliioiiobas  Iduiia,  2.  275  ;  3.  381. 

Colias  Eurytbenic,  1.  45  ;  2.  103. 

Cliion.ibas  Ivalldtt,  2.  285. 

Colias  Eiiiytbeiiii',  form  Erij)byle,  3.  83. 

CliiuMobas  Ivallda.  iiotex  on.  3.  417. 

Colia-s  Eiirytlienio  (Suppl'y  Notes),  1.  158. 

Clii(mol)a.s  Jutta.  3.  307. 

Colias  Eurydiee,  1.  53  :  3.  71. 

t'bioiKilias  Macomiii.  3.  'Ml. 

Colias  Enrydice,  form  Anior]iliB>.  3.  71. 

Cliioiioban  Nlj,'ra,  var.  of  C.  Scmidea,  3.  350. 

Colias  Eiirydii.  ,  var.  Hernardino,  3.  71. 

Cbionobas  Noma,  3.  347. 

Colias  Harfordii.  3.  77. 

Cbionobas  (Eno,  3.  333,  ,'193,  395. 

Colias  Helena  (Cbi))pewa),  1.  42. 

Cliionoba.s  IVartia;,  3.  407. 

Colias  Keewaydin,  1,  49. 

Cbionobas  Si'inidea,  3.  349. 

Colias  Meadii,  1.  GO. 

Cliionobas  ISubliyalina,  3.  341. 

Colias  Meadii,  notes  on.  3.  415. 

Cbionobas  fiileii,  3.  293. 

Cbionobas  Vanma,  3.  303.  389. 

Cbii)pewa  (Helena)  Colias,  1.  42. 

Cbristina,  Colia-i,  1.  43. 

Clirysomelas,  Colias,  3.  87. 

CInysoplianiis  Cupreus,  2.  307. 

Cbrysopbaims  Rubidus,  2.  305. 

Cbrysopbanus  .Sirius,  2.  309. 

Cbryxus.  Cbionob.is.  3.  277.  291. 

Cimieifiiga  raoemosa,  food  jilant  of  LycRna  Pseu- 

dargiolus.  2.  320. 
Cinerea,    Lycajna   (var.    of    L.    Pseudargiolug),  2. 

315.  319. 
Clarius  (Clodins),  Parnassius,  1.  17. 
Clodius,  I'arnassins.  1.  18. 
Clyton,  Apatura,  2.  245. 
CoEiionyniplia  Californica.  or  Californicus,  form  of 

C.  Galaotinus,  3.  219. 
Ca'nonympba  Eryngii.  var.   of  C.  Californica,   3. 

220. 
Ccenonympba  (Erebia)  Ilaydenii,  3.  251. 
Ca'nonympba  Galactimis,  3.  219. 
Colias  Alexandra.  1.  41. 
Colias  Alexandra,  notes  on.  3.  413. 
Colias  Alexandra  (.Supply  Notes),  1.  158. 
Colias  AmorjilKe,  form  of  C.  Eurydiee,  3.  71. 
Colias  Ariadne.  2.  103. 

Colias  Antumnalis,  form  of  C.  Eurytbeme,  3.  83. 
Colias  Barbara,  form  of  C.  Harfordii,  3.  78. 
Colias  Behrii,  1.  44. 
Colias  Belirii,  locality  of,  3.  416. 
Colias  Bernardino,  form  of  C.  Eurydiee,  3.  71. 


Colias  Nastes,  2.  87. 

Colias  Grcidentalis,  1.  57. 

Colias  IVlidne.  2.  89. 

Colias  Pbilodiee.  2.  93. 

Colias  Pbilodiee  (Suppl'y  Notes),  2.  334. 

Colias  Sendderii,  1.  59. 

Colias  .Seudderii,  notes  on.  3.  414. 

Connna,  Grapta,  1.  101  ;  3.  167. 

Conistoi'k.  Prof.  .1.    II.,    observations   on    Lyccena 

Pscudargiolus.  2.  321. 
Conradi,  Adolpli,  notes  on  Limcnitis  Arthemis,  2. 

209. 
Cook,  Prof.  A.  J.,  notes  on  Limenitis  Arthemis,  2. 

209. 
Cooperii  (Cethura),  Antlioeliaris,  1.  .38. 
Coronis.  Argynnis.  3.  97. 

Couper,  William,  notes  on  Colias  Pbilodiee,  2.  101. 
Couper,  W.,  notes  on  Papilio  Brevicauda,  2.  35. 
Couper,  W.,  notes  on  Papilio  Turnus.  2.  14. 
Courtis,  William  M.,  notes  on  Papilio  Nitra.  3.  1. 
Courtis,  W.  M.,  notes  on  Parnassius  .Smintheus.  3. 

39. 
Crambis.  Cbionobas,  3.  321,  .329. 
Cr.ataigus,  food  plant  of  Tbeela  Strigosa.  1.  147. 
Cresson,  E.  T..  identifies  parasite  of  larva;  of  Ly- 

easna  Pscudargiolus.  3.  228. 
'"'rotcli,  G.   R..   notes    oti    Argvnnis    Rhodope.    2. 

142. 
Croton  rapitatum,  food  plant  of  Paphia  Glycerium 

(Troglodyta),  1.  139. 
Crucifers,  food  plants  of  Anthocharis  Ausonides,  2. 

80. 


GENERAL  INDEX. 


Crucifene,  foo<l  pluntR  of  Pieris,  1.  34. 
CrncifertB,  fduil  plants  of  I'IitIh  Uerkcrii,  2.  73. 
Curiiiingliiuii,  H.  L.,  iiotuH  oi  (JltioiiobaH  Califurnica, 

3.  378. 
CnprotiH,  ('liry!iu))lmiiii^<.  2.  .307. 
Ciirtis'a  (lexcriptiuii    »l'    C'liioiiolmH  Siibliyulinu,   3. 

341. 
Cybelc,  Ar^ynniH.  1.  tl7  ;   3.  137. 
Cybele,  ArgynniH,  ])reparat<)ry  MtageH  of,  3.  13K. 

Daiiky,  W.  H.,  notes  on  Chionoboti  Uigus,  3.  373. 
Daiimis,  I'a|jilio,  2.  o. 
I)el)is  I'onliindiii,  3.  185. 

Detitun,  Slii'lley  \V..  (ibscvvalionii  on  spiders  attack- 
ing CiiioiKibuH  SuHiiilva.  3.  3.*)*,). 
Diana,  Argynnis.  1.  <i3. 
Diana,  Argynnis.  eiii-ly  stages  of.  2.  145. 
Diniorpliisiii  >>f  Aiitliocliiiiis  Sara.  3.  412. 
DiiiKirpbiHiii  of  Apatura  Clytori.  2.  24.'i. 
Dimorpbisni    of    lirapta    Couinia    discovered.     2. 

186. 
Dimorphism  of  Colias  Haitordii,  3.  70. 
Dimorphism   of  Giapta   Interrogationix.   discovery 

of,  1.  IK). 
Dimor|)hisni  of    Limenitis  Artbeinis.  iliHcovcry  of. 

2.  2H». 
Diinorpiiism  of  Phyeiodcs  Fhaon.  2.  I  71' 
Dimorpiiisni  of  Piiyciodes  Tharos,  discovery  of,  2. 

KJS. 
Uiniorphisin  of   Piiycii)ilc.s  V("<ta,  2.  181. 
DiMiMri)liisni  of  Pieris  OlL-rarca.  1.  34. 
Disroidalis,  Kr<'l)ia.  3.  '.'5,'). 
Dod.  F.  H.  WoUey,  notes  on  Cliionobas  All)erta,  3. 

40(i. 
Dod.  F.  H.  Wolley.  notes  on  Chionobas  Vsruna.  3. 

392. 
Dod,  F.  H.  Wolley,  notes  on  Krel)ia  Discoidalis,  3. 

418. 
Dodge,  Kdward  A.,  notes  on  ("olias  Kurvtheme.  2. 

108. 
Dodge,  K.  A.,  notes  on  S.  Cantbus.  3.  1 '.(!>. 
Dogwood  (C'ornus),  food  plant  of  Lyctena  Violacea, 

2.  320. 

Doiibleday,  Edward,  notes  on  Colias  Philodice,  2. 

97. 
Dryas  octopetala.  food  plant  of  Arf^ynnis  Alberta, 

3.  123. 

Dryas   (siunmev  form   of  G.   Comma).   Grapta.  1. 
109. 


Echo,  Lycnna  (var.  of  L.  Piasus),  2.  315,  319. 
Edwards,  Henry,  description  of  Parnassius  Hcrmo- 

dnr.  3.  38. 
Edwards,  Henry,  notea  on  Anthocharis  Itfakirtii, 

1.38. 
Kdwards,  Henry,  notes  on  Argynnis   Hremnerii,  2. 

138. 
I  Edwards,  Henry,  notes  on  Argynnis  Nevadensis,  1. 

94. 
Edwanls,  Henry,  notes  on  C  Galiictinus,  3.  22,3. 
Kduards.  Henry,  notes  on  Colias  Chiysonielii.s.  3.  88. 
Kdwanls,  Henry,  notes  on  (  olias  Kiirydioe.  1.  54. 
Kdwanls.    Ilfuiy.   notes   on   Colias    Knrytbciiw,  2. 

110.  in. 

Edwards.  lltMuy,  mites  on  Colia*  Harfordii.  3.  HI. 
Edwards.  Henry,  notes  on  (irapta  Satyriis,  1.  122. 
Edwards,    Henry,    notes   on    Grapta    Zepbyrns,    1. 

124. 
Edwards,  Henry,  notes  on  Limenitis  Bredowii(He- 

leroeliroa  Californiea),  1.  33. 
Edwards.  Henry,  notes  on   Limenitis  Lonpiini,   I. 

131. 
Edwards,    Henry,   notes  on    Lyeiena  Heteronea,  2. 

313. 
Edwards.  Henry,  noli's  on  Meliteea  Clialcedon.  1. 

98. 
Edwards,  Henry,  notes  on  Parnassins  Clurins  (Clo- 

dins).  1.  18.  " 
Kdwards,  Henry,  notes  on  I'apilin  Daiiniis.  2.  (i. 
Edwards.    Henry,    notes    on    Papllio    l.urvniefbiii. 

2.  3. 

E<lwards,  Henry,  notes  on  Papilio  Indra.  2.  44. 
Edwards.  Henry,  observations  on   C<dias  Eriphvle. 

3.  S.-,. 

Edwards.  Henry,  on  imago,  larvw    -tvl  food  plant 

of  Colias  Enrydice.  3.  71.  74. 
Edwardsii.  .\rgynnis.  1.  87. 
Edwardsii  (var.  of  C.  Alexandra).  Colias,  L  .W. 
Egleis.  Argynnis,  3.  129. 
Elevation  at  timber  line.  Colorado.  3.  283. 
Elwes.  H.  ,T.,  notes  on  Erebia  Hnicei.  3.  262. 
Erebia  Brucei,  var.  of  Epipsodea.  3.  2()1. 
P>ebia  (Coenonymplia)  Haydenii.  3.  251. 
Erebia  Di.'^coidalis.  3.  255. 
Erebia  Discoidalis,  notes  on.  3.  418. 
Erebia  P",|)ipsoden.  3.  257. 
Erebia  Epijjsodea,  correction  of  error.  3.  417. 
Erebia  Fnsciata,  3.  2.53. 
P'rebia  Magdalena,  3.  247. 


GENERAL    INDEX. 

Kripliyle,  form  of  ColiiiH  Kurytlienic,  3.  83. 

Foo  1  plant  of  Libythen  Daeliinani.  2.  29'J. 

Kiofi.  I.iineiiitiH.  2.  '221. 

Food  plant  of   [yinicnitix  ArtlieiniH,  2.  2\2. 

Kiirydicc,  CiiliiiH,  1.  'I'.i  ;  3.  71. 

Food  plant  of   LiinenitlH  Kron,  2.  T2'. 

Enryineiloii,  I'npilio.  2.  1. 

Food  plant  of   LiinonitiH  Lonpiini.  3.  41(1. 

Eiiryiionic.  Ai(,'yiiMis.  2.  \'2\), 

Food  plant  of   Lini>MiitiH  Wcideinoyorii,  3.  416. 

iMiiytlifiiif.  (.'oliiui,  1.  4.") ;  2.  103.                               Fooil  |iliiiiu  of  iMo!  Uvu  Uaroni,  3.  118. 

KvurNiimiiiii,  I'arnagHiiiH.  1.  '_'7.                                       Food  |)lants  of  Mnlitivu  Clmlccdon,  1.  '.(8. 

Food  piniit  of  Melitmi  I'liuiaoii,  2.  154. 

Faliricii  (fall  form  of  G.   liitfrrogationii)).  Grnpta,    Food  plant  of  Ncoiiln.rtiu  Munnpia.  3.  .'».'<. 

l.  1  !•'>•                                                                             Food  [iluiit  of   I'apliia   Trofjloilyla  ((ilyceriiiin),  1. 

Fasriata,  Krcbiu,  3.  '.'o.'i. 

138. 

FaunuH  (irapta.  1.  ill). 

Fernald.  rrofonnoi'.  C.  II..  notcn  on  DcbiH  I'ortlnn- 

dia,  3.  188. 
FIt'lclii'i'.  dames,  notes  on  Chinnobas  Chryxun,  3. 

L'H.'). 
Fletcher,  James,  notes  on  Chionobas  .Juttn,  3.  318, 

;!i.'o. 

Fletcher,  .lamcx,  on  Cbionobos  Maconnii,  3.   'M>2. 

3(13,  3(!.">. 
Fletcher,  ,lunie8.  notes   on  Satyrodes  Canthns.  3. 

1!).S,  L'dl. 
Fletcher,  .lames,  observations  on  NeophaHia  Mena- 

pia.  3.  r)4. 
Fletcher,  James,  olmervations  on  Papilio  Nitra,  3.  2. 
Flora,  Ai)atiira,  3.  175. 
Food  plant  of  Antliocharis  Ausonides,  2.  81. 
Food  plant  of  Antliocharis  (jcnutia,  3.  (10. 
Food  plant  of  Antliocharis  Olyinjiia,  3.  412. 
Food  plant  of  Apatura  Cellis,  2.  235. 
Food  ]ilant  of  Apatura  Clyton,  2.  250. 
Food  plant  of  Apatura  Flora,  3.  180. 
Food  jilant  of  Argynnis  Alberta.  3.  123. 
Food  plant  of  Colias  Alexandra,  3.  413. 
Food  iihint  of  Colias  Christina,  3.  414. 
Foo<l  plant  of  Colias  Eurydice,  3.  74. 
FVod  plants  of  Colias   Kiirytheme.  1.   4(1 ;  2.    108. 

lOft. 
Food  jilnnt  of  Colias  Harfordii,  3.  80. 
Food  plants  of  Colias  Philodice.  1.  4() ;  2.  100. 
Food  iilant  of  Colias  .Scndderi,  3.  41(1. 
Food  ])lants  of  Grapta  Comma,  1.  102. 
Food  ])lants  of  (Jrajita  Interrogationis,  1.  117. 
Food  plant  of  (irapta  Kiisticns,  2.  193. 
Food  ])laiit  of  (Jrapta  Satyrus,  1.  122. 
Food  plant  of  Grapta  Zcphyriis,  2.  200. 
p'ood  plant  of  Heliconia  Cliaritonia,  2.  121. 
Food  plant  of  Lemonias  Nais.  2.  298. 
Food  plant  of  Lemonias  Palmerii.  2.  .302. 


Food  plant  of   I'apdio  Ajax,  1.  10. 

Food  ]ilant  of   I'apilio  Kairdii.  3.  1(1. 

Kood  |>laiitN  of  I'apilio  Hicvicaiida.  2.  .35,  41,  42. 

Food  plant  of    I'apilio  Daiiiiiis,  3.  409. 

Food  plants  of  I'npilio  Kiirymedoii,  2.  2. 

Food  |ilant  of  I'apilio  liidra,  3.  111. 

Food  |)lant  of   I'apilio  Oiej^oiiia,  3.  15. 

Food  plants  of  I'apilio  Uiiliihis,  2.  (11,  (14. 

Food  plants  of  I'liiiilio  'ruriiiis.  2.  1,3. 

Food  jilaiits  of  I'apilio  Zolicaon,  2.  27  ;   3.  13. 

Food  ])1ant  of  I'arnassins  Sniiiitheiis.  3.  41. 

Food  ]daiit  of  I'hyciodcs  Tliaros,  2.  1(17. 

Food  plants  of  I'ieris  Ueckerii,  2.  73. 

Food  plant  of  Pieris  Sisymbri.  2.  (18. 

Food  plant  of  Tliecia  Acadioa.  1.  143. 

Food  plant  of  Thechi  .'^tri^^osa,  1,  147. 

Forms  of  Colias  Knry theme,  3.  84. 

Foster,  W.  S.,  observations   on  Parnassius  Smin- 
j      theus,  3.  41. 

Frangnla  Californica,  food  plant  of  Papilio  Eiiry- 
'      medon.  2.  2. 

'  French.  Professor  G.   II.,  notes  on  .Satyrodes  Can- 
[      thus,  3.  200. 

Fyles,  Rev.  Thomas  W.,  notes  on  Cbionobas  Jutta, 
3.  311. 

Galactinus,  Cwnonympba,  3.  219. 

Geddes,  Captain  G.,  notes  on  ('hionobas  Jutta,  3. 

.■519. 
(Jeiroclieilus  Tritonia,  3.  245. 
(■enima.  Nconymidia.  3.  205. 
(Jeiiutia.  Antliocharis,  2.  83  ;  3.  57. 
Gibbs,  Dr.  K.  M.  W..  notes  on  Limenitis  Arthemis, 

2.  209. 
Gigas  Cbionobas.  2.  279  ;  3.  369. 
Gigas.  Cbionobas,  compared  with  C.  Californica.  3. 

372. 
■  Gigas.  Cbionobas,  compared  with  C.  Idima.  3.  371. 


GENERAL   INDEX. 


OlaiicuH  ((limorpliir  form  iif  Turnua),  Papilio,  2.  0. 
Ulyi-oriuiii  ('rroglodyta),  I'npliiu,  1.  1<'S7. 
QoDiie,  P.  II.,  MoteH  oil  DvhJH  I'urtliuidia.  3.  189. 
GoHHu,    l*.   li.,   nutes  on  Uelicoiiin  Clmritunia,  2. 

Ili2. 
Grnptii  C'(>niiim,  1.  101  ;  3.  1()7. 
Urnpta  Coniiiui.  (liiiiorpiiiNiii  of,  2.  185. 
Grapta  DryaH  (Niinniivr  form  of  G.  (luiiinia),  1.  100. 
Grapta  Fabricii  (fall   form  of  G.   Iiiturro);ationi8), 

1.  115. 
(tnipta  FnniuiH,  1.  '.)<,). 
Grapta  FaiiniH  (Siippl'y  Notes),  1.  161. 
Grapta  IlylaH,  2.  1K<). 
Grapta  IntoirogatioiiiH,  1.  Ill  ;  3.  l.'>,'{. 
Grapta  Interrogatioiiis,  diiiiurpliiHiii  of.  1.  110;  2. 

18.-.. 
Grapta  InterrogatioiuH,  ofTcct  of  cold  applied  to  the 

clirysalids  of,  3.  Ki'i. 
Grapta  MarHyax,  2.  191. 
Grapta  RuHtivng,  2.  1!)3. 
Grapta  Satyrus,  1.  121. 
Grapta  .Siionii!*,  2.  183. 
Grapta  IJiiibrosa  (xummer  form  of  G.   Interroga- 

tionis),  1.  111. 
Grnpta  ZepliyruH.  1.  12;i ;  2.  105. 
GrasHes,  food  plants  of  Satyrus,  2.  2(>8. 
Green,  Cbarles  de  B.,  notes  on  Cliionobas  Gigos, 

3.371,372. 
Groy,  R.  M.,  notes  on  Limonitis  Artliemis,  2.  208. 
Guen<!e,  M..  observations  on  tlie  tubes  and  tentacles 

of  larva  of  Lycicna  liwtiea,  2.  325. 

Hagenii,  synonym  of  Eripliylc,  C'olias,  3.  83. 

Halcyone.  Argynnis,  1.  83  ;  3.  103. 

Harfordii,  Colias,  3.  77. 

Haydenii,  CiBnonyuipha  (Erebia),  3.  251. 

Hayhurst,  Dr.  H.  K.,  notes  on  Taphia  Glycerium 
(Troglodyta),  1.  138. 

Helena  (Cliipi)ewa),  Colias,  1.  42. 

Heliconia  Charitonia,  2.  117. 

Hensbawi,  Neonyinpba,  3.  210. 

Ileracleum  lanatuin.  food  plant  of  Papilio  Brevi- 
cauda,  2.  35. 

Hermodur  (var.  of  Sniintheus),  Parnassius,  descrip- 
tion of,  3.  38. 

Herse,  Apatura,  2.  254. 

Hesperis,  Argynnis,  1.  79. 

Heterochroa  (Liinenitis)  Calif ornica  (Bredowii), 
1.  133. 


Ht-teronoa,  Lyca'im,  2.  313. 
Hitinalii,  Pbyciodes  (form  of  P.  I'baon),  2.  170. 
Iliuinalis,  Pliyciodcs  (form  of  P.  Vusta),  2.  IMI. 
Holland,  Uev.  W. .).,  notes  on  Neonynipha  (jiciiima, 

3.  200. 
Hop,  f(io<l  plant  of  Grapl:i  Dryas.  1.  110. 
Ho)ikliiH,   Pi'ofcNNor   A.  I).,  iioti's  on    LyciL'iia   Lyg. 

damaH,  3.  417. 
Hop,  nettle,  and  Bti'limeria,  food  plants  of  Grapta 

Coiinna,  1.  102. 
Hop,  nuttio,  Dwbincria,  t'lm,  food  plants  of  Grapta 

InterrogationiH,  1.  117. 
Howe,  Dr.,  ol)4ervatlonH  on  Lyrwiia  Lucia,  2.  .322. 
Howos,   Piofesior,    observations   on  the  pouch   of 

ParnassiuN,  3  47. 
Hoy,  Dr.  ,1.   P.,  notes  on   Liinenitis  Artbemis,  2. 

209. 
HiiUt.  Rev.   George  D..   notes  on  Argynnis  Nau- 

sicaa.  3. 1.30. 
Hulst,  Itev.  G.  D.,  notes  on  Liraenitis  Artliemis,  3. 

200. 
Hunt.  Dr.  .1.  G..  observations  on  the  dorsal  orifice 

of  larva  of  Lycn>na  Pseudargiolus,  2.  327. 
Hylas,  Grapta,  2.  180. 

Idana,  Chionobas,  2.  275  ;  3.  381. 
Idyja,  Apatura,  2.  250. 
Iiulra,  Papilio,  2.  43. 
Inornata,  Argynnis,  2.  139. 
Inturrogationis,  Grapta,  1.  Ill ;  8.  163. 
Ivallda,  Chionobas,  2.  285. 

•Julia,  Anthocharis.  2.  85. 
Jutta,  Chionobas,  3.  307. 

Keewaydin,  Colias,  1.  49. 

Ku'bcic,  Albert,  notes  on  Parnassius  Smintheiis,  3. 
,      44, 45. 

]  LiDta,  Tliecla,  1.  141. 

Lais.  Argynnis,  3.  0,3. 

Lamina,  Liinenitis  (form  of  L.  Arthemis),  2.  201. 

Lanccolata,  Anthocbaris.  3.  63. 
;  Leilia,  Apatura,  2.  241. 
1  Lemonias  iSnis,  2.  295. 

I  Lemonias  NniH.  larva  in  confinement  fed  on  wild 
pliini,  2.  290. 

Lemonias  Palinerii,  2.  301. 

Leto  Argynnis,  1.  85. 


GENERAL   INDEX. 


Libythea  Biirhraani,  2.  'J89. 

Iiil>ytlien  Baclinmiii  (Siippl'y  NotcH),  2.  38f), 

Lilian!),  Ar);yiiiiis,  3.  '.)■'>. 

Liiiiciiitis  Artlifiiii.-;,  2.  'JOL 

Liiiu'iiitis  Ai'tlieinis,  tliiiii>i'|)liisin  uf,  2.  -1<.>. 

l.,iiiiciiitiK   I>iHi|)]iiis,  larva-  coirparetl  with  L.  Kros, 

2.  '-".'8. 
LiniciiitiN  Krou,  2.  '.''Jl. 

Liiiienitis  Lnmiiin  ifdriii  of  L.  Ai'theiiii»).  2.  '.'OL 
l^iiiirniliH  lyiiripiiiii,  1.  *.'!L 
Liiiit'iiitiK  Li>r(iiiiiii,  notes  on.  3.  4  Mi. 
LiinenitiH  ( )l).s()l('tn  (var.  iif  L.  Kios),  2.  22'.'. 
LinirnitiN  I'roscrpina.  ilimoi'iihic  form  of  L.  Arthe- 

niis.  1.  127. 
Linu'n'.iiH  i'rosi'r]iina    (form    of    L.   Arthcniiit),  2. 

202. 
LinieiiitiH  I'rosi-rpiiia  (Supijl'y  Notc^  .  1.  1(11. 
LimcnitiH  Wcidi'moycrii,  1.  1211. 
Liml'niti^s  Wfiilenu'yorii.  notfn  on.  3.  11  L 
Limcnitis  WciiK'nu-Vfrii  (Suppl'y  Noirs)    1.  ICil. 
Lintncr.  I'rofcssor   .1.   A.,    notes   on   (irapla   jiitcv- 

roj;ationis,  3.  Hil. 
Lintner,  J.  A.,  notes  on  Limcnitis  Artlieini.i,  2.  2'I8. 
Linfner.  J.  A.,   observations  on    Lycn'iia   Nejjleeta, 

9.  .'V.';{. 
JJntnir,  .?.  A.,  observations  on   the   lubes  of  larva 

of  LycHMia  I'sendart^iolus.  2.  •"21. 
Ix>r<|nini.  Linienltis,  1.  KU. 
Lucia,  LyeiiMia  (form  of  L.  I'sendarjjiolns),  2.  yii"). 

.•tl«. 
Lyen'oa  Ar(;ioliis  ( INrM(Iari;iolii»),  2.  ."•'■">. 
LyraMia  (,'inerea  (var.  of  I,.  I'seuilargii.  Ms),  2..'<ir(. 

319. 
Lyen-iui   Comynlas.    relra<'tile  or(;ans    observed   on 

larva  of.  2."  :!:«>. 
LyraMia  Echo  (var.  of   I,.  I'iasrs).  2.  .'U.'>.  .'U'.». 
l.yenMia  lleteronea.  2.  .'<!.'!. 
LycaMia  Lneia  i  fiMMn  of    L.  I'seiulargioliis).  2.  .'ll.">. 

LyraMia  Lyj^danuis.  1.  I'tO  :   3.  117. 
LycaMia  Lygdamas,  food  plant  of.  3.  417. 
LycaMui  .Mar^'inata  (form   of   L.  Psetidargiolus).  2. 

';ii.-..  ;u,s. 

Lyen-na    Melissa,     retractile    orpins    observed    (Mi 

larva  of.  2.  XMl 
l,yca>na  Neuleeta  (early  Biimmor   form  of   I'l  iidar- 

ginliis).  1.  1.')'). 
i,vripna  Neglppta   (form    of    L.    I'seiidargioliis)     2. 
"31.-),  318. 


Lyciena  Nigra  ((liinor])liic  form  of  male  L.  PHeu- 

(larKiolns),  2.  31,5.  318. 
LyeaMia   Nigra,   inelanic  male  of    L.  Violaeea.  2. 

"31.-).  .'tis. 
LycaMia  l'ia8U.s  vPucilic  form  of  L.  PsiMidargioliis). 

2.  315,  3 lit. 
LycaMia  Pscudargiohis.  1.  L").'t ;  2.  .'ilT). 
LycaMia    I'setidargiolus.  discovery  of  the  food  plant 

of.  2.  .320. 
Lycoiiia  Pscudargiohis.  polymorphism  of.  2.  315. 
Lyeoina  Itegia.  2.  311. 
LycaMia  Violacea  —  discovery  of  the  food  ])lant  of. 

2.  3 lit. 
LycaMia  Violacea.  notes  on.  3.  417. 
LycaMia  Violacea  (spring  form  uf  L.  Pgeudargiolus), 

1.  14it. 
Lycaon.  A])atiira.  2.  2.'<8. 
Lygdamas,  LycaMia.  1.  l.'iO. 

Lyman.  11.  IL.  notes  on  Deliis  Portlandia.  3.  184. 
Lyman.  II.  IL.  notes  on  Limcnitis  Arthcmis,  2.  208. 

.Macoimii.  Chionobas.  3.  3(il. 

.Magdalena.  Krebia,  3.  217. 

Marcclliis.  Papilio.  1.  7. 

.Marcia.  Phyeiixles  (form  of  P.  Tharos),  2.  Kil. 

Marginala.  LycaMia  (form  of   L.  Psei.dargi(diis).  2. 

315.  318. 
Maritima.  Satyrns  (var.  of  .S.  Alopo),  2.  2(52. 
Marsyas.  (irapla.  2.  litl. 
McCuuk.   Key.    IL  C,  notes  on    nnls  attending  a 

LycaMia  larva.  2.  3.3(t. 
.Meadii.  Argynn'.s.  2.  131. 
.Meadii.  Colias.  1.  CiO  ;   3.  417. 
.Meadii.  .Satyrns,  3.  231. 
Mead,  Theodore    L..   ilisi'overs   the   food    plant    of 

LycaMia  Neglecta,  2.  .'!2I. 
Mead,  T.  L..  discovei-s  the  fooil  plant  of   Pliyeiodes 

Tharos.  2.  I ('"7. 
Mead.  T.  L..  notes  on  Anthocharis  Ausonides,  2.  8I'>. 
.Mead,    T.   h.,    notes    on    Argynnis    Knrynome.    2. 

i;«). 

Mead,  T.  L.,  notes  on  Chionobas  CbryxiiR,  3.  283. 
Mead.  T.  L..  notes  on  Cliionobu:'  Ivallda.  2.287. 
Meiid.    T.  L.,  notes  on  CbioMobas  ilderi.  3.  2itit. 
.MiMid,  T    I...  iiolis  on  Colia!,  SiMiddeni    1,  HIO. 
Mead.  T.  L..  notes  on   Colias    Kiirythenie.   2.    110, 

IKl. 
Mfiiil.   T.  L.,  notes  on  Colias  Meatiii.  1.  ()1. 
MeB<l.   I  .  L.,  notes  on  Krebia  Kpipsodea,  3.  2<"'l. 


(}KNEHAL   INDKX. 


Mead,  T.  L.,  iioteH  un  Graptu  Ilylns.  2.  \W). 
Mfuil,  T.  L.,  notes  un  (ji'a|)ta  /upliyriis,  1.  \\i'>. 
Mead,  T.  L.,  notes  un  Linionitis  Artlii-niiit,  2.  'JdO. 
Mead,  T.  L.,  notes  un  NeuniinuiH  l{idinn^^li,  3. -TV. 
Mead,  T.  L.,  mites  un  I'uriiassiu.s  Sniintlieiis,  1.  -'> ; 

3.  in. 

Mead,  T.  L.,  notes  un  I'apiliu  Hrevieauda,  2.  tl. 
Mend,  T.  L.,  Holes  mi  I'apiliu  Kni'yniedun,  2.  •'!. 
Mead,  T.  L.,  notes  on  I'iiyt'iodes  Thariis,  2.  ICiT. 
Mead,  T.  L.,  noteH  on  I'ieils  Heckerii,  2.  715. 
Mead,  T.  L.,  Mutes  un  Salyrus  Meadii,  3.  '.'i<4. 
Mead,  T.  I,.,  nutes  un  Salyriis  Cliaiun,  3.  '.'40. 
Mead,  T.  L..  notes  un  Salyrus  I'ejjala,  3.  -27. 
Mead,  T.  L.,  ul)sei'rutiuns  un  Antlioeliaris   Lanec  <i- 

lata.  3,  ()». 
Mead,  T.  I..,  oliseivations  <in  food  plant  of  Lycicna 

Nei,dect.i,  2.  ;i'Jl. 
Melanic  male  of  Lycienn  Violaeea,  2.  ^{IS. 
MeiitaNa  liaroin,  3.  it."'. 
Melitiua  Chalredon,  1.  1)7. 
Melitii-ii  I'liaeton.  2.  I'll. 
Melitiea   Phaeton,  discovery  of  the  food  plant   of, 

2.  l.-.l. 
Melitwa  Phaeton  (Supply  Notes).  2.  'X'^. 
Melitica  Knliirunda,  3.  14<.). 
Menapia.  Neuplmsia,  1.    "J  .  3.  ~i''S. 
M<<n<<trit<K,  M.,  on  c'liionolias  JuttA  in  Europe,  S. 

:ti'.>. 
M,;ske,  i'tiUt,  notes  on  Satyrug  Pe);alu,  3.  2-S. 
.Mesijuit.  Prosupii  julillura,  food  plant  of  Leniunius 

I'alnieiii,  2.  'M\. 
Mescpiit,  fond  plant  of  Leuionias  Nais.  2.  '.".)K. 
Miteliell,  I.  N.,  notes  Oil  .Satyi'udes  Cantluis,  3.  lit'.*. 
Monticoltt,  Ar^ynnis,  1.  tSI. 

Morpheus,  Phyi'iodes  (form  uf   P.  Tliaroi*).  2.  Iti^i. 
Morrison,    II.   K..   notes  un  Cliionubos  Varuna.   3. 

;t(l4. 
Morrison,  II.  K  .  notes  oil  Leniunias  Nais,  2.  29K. 
Morse,  A.  P.,  sends  living  examples  of  Chionobos 

Seniidea.  3.  .CiC. 
Morton,  Miss  Kinily  L..  notes  on  firapta  Interru({a- 

tionis,  3.   IWt. 
Miildeinaii.    .1.    M.     notes   on     I'apliia   lilyeriuin 

I  rru({ludyta),  .      'My 
Murray.  W..  notes  on  Linienitis  Arthetnis.  2.  '2(M. 

Nais.  Lemonias,  2.  2^),'i. 

Nash.  H.  W.,  sends  egg»  of  Coliao  Eriphyle,  3.  84. 

Nastes.  Colia«,  2.  87. 


Naiisieua.  Argynnis,  3.  ISTi. 

Neglectu  (eui'ly  summer  form  of  L.  PBeudargioIus), 

Lyeojna,  1.  I.'i.'i;  2.  315,  'MS. 
Nelsuiii,  Pieris.  2.  71. 
Neumiiiuis  Ridiiij^'Hii,  3.  207. 
Neonynijiha  Areulatus,  3.  213. 
Neonyiiiplia  (ieninia,  3.  21)5. 
Neunyinplia  llenshawi,  3.  210. 
Neopha.-iia  Menapia.  1.  2!t ;   3.  .'i3. 
Neopliasia  .Mi'iiapia  (Snppl'y  Notes),  1.  157. 
Nephele.  Satyrus.  2.  2(12. 

.Vetlle,  the  fuud  plant  of  (irnpta  Satyrus.  1.  122. 
Nevadeiisis,  Arjiynnis.  1.  W  :  3.  KM. 
Nij^ra,  Chionulias,  var.  of  (.'.  .Semidea.  3.  .'i.'iO. 
Nigra.  Lyiwiia  (dimorphic  form  of  male  L.  Viola- 

,-ea).  2.  ;il5.  .'US. 
Nitueris,  Argynnis,  3.  !tl. 
Nilra.  I'apiliu,  3.  1. 
NuUumis.  Argyniiis.  1.  7.3. 

Observations  un  the  lubes  and  tentacles  of  larva  uf 

LyiiiMia  PseiidaiKiubis.  2.  32." 
Olisiilela,  Limenitis  (var.  of  L.  Kros).  2.  222. 
(Veidentali-.  Culias,  1.  57. 

Oeellatii,  Apatura  (form  of  A.  ClytonJ,  2.  245. 
(Knu,  Cbiunobas,  3.  .3.".3.  395. 
Olympia.  Aiilhucharis.  2.  77. 
Olympus.  Satyrus  (var.  of  S.  Nephele),  2.  2C3. 
Ontaiiu.  Tbecla.  1.  145. 
Opis.  Aijfyiinis.  2.  1.3.5. 
Oregoniu,  I'apiliu.  2.  2^). 
Otiar,  Krnest  •)..  notes  on  Chionobaa  Semidea  in 

Coluradu,  3.  357. 
Owen,  Professor  E.  T.,  notes  on  Cbionohos  Colifor- 

nira,  3.  37X 
( (wen,  Piofe.s.Hor  E.  T.,  notes  on  Chionobas  ("hryxus, 

3.  285. 
Owen.    Professor  E.  T.,  notes  on  Chionobas  Semi- 
dea in  Colorado,  3.  .357. 
<  )wen.  Professor  E.  T..  notes  un  Papilio  Pilumiius, 

3.  4. 
Ow.Mi.  Profef,sor  E.  T.,  notes  on  Satyrwies  Cantlius, 

3.  I'.W. 

Piilnii'rii.  l,emonias.  2.  ,301. 

Paphia  Cilycerium  (Truglodyta),  1.  137. 

Pipilio  Ajnx.  1.  1  ;  3.  23. 

Papilio  Amerieus,  3.  7. 

Pnpilio  Asterias,  var.  Calverleyi,  2.  51. 


GENERAL   INDEX. 


Papilio  Hnirilii,  2.  47. 

Pupilio  iirevicaiida,  2.  M,  39. 

I'apilio  Hrucfi,  3.  IT). 

I'aiiiliu  Daiiiuis.  2.  5;  3.  411. 

I'upilio  l)aiiiiu>  (Siiiiply  Notes),  2.  333. 

I'apilio  iMiniiioctoii,  2.  1. 

I'apilio  India.  2.  4;5 :  3.411. 

I'apilio  Nitra.  3.  I. 

ra|iilio  ()i('-;onia,  2.  li'.l. 

I'apilio  Orcfjonia  (.Suppl'y  Notes),  2.  333. 

I'apilio  I'ihmiir.iH.  3.  •'<. 

I'apilio  Uiitiihui.  2.  .').'!. 

I'.i)iili<>  Kiitii'iis,  var.  Arizoncnsis,  2.  Hi. 

I'apilio  runiiiR,  2.  i". 

I'apilio  Zoli.voii.  2.  '-'.'.  ;  3.  ». 

I'apilio  Zoliraop  (.'^iippl')'  Notes),  2.  ',W,i. 

I'arasiti'.-  of  ("liioiiohas  .Seiiruk-B,  3.  'Aii\h 

I'aiiia.ssiiis  Htlirii  (var.  of   I'.  .SininlliimH),  1.  23. 

I'ariiaKHiiis  Clariiis  (t'lodiiiw),  1.  17. 

l'ariia>siii;.  Clodius,  1.  18. 

1'arna.t.siiis  Kversmaiiiii,  1.  27. 

rariiiisKius  Ilvriiiodur.  var.  of  P.  Smintheus,  3.38. 

Paniassius  Siiiintheus,  1.  21  ;  3.  •V>. 

I'assitlora,  food  plant  of  Ilelicoiiia  Clmritunia,   2. 

121. 
Paw]Miw  ( Asiininu),  the  food  plant  of  I'apilio  Ajax, 

1.  10. 

Pcaliinly,  Professor  S.  A.,  notes  on  Cii-nonyniplia 

(Krebia)  llaydi-nii,  3.  2,")1. 
I'eahody.  S.  II..   notes   on    Liinenilis   Arthcniis,   2. 

2(Hi. 
I'rarson,  ('.,  notes  on  ^  nielanie  Colins   Philodicc, 

2.  114. 

Puarti.i-.  Cliionobas,  3.  4U7. 

Pearl.  .Mih.  Marv,  notes  on  pupation  of  Chionohas 
Varnna.  3.  .'('.(1 ,  3'.t2. 

Peart,  Mrs.  Mary,  notes  on  larva'  of  Culins  lilis 
aadC.  Meiulii,  3.  414. 

Peart.  Mrs.  .Mary,  notes  on  pupation  of  P.  Smin- 
theus. 3.  I.'i. 

Peart.  Mrs.  Mary,  observations  on  larviu  of  Nco- 
phasia  .Menapia,  3.  55. 

Pet,'ala,  .Satyriis.  3.  225. 

Peli.lne.  Colias.  2.  8".». 

Peraplast  (of  Parnassius  male),  3.  50. 

Pereh  made  by  larvae  of  Limenitis,  2.  212. 

Phaeton.  Melllrea,  2.  151. 

Phaon.  Phyeiodes.  2.  17!>. 

Philodice,  Colias.  2.  93. 


Phyciotles  i^stiva  (form  of  P.  Phaon),  2.  179. 
PliyciiMles  j'Estiva  (form  of  P.  Vesta),  2.  182. 
Phyeioil  s  lliemalis  (form  of  P.  VcsUi).  2.  181. 
I'hyeiodes  Mareia  (form  of  P.  Tharos),  2.  Kil. 
Pliyeiwles    Morpheus    (form   of    P.    Tharos),    2. 

Phyeiodea  Phaon,  2.  179. 

I'hyeiodes  Tharos.  2.  Kil. 

I'hyeiodes  Tharos.  dimor])hism  of,  2.  1(>1. 

I'hyeiodes  Tharos,  exiierimentt  on  cold  applied  tu 

the  pupa".  2.  Kill. 
Phyeiodes  Vesta.  2.  IHl. 
I'hyeiodes  \'esta.  dimorphistii  of,  2.  181. 
I'iasus,  Lyea>na  ( Pacitie  form  of  L.  Pseudargiolus), 

2.  ;{1.5,  319. 
Pieris  Heekerii,  1.30;  2   73- 
Pieris  Nelsoni.  2.  71. 
Pier't  Sisymbri.  2.  07. 
Pieris  Vernalis.  1.  ;i3. 
Pieris  Vir^iniensis,  notes  on.  3.  411. 
Pieris  Virginiensit:  , spring'  lorm  of  P.  Oleracea).  1. 

.■(4. 
Pihinunis,  Papilio.  3.  ,'i. 
Pima,  Anthocharis,  3.  G9. 
I'iniiH.  food  of  Neophasir  Mennpia,  3.  5.3. 
Piper,   Professor    C.  V..    notes  on   Papilio  Ore({o- 

uia,  3.  20. 
Plot/.,  C,  anta  attend  larvip  of  Lyeiena  Arf,m8,  2. 

329. 
Polymorphism  of  Colias  Kurythemo,  discovery  of, 

2.  107  (7  A7'7. 
Polymorphism    of    Lyeiena   Pseuilargiolus.   discov- 
ery of,  2.  321,322. 
Piilymor|ihi.'<m  or   I'apilio  Ajax,  discovery  of.  1.  11. 
Portlandia.  Debis.  3,  185. 

Proserpina.  Apatura  (form  of  A.  Clyton).  2.  240. 
Proserpina  (dimor|ihie   form   of   L.  Arlhemis),  Li- 

meiiiti".  1.  127. 
Proserpina    Limenitis    (form    of  L.  Arthemis),  2. 

202. 
PsouilarKiolus,  Lycaina,  2.  315. 
Pseudargiolus,  Lyea>na.  1.  153. 

Keakirt.  T,,  error  as   to   Parnassius  Sininthens,  3. 

43. 
Ueakirt.  T,.  not«-  on  variations  in  Colias  Philo<lice, 

2  m. 

Ueakirtii  (spring  form  of  A.  Sara).   Anthocharii, 
I.  .37. 


GKNEUAL    INDKX. 


Kegia,  J.yoiena,  2.  'Ml. 

Uhudocura  Lui-((iiiiii  (female  of  Colias  Eurydice), 

1.53. 
(Ihodope,  ArKyniiis,  2.  141. 
UiiliiigHii,  Ncuiiiinuis,  3.  207. 
KidiiiKfi.  .lamca  ii.,  iiotvit  on   DM*  Portlandia,  3. 

IS'.t. 
Uidiii);9,  Jumi's  H.,   noU's  on  Siityn:'"  I'e^'aln,    3. 

'.'L'T. 
Riii-y.  I'rof.  C.   V'.,  identilios  paragito  of  larva  of 

Lypii'mv  I'scudnrKiolus,  2.  31.'H. 
Rivers,  I'rofcssor  .1.  ,1.,  notes  on  A.  Adianto.  3.  128. 
Ktvor«,  J.  J.,  obscrvutioiiM  un   I'apilio  Zulicoon,  3. 

13. 
I^>l)o^t8,  C.  H.,  niitcH  on   LinionitiH  Arthcinis,  2. 

207. 
Uusa,  Anthooliaris,  3.  ^M'^. 
Rubicundn,  MidiUoa,  3.  110. 
Riibidiis,  ('liry-<(i|iiianiiri,  2.  305, 
Ru|><>HtriH,  Arfrynnis.  2.  1-13. 
RiiHticuM.  Gra|)Ui.  2.  I<.)3. 
Hutuliu,  Tapilio.  2.  03. 

Sanborn,  G.  F.,  notes  on  pupas  of  Chionobaa  .Semi- 

doa,  3.  3.">.">. 
.Sai'u,  Antliocliari*,  1.  39. 
Satyrodos  ('anlluis,  3.  liW. 
Satyrus  Alojie.  2.  •-'til  ;  3.  229. 
Satyrut  Charon,  3.  237. 
Satyrus,  (irupta.  1.  121. 

SatyniK  .Maritiuui  (var.  of  S.  Alope),  2.  202. 
SatyriiH  Moadii.  3.  231. 
Salyrus  Ni'i)h.li-,  2.  2G2. 

SatyniK  OlyinpiiH  (var.  of  S.  Nopholu),  2,  263. 
Satyru*  Pi'jjala.  3.  22.">. 
.Satyrus  Pe^ala  (Supply  Notos),  2.  335. 
Satyrns  Silvestris,  var.  of  S.  (Iiaron.  3   213. 
Satynis  'IVxana  i  vav.  i>f  S.  .Vlope),  2.  202. 
Salynis  Wlieel.Tii,  2.  2.VJ. 
Saunders,    observations    on    Lyciena   Nt>|;lecta,   2. 

Httundprs.  Wm.,  niitci  on   ants  attending  larvio  of 

I.,ycu'iia  ScudiliTii,  2.  .'t.'iO. 
SaiMKlvrs,  U'ni.,  notes  on  Tlu-cla  Acailica,  1.  1  1.3. 
Saiitub-ri,  Wm..  nutM  on  Tlicrla  Slrin<i-«a.  1.  147. 
.Srli<knl)orn,  Henry  F.,  obserA'atior."  on  AiitbocliariH 

(ieniitin,  3.  liO. 
Scropbularia,    Dipsacus,   Castilleja,  I/onicera,   food 

plants  of  Melitwa  Chalcedon,  1.  W. 


Scuddorii.  Colias,  1.  .'>9. 

Scudder,  S.  H.,  larva  of  Grapta  Faunus,  2.  187. 

Scuddcr,  .S.  II..  notes  on  Cbionobas  Jiitta,  3.  311, 

31«. 
Seiiddcr,  S.  II.,  notes  on  Cbionobas   Miteounii,  3. 

304. 
Seiidder,  .S.   H.,   notes  on  Cbionobas   Somidea,   3. 

353  el  K>y. 
Scuddur,  .S.  II.,  notes  on  (iraptn  Interrojjationis,  3. 

101. 
Scudder,  S.  II.,  notes   on    Limenitis   Artbeniis,    2. 

207,211. 
.Scudder,  S.  II.,  notes  on  Satyrus  Alope,  2.  20S. 
Scudder,  ,S.   H.,   notes  on   Salyrodes  Cantluis,  3. 

lltH. 
Scudder,  S.  II.,  observations  on  the  peraplast  and 

|)ouch  of  1'.  Sinintbeus,  3.  48. 
Seduni,  footl  plant  of  Parnassius  Sniintheus,  3.  41. 
Seniidea,  Ciiionolias,  3.  'M'.K 

Siewors,  C.  (i..  notes  on  larvie  of  A.  Cybele,  3.  143. 
Silenus,  (irapta,  2.  \HH. 
.Sirius,  (.'bryHoi>banHs,  2.  309. 
Sisymbri,  Pieris,  2.  07. 

.Sisyndiriuni,  food  plant  of  Pioris  Sisymbri,  2.  08. 
Sisymbrium  Tlialiana,  foo<l  plant  of  A.  Genutia,  3. 

Skinner.  Dr.  II.,  notes  on  Satyrns  Alo])e,  3.  228. 

.Sinintliens.  Parnossins,  1.  21  ;  3.  35. 

Sniytbe.  Kllison  A.,  Jr.,  notes  on  I)ebis  Portlandia. 

3.  197. 
Sniytbe,  E.  A.,  .Ir.,  notes  on  .Satvrodes  Cantbus,  3. 

197. 
.Snow,  Professor  F.  M.,   ncites  on  Satyrus   Mcadii, 

3.  2.30. 
Sprycr,     Dr.    A.,     remarks    on     Ilubner's    Coitus 

(Kneis.  2.  283. 
SprnKue.    i*.  H..  i, 'ten  on  Grapta  Intorrogationis. 

3.  UV  . 
Stri'lili.  1{.  !!..  notes  on  Grapta  Satyrus.  1.  122. 
.Stretch,  H.  II..  observations  on  Neophasia  Menapia, 

3,  .Vt.  50. 
.Sli'igosn.  Thcchi.  1.  140, 
Subhyalina.  Cbionobas.  3.  .341. 

'relunionides,  I'apilin.  1.  5. 
'Ffxana,  Satyrus  (var.  of  S.  AlopeV  2.  262. 
Tliaros,  Pbyci(Hles,  2.  101, 
Thecla.  Acadica,  1.  142. 
Tberla  I -acta.  1.  141, 


GENKRAL   INDKX. 


Tliecitt  I^eta  (Supply  Notes).  2.  'SM. 

'I'lifcla  Oi'tario,  1.  14"). 

'I'licclii  Slri){o8ii,  1.  14(5. 

Tiifiiliuiii.  Antragaliis,  food  pinntfi  of  Colins  Pliilo- 

.lice.  2.  100. 
Trifoliiiiii.  food  plniit  of  Colias  Kiirytlicinc.  1.  4(1  : 

2.  1  (>'.».  114.  I 
Trltonia,  (jciroclipiliis,  3.  '.'4.*>. 

'riiciiiiHiiii,    Artliiir,  olwervutioiiH   on    the   punch  of 
I'linmssiiiM.  3.  4(i.  j 

Tiirims,  i'ai>ilio.  2.  7.  i 

ridcri.  Chioiioba«,  3.  '-'03. 

I'lliicli.  hoiiis,  iiot<'s  oil  Dchin  Portlniidi.'^.  3.  101. 

Uiiili<llifcrii',  food  ])liiiits  of   I'lipilio  IJrfvicauda.  2. 

4'.'. 
UmhcUifiTa'.  food  plants  of   Pnjiilio   /olii'iion.   2. 

'27. 
I'mlirosa    (summer   form    of  (i.    liitcrrii^fatioiiia), 

(iiapta,  1.  111. 

Vart'iniuni  and  Willow,  food  plants  of  Culius  Scud- 

deii.  3.  4U>. 
Vanessa  Plnlo.  1.  (Sd. 
Vnrnna,  Cliioiiobas.  3.  303,  384. 
Vernalis.  Pifris,  1.  .'{3. 
VVsta.  Phyciodes,  2.  181. 
Vicia  Carolina,  food   plant  of  Lycmna   Lygdamas, 

3.  41,-.. 

Viola,  foo<l  plant  of  Arjjyniiis  A])lirodit<>.  1.  7'J. 
Viola,  food  plant  of  Ar);yiiniii  Diana.  2.  147. 
Violacea  (sprini;  form   of  L.    I'seiiilargioliis),   Ly- 

crena,  1.  140. 
Von  Sii'lx  Id.  Professor  C,   on  the  pouch  of  Par- 

nassiiis,  1,  24. 

Wallace,  Alfred  II.,  •■  'marks  on  the  go  called  Huli- 

nerian  ^{enera,  2.  'JH4. 
Walsh,  I).  H..  notes  on  V.  Tui-iiuh,  2.  22. 
WaUliii,  I'.ipili..,  1.  1. 
Weidinuyi'iii.  i.iinenitis.  1.  I'.'O. 
^Vt•i^nlallll.  Dr.  Anj;..   notes  on  the  dinuu'phism  of 

Papilio  'rnrniis.  2.  10. 
Weisnninn.  Dr.  Aii({..  remarks  on  lar\n?  of  Lyra-nu 

Pseudarffiolus.  2.  .'i'J.H. 
Wheelerii.  Satyru.n.  2.  '.'.W. 
Whitney,  C.  P..  notes  un   Limcnitis  Arth^mis,  2. 

'iO?. 


Wild  currant,  food  ])lant  of  Cirapta  Zephyrus,  2. 

20O. 
Willow,  food  plant  of  Limenitis  Eros,  2.  22G. 
Willow,  food  jilant  of  Lyeojna  Negleeta,  2.  321. 
Wilhiw,  food  plant  of  Papilio  Uutnlus.  2.  ()1. 
WiUow.  food  plant  of  Thecla  Aeadiea.  1.  143. 
Wittl'eld.  Dr.  Wm.,  notes  on  A.  Flora,  3.  181. 
Wittfeld.  Dr.  Win.,  notes  on   llelieonia  C'haritonia, 

2.  I'.'l. 
Wittfelil.  Dr.  Wm.,  observations  on  Limcnitis  Eros, 

2.  22<i. 

Wittfeld.  Miss  Annie  M..  notes  on  Apatura  Flora, 

3.  IKO.  1«1. 

Worlliington,  Charles  E..  notes  on  Arjjynnis  Alccs- 

tis.  3.  112. 
Wortliinjjton,  C   E..  notes  on  Colias  Enrytheme,  2. 

1()«. 
Wiirtliington.  C.  E..  notes  on  a  melanic  Colias  Phi- 

Indiee.  2.  08. 
Woi'lhiii^'ton.  ('.  E..  notes  on  Limenitis  Arthcniis, 

2.  '.'00. 

Worl'iiiigton,  C.  E.,  notes  on  Satyrodes  Canthus, 

3.  100. 

Wright,  W.  O.,  compares  ci.vironment  of  Chiono- 
bas  (li^'us  with  that  of  allied  s|)eeies,  3.  375. 

Wright,  W.  G.,  notes  on  Argynnis  Callip|>e,  3.  100. 

Wright.  W.  (i.,  notes  on  Chionobas  Gigas,  3.  37'. 

Wright,  W.  G..  notes  on  Chion.djus  Idiina.  3.  376. 

Wright.  W.  (J.,  notes  on  Chionobas  Vanina.  3.  304. 

Wiiglit.  W.  (j.,  notes  on  Neominois  Kidingsii,  3. 
273. 

Wright.  W.  G.,  notes  on  Papilio  Kiilnlus,  2.  01. 

Wright,  W.  G.,  notes  on  Parnassius  .Sminthe.is,  3. 

;to,  40. 

Wright.  W.  G..  observations  on   Ncophasia    Mena- 

pin.  3.  .">4. 
Wright,  W.  G.,  scnda  eggs  and  larvte  of  Colias  Eu- 

rjdiee,  3.  74. 
Wright.  W.  0..  ocnds  eggs  of  Colias  llarfordii,  3. 

.SO. 

Wiight.  W.  G.,  sends  eggs  and  larvwof  ^'arnossiui 
llermodnr.  3.  4r>. 

Zella,  Professor  P.  C.  remarks  on  Colias  Kcuway- 

din.  2.  11.-.. 
Zephyrm.  (irapta,  1.  123;   2.  19o. 
Zerene.  Argynnis.  1.  01. 
Zolicaon,  Papilio,  2.  2f> ;  3.  9, 


;  .% 


